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PubMedDate not supplied

The neutralizing characteristics of strains of infectious bronchitis virus as measured by the constant-virus variable-serum method in chicken tracheal cultures.

The constant-virus variable-serum neutralization test in chicken tracheal organ cultures was employed in cross-neutralization tests with the following infectious bronchitis viruses: Massachusetts 41, Connecticut, Iowa 97, Iowa 609, Holte, JMK, Clark 333, SE 17, Florida, and Arkansas 99. These viruses all proved serologically distinct by this method. Chickens immunized with the Connecticut strain and later challenged with Arkansas 99 were not protected against it.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Novel infectious bronchitis virus S1 genotypes in Mexico 1998-1999.

Seventeen infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) field isolates recovered from commercial broiler flocks in Mexico were identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction cycle sequencing of the S1 gene. The isolates were obtained from broilers on farms from the neighboring states of Queretaro and San Luis Potosi in 1998 and 1999. Flocks had an ongoing history of bacterial-complicated respiratory disease with mortality rates as high as 28% in spite of receiving live vaccinations for Massachusetts and Connecticut strains of IBV. Sequence analysis of the S1 gene identified two unique genotypes that have been described, as of this time, only in Mexico and thus appear to represent strains indigenous to the country. The Mex/1765/99 genotype was isolated from 64% (11/17) of the respiratory disease outbreaks. Three isolates (18%) were similar to the BL-56 genotype, a unique Mexican IBV strain observed initially in 1996. In addition to the two indigenous strains, three isolates (18%) were found to be the Connecticut genotype.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Serving the poorest of the poor: the story of Jeremiah J. Lowney.

Since 1966, Dr Jerry Lowney has practiced orthodontics in Norwich, Connecticut, where he has been active in both community and professional organizations, including the University of Connecticut Board of Trustees and the Board of Governors for Higher Education. Since his first volunteer trip to Haiti in the mid-1980s, during which he provided dental services for the poor, he has returned to that country at least three times each year. Over time the nature of his activities has changed. Through grant writing, personal influence, liaison with a religious order, a huge investment of time, successful fundraising, the seizing of every opportunity, and the expenditure of large amounts of his own money, he has created a multimillion-dollar general health facility in one of the poorest areas in Haiti. Besides dental treatment, the scope of his activities has ranged from creating centers for high-risk pregnancy and malnutrition to the hiring of physicians, the training of local nurse practitioners, and an Adopt-a-Family program run by his wife, Virginia. His actions have been influenced by Virginia's caring attitudes and by his conviction that much is expected from those who have received life's bounties.

Dental Health Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recovery of renal function and the discontinuation of dialysis in patients treated with continuous peritoneal dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD) have better preservation of endogenous renal function than patients treated with hemodialysis (HD). We wondered if this better preservation of endogenous renal function seen with CPD patients translates into the improved likelihood of recovery of endogenous renal function in those patients with potentially reversible causes of renal failure. METHODS: To evaluate this question, we reviewed the records of all 1200 patients that completed CPD training at a large, freestanding peritoneal dialysis center in New Haven, Connecticut, between 1979 and 1999, and the records of all patients completing CPD training in New England between 1993 and 1998. In New Haven, about half the new patients with ESRD were started on CPD compared to only 15% in New England. We then compared the chances of recovery of renal function in these two cohorts of CPD patients to the chances of recovery of renal function in two groups of HD patients. The first group consisted of all patients that started on HD in New England between 1993 and 1998. The second group consisted of all patients that started HD in our HD unit in New Haven, Connecticut, between 1993 and 1999. The data on the New England patients were provided by the ESRD Network of New England. All patients entered into the present study had to have been on dialysis for a minimum of 3 months, as in the United States Renal Data System database, and had to have recovered sufficient renal function to be able to be maintained off dialysis for a minimum of 30 days. RESULTS: 29 of 1,200 CPD patients (2.4%) trained in New Haven recovered sufficient renal function to permit the discontinuation of dialysis for a minimum of 30 days. In comparison, only 305 of 19,032 patients (1.6%) managed with HD in New England (p < 0.05 compared to New Haven CPD patients) and 3 of 430 patients (0.7%) in our HD center (p < 0.05 compared to New Haven CPD patients) recovered sufficient glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to allow the discontinuation of dialysis for at least 30 days. If only those CPD patients that initiated dialysis between 1993 and 1999 in New Haven were analyzed, 15 of 369 (4.1%) recovered sufficient GFR to allow discontinuation of dialysis for at least 30 days (p < 0.025 compared to both groups of HD patients). Of the 2,924 patients completing CPD training in New England, 60 (2.1%) recovered renal function; this percentage is not significantly different from the percent of HD patients in New England recovering renal function. CONCLUSION: Although the present study is a retrospective study and the actual criteria for selection of CPD and HD therapy are not controlled for, the data raise the question of whether there may be a therapeutic advantage to treating newly diagnosed ESRD patients, that have a potentially reversible cause of renal failure, with CPD.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

State financing of dental education: impact on supply of dentists.

In 2000, the thirty-six states with public dental schools provided an average subsidy of 49,347 dollars per dental student. In contrast, nineteen states provided little or no subsidy. Since states invest in dental education, in part, to ensure an adequate supply of dentists, we examined the factors that explain dentist variation among states. We found that population size, per capita income, and the number of students from the state enrolled in dental school had a significant and positive impact. The level of state support for dental education and the presence of a dental school had a negative or nonsignificant effect, respectively. Apparently, dentists locate based primarily on the demand for their services and, to a lesser extent, on where they were raised. The states' investment in dental education had little impact on number of dentists because some states had many dentists but invested little in dental education. We identified two states that collectively account for 15 percent of enrolled students even though they provide minimal subsidy for dental education. We discuss the implications of these findings for states that do not have dental schools and need more dentists. This research was supported in part by grants from the Connecticut Health Foundation (Dental Workforce in Connecticut: Issues and Options), the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the California Endowment (Pipeline, Profession, and Practice: Community-Based Dental Education).

Dentists↗
PubMed2005

Changes in physical therapy providers' use of fall prevention strategies following a multicomponent behavioral change intervention.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: An abundance of evidence suggests that interventions targeting fall risk factors are effective; however, it remains unknown whether, or to what extent, this body of evidence has affected the clinical practice of physical therapy providers. The purposes of this study were: (1) to describe knowledge of, and attitudes toward, fall risk factors and fall reduction strategies; (2) to assess self-reported use of fall reduction strategies with patients; and (3) to identify factors associated with increased use of fall reduction strategies with patients among physical therapy providers exposed to a behavioral change strategy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of physical therapy providers from hospital-based and freestanding outpatient physical therapy facilities throughout north-central Connecticut was conducted between October 2002 and April 2003. The participants were 94 physical therapy providers who had been exposed to the Connecticut Collaboration for Fall Prevention (CCFP) behavioral change effort. The CCFP program uses multicomponent professional behavioral change strategies to embed fall risk factor assessment and management, based on evidence from randomized controlled trials, into the clinical care of older patients. A telephone questionnaire--focusing on fall risk factor knowledge and attitudes and self-reported fall risk factor assessment and management practices before and after exposure to the CCFP efforts--was administered to consenting physical therapy providers. RESULTS: Environmental hazards and gait and balance deficits were named as fall risk factors by 86 (91%) and 73 (78%) participants, respectively. All of the targeted risk factors were mentioned by at least 30% of the participants. Sixty-four participants (68%) reported increased fall reduction practice behaviors. The area of multiple medications was noted most frequently, with 77 participants (82%) noting new practices related to medication use. Only knowledge of fall risk factors and pre-CCFP behaviors were associated with increased fall reduction practices. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Physical therapy providers reported an increase in practice behaviors in response to the multicomponent behavioral change strategy. Knowledge of fall risk factors was associated with increased fall reduction practice behaviors, most likely due to the focused nature of the education strategy.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identification of infectious bronchitis virus by interference with the B-1 isolant of Newcastle disease virus. Waxing and waning of interference.

The Massachusetts and the Connecticut types of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were identified by interference in embryonating chicken eggs (ECE) with the production of hemagglutinin by the B-1 isolant of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). This interference test appears to be specific because the above interference was eliminated by adding type-specific anti-IBV serum to the IBV-NDV system; however, interference was not detectable when fowlpox virus (FPV) and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (LTV) were substituted for IBV. Specificity of the interference test was dependent upon a system involving IBV, NDV, FPV, and LTV. The test can be done in 3 days and requires minimum laboratory facilities. Most of the experiments were done with the Massachusetts type of IBV. Only a few were with the Connecticut type. The interfering action of the above two types of IBV over the B-1 isolant of NDV waxed between the 24th and 54th hr after inoculation of NDV; it was waning at the 54th-60th hr postinoculation and was undetectable by the 66th-72nd hr.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variant serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from commercial layer and broiler chickens.

Twenty infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) field isolates obtained from commercial layer and broiler chickens in 1987 and 1988 were serotyped using the virus-neutralization (VN) test. Six different previously unrecognized variant serotypes were identified from a total of seven isolates from layer chickens. Only two isolates, both from Maine, were the same variant serotype. Variant serotypes also were recovered from layer flocks in Illinois and Washington and the province of Ontario, Canada. Two different variants were isolated from the same multi-age layer complex in Connecticut. Only one of 13 broiler chicken isolates was found to be a new variant serotype, that being from birds reared in Delaware. Cross-protection studies in specific-pathogen-free chickens indicated that vaccines containing the Holland, L-1, or Connaught strains of Massachusetts (Mass) combined with Arkansas produced a broader spectrum of immunity against challenge with the layer variants than Mass (Holland) alone or Mass (L-1) + Connecticut. All vaccines tested produced solid immunity (greater than or equal to 80% protection) against the broiler variant virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Beta-carotene and cancer prevention: what is the evidence?

A growing body of literature supports a possible role for beta-carotene in the prevention of human cancer. The most scientifically rigorous method for testing the hypothesis that beta-carotene has chemopreventive properties is with intervention trials, several of which are ongoing or soon to be initiated. Connecticut will be actively involved in three of these trials. This article reviews and critically evaluates the evidence supporting a role for beta-carotene in the prevention of human cancer, including animal studies, cell culture studies, epidemiologic studies, and intervention trials, and concludes with a brief description of chemoprevention research involving beta-carotene in Connecticut.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recruiting unrelated donors for the National Marrow Donor Program.

Medical advances have made bone marrow transplantation the treatment of choice for certain hematologic diseases. For those patients eligible for a marrow transplant only about 30 percent find an HLA-compatible match within their families. Studies indicate that unrelated volunteers are willing to donate their marrow. The National Marrow Donor Program was formed in 1986 as a result of a federal contract. This group is a network of donor centers, transplant centers, and collection centers. The Connecticut Red Cross Blood Services is one of approximately 70 donor centers. Recruitment methods vary with each donor center, depending on the resources available. The Connecticut Red Cross Blood Services has recruited more than 1,000 volunteers for entry into the National Marrow Donor Program.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed1989

Ecology of Lyme disease.

Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted from wild animals to humans by the bite of Ixodes dammini. This tick is common in many areas of southern Connecticut where it parasitizes three different host animals during its two-year life cycle. Larval and nymphal ticks have parasitized 31 different species of mammals and 49 species of birds. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) appear to be crucial hosts for adult ticks. All three feeding stages of the tick parasitize humans, though most infections are acquired from feeding nymphs in May through early July. Reservoir hosts for the spirochete include rodents, other mammals, and even birds. White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) are particularly important reservoirs, and in parts of southern Connecticut where Lyme disease is prevalent in humans, borreliae are universally present during the summer in these mice. Prevalence of infected ticks has ranged from 10-35%. Isolates of B. burgdorferi from humans, rodents, and I. dammini are usually indistinguishable, but strains of B. burgdorferi with different major proteins have been identified.

Ecology↗
PubMed1988

The protective efficacy of Haemophilus b polysaccharide vaccine.

To assess the protective efficacy of the Haemophilus b polysaccharide vaccine, a case-control study was conducted in Connecticut, Dallas County, and greater Pittsburgh. Seventy-six children 24 to 72 months of age who had H influenzae type b isolated from normally sterile sites from August 1985 through July 1987 were enrolled. For each case two controls, matched by age and place of residence, were randomly selected from the records of all live births in the area. Antecedent receipt of the Haemophilus b polysaccharide vaccine was ascertained from the records of all physicians and clinics at which the subjects received medical care. Overall, 12% of the cases and 39% of the controls had received the vaccine. The estimate of the protective efficacy of the vaccine was 88% overall (95% confidence interval, 74% to 96%) and 91% (95% confidence interval, 71% to 99%), 92% (95% confidence interval, 76% to 99%), and 81% (95% confidence interval, 45% to 96%) in Connecticut, Dallas County, and greater Pittsburgh, respectively. The estimates were not substantially affected by adjusting with logistic regression for differences between the cases and controls in race and the attendance of group day care. We conclude that the Haemophilus b polysaccharide vaccine is highly effective in these areas among children who receive the vaccine when they are 24 months of age or older.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Cancer incidence and mortality trends among whites in the United States, 1947-84.

Cancer incidence trends from the late 1940s to 1983-84 were assessed among white residents of five geographic areas (Atlanta, Connecticut, Detroit, Iowa, San Francisco-Oakland) by means of data derived from several National Cancer Institute surveys, the Connecticut Tumor Registry, and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Incidence trends were compared with mortality trends for the entire United States and for the same five study areas. This study documented rising incidence and mortality rates for four cancers: lung cancer, melanoma of the skin, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Increases in lung cancer continued through the early 1980s, but the rate of increase has been moderating during recent years, particularly among males and at younger ages for whom recent declines are evident. Overall, lung cancer incidence rates increased more than 220 and 400% among males and females, respectively. Although much rarer than lung cancer, melanoma of the skin and multiple myeloma increased greatly until the early 1980s among both males and females. The overall rate of increase in melanoma incidence among males was greater than that for lung cancer, and the rate of increase in multiple myeloma mortality among females was exceeded only by that for lung cancer. Increases of 70-120% were observed for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Increases in incidence and mortality rates for pancreatic cancer were apparent during the early years but less conspicuous in recent years. Laryngeal and kidney cancer rates generally increased substantially, although the changes were not remarkable for laryngeal cancer mortality among males and kidney cancer mortality among females. The rates for cancers of the mouth and pharynx increased among females but not males. Prostate, colon, and bladder cancer incidence rates increased more than 65% among males, whereas mortality rates changed only moderately. The incidence of thyroid cancer increased more than 75% among both sexes until the late 1970s, but mortality rates have declined during the period of study. Breast cancer incidence increased 30%, whereas mortality rates remained remarkably constant. The incidence of corpus uteri cancer increased dramatically during the mid-1970s and decreased substantially thereafter; these changes were not reflected in the mortality rates, which continually declined during the entire time period. The incidence of testicular cancer increased more than 90% and that of Hodgkin's disease did not change greatly; however, mortality rates for both cancers declined more than 50% since the late 1960s and early 1970s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serologic and cross-protection studies with several infectious bronchitis virus isolates from Delmarva-reared broiler chickens.

Five isolates, from broiler-type chickens, capable of causing acute respiratory disease were identified as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The agar-gel precipitin (AGP) test was effective in identifying the isolates as IBV. Virus-neutralization (VN) and cross-challenge tests indicated two of the isolates to be Massachusetts types and one to be a JMK type. The remaining isolates were different from strains normally encountered in chickens reared on the Delmarva Peninsula. One isolate, although serologically similar to the Connecticut strain, was able to infect Connecticut-virus-immune chickens. Another isolate was similar to Arkansas 99, a strain not previously reported in Delmarva.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vaccination of day-old broilers against infectious bronchitis: effect of vaccine strain and route of administration.

Nine groups of 10 one-day-old broiler chicks were vaccinated by eye-drop, coarse spray, or intratracheal instillation with combined Newcastle disease-infectious bronchitis live vaccines containing the Massachusetts (Mass) 41, Holland 120, or Connecticut 46 strain of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Chickens vaccinated with Mass-41 or Holland 120 were protected against challenge with a Mass strain administered at 4 weeks of age. When immunity to the disease was evaluated by virus recovery, detection of IBV by fluorescent antibody, evaluation of ciliary activity, histopathology, and virus-neutralization titers, the group vaccinated with Connecticut 46 did not show protection. Vaccination at 1 day of age resulted in an antibody response and increased resistance to challenge with Mass-41, regardless of vaccination route.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Cancer prevention: the tumor registry connection.

Population-based tumor registries collect data on all cancer patients within a defined geographic area. The information they provide on demographic factors and tumor characteristics contribute greatly to the conduct of etiologic studies. Illustrations based on data reported to the Connecticut Tumor Registry include examples from case-control and retrospective cohort studies, from investigations of multiple primary cancers and precursor lesions, and from a plan to develop a surveillance system for cancers related to occupation and smoking. This statewide project calls for hospitals to collect, on admission of all in-patients, basic data on occupation/business and smoking status and to enter this information on the patient's admission form. These data are to be included subsequently in the tumor record of each cancer patient in the State, thus enhancing the value and usefulness of the Connecticut Tumor Registry.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic virology laboratory within a microbiology setting.

The virology section at St. Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Connecticut, is not a separate laboratory division but is a part of the microbiology division and is supervised by the same personnel who supervise bacteriology, mycology, mycobacteriology, and serology. Current volume is over 1,000 cultures yearly with 12 to 24 percent positive. Isolates are confirmed and typed by the Connecticut State Health Department Laboratory. Specimen distribution, percentage positive specimens, and distribution of viral isolates are similar to those reported from microbiology laboratories with separate virology laboratories directed by a full-time doctoral-level virologist. Our seven years' experience demonstrates that a microbiology laboratory without a full-time doctoral-level virologist can provide clinically useful virologic information.

Hospitals, Community↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nurses' attitudes toward dimensions of nursing practice.

The purpose of this study was to examine nurses' attitudes toward nursing behaviors. The research question was: What is the relative importance that nurses attribute to certain dimensions of nursing behaviors? In order to answer this question, an attitudinal instrument was developed and administered to a sample of 196 female nurses whose names were obtained from the deans and directors of the nine NLN schools in Connecticut. Five a priori constructs were used as a basis for validation in the instrument development--the utilization of a unique body of knowledge and skills; the utilization of the nursing process; research ability; leadership ability; and teaching, prevention, and maintenance. Objectives, which were obtained from each of the nine schools in Connecticut, as well as from the NLN, constituted the items in the measuring instrument. Factor analysis of the instrument yielded seven factors, accounting for 63.1 percent of the total variance. Three of these factors were the same factors as those identified in the a priori analysis. The results of this study contribute toward a better understanding of nurses' perceptions of the importance of several identified components of the nursing role.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗