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Results for “Appetitive Behavior”

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At least 1,675 records · Page 93Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Effects of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT on operant food intake in food-deprived pigs.

The effects of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2 (di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) were investigated on operant food intake in food-deprived pigs. In Experiment 1, 8-OH-DPAT (5-20 microg/kg) administered intravenously (i.v.) 15 min prior to the occurrence of feeding produced a dose-related decrease in operant food intake in pigs that had been fasted overnight. The effects were mainly apparent during the first 30 min after the start of the feeding period. In Experiment 2, 8-OH-DPAT (25 and 50 microg/kg, i.v.) administered 60 min prior to the occurrence of feeding in pigs that were fasted overnight also produced significant decreases in food intake. The effects were mainly apparent during the first 30-40 min after the start of the feeding period. In Experiment 3, 8-OH-DPAT (20 microg/kg, i.v.) significantly increased operant feeding in satiated pigs during the first 30 min after administration. These results show that 8-OH-DPAT has complex effects on feeding behaviour in pigs, increasing operant food intake in satiated pigs, while producing a reduction in food intake in food-deprived animals.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1999

Effects of food deprivation and metabolic fuel utilization on food hoarding by jirds (Meriones shawi).

Food hoarding plays an important role in the energetic repertoire of a variety of mammalian species. Both food hoarding and food intake have been examined in rodents using several energetic challenges including food deprivation, treatment with metabolic fuel blockers, and enhancement of fuel storage. In the present experiment, we examined food hoarding by female jirds (Meriones shawi), a desert rodent species occupying the arid steppes and desert regions of Egypt. Jirds are prodigious hoarders in the field; however, virtually nothing is known about their hoarding within controlled laboratory settings. In the present study, the effects of food deprivation as well as alterations in metabolic fuel utilization (i.e., 2-deoxy-D-glucose and isophane insulin) on food hoarding and food intake were tested in female jirds using a simulated burrow system. Jirds decreased body mass and increased food consumption following either 32 or 56-h food deprivation. Food hoarding, however, was virtually abolished after food deprivation and treatment with 2-DG. In contrast, isophane insulin treatment had no effect on food consumption or hoarding in this species. Taken together, the present results suggest that total body mass (fat), rather than short-term metabolic fuel utilization, regulates both food consumption and hoarding in female jirds. In addition, these results provide a novel set of appetitive responses to these energetic challenges in small mammals.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

The relation between meal size and the time between meals: effects of cage complexity and food cost.

Certain popular models of the regulation of food intake predict a positive correlation between the size of a meal and the preceding and/or following intermeal interval. However, the reported strength of these prandial correlations has varied widely in the literature. To determine what factors may influence the strength of these relationships, we measured the timing of and amount consumed in meals of laboratory rats as a function of 1) whether they were housed in isolation or with partial access to peers or a running wheel, 2) whether they were disturbed daily or weekly for maintenance procedures, and 3) whether food was free or contingent on operant responding. We also compared two definitions of "meal" and "intermeal interval." Strong prandial correlations were found only occasionally. Caging, food cost, and maintenance frequency did not affect the size of the correlations, although these factors did influence the rats' meal patterns. We conclude the regulation of food intake cannot be explained by models relying on a regular relationship between meal size and intermeal interval.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

The role of low progesterone and tension as triggers of perimenstrual chocolate and sweets craving: some negative experimental evidence.

Approximately half of the 40-50% of North American women who crave chocolate or sweets do so principally in the perimenstrum, the part of the menstrual cycle surrounding the onset of menstruation. We test two hypotheses about the events that trigger these cravings: 1) the premenstrual drop in progesterone levels; or 2) dysphoria or tension in the perimenstruum. Chocolate craving, sweets craving, and other perimenstrual symptoms were rated daily for six menstrual cycles by a sample of women with severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Forty-four women satisfied criteria for cyclicity in chocolate craving, and 44 for sweet craving, determined during the first two cycles. Thirty-four subjects satisfied criteria for craving of both chocolate and sweets. After placebo treatments during the third cycle, subjects were randomly assigned, double blind, to administration of placebo, oral micronized progesterone, or alprazolam (a tranquillizer). Treatments were administered from the beginning of the third week to the second day postonset of menstruation during the fourth to sixth months of study. Neither progesterone nor alprazolam decreased chocolate or sweets craving.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Appetitive learning of odours with different behavioural meaning in moths.

Moth behaviour is to a great extent guided by olfactory stimuli with different relevance. We investigated whether olfactory learning of odours is influenced by the behavioural significance of the odorant. In proboscis extension conditioning experiments species-specific sex pheromones, which normally elicit an innate behaviour in males, and a flower odour were used as olfactory stimuli. After 10 conditioning trials, both sexes showed similar response levels to individual pheromone components and to the flower odour geraniol. However, when the female gland extract was used as conditioning stimulus, the response level was significantly lower than that for geraniol in both sexes. Significant learning nevertheless occurred in females, but not in males. Experiments with different numbers of training trials revealed that, in females, fewer learning trials with individual pheromone components were necessary for significant memory formation than in males.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Reinforcement value of gustatory stimuli determined by progressive ratio performance.

The progressive ratio schedule provides a means to determine reinforcement value that is independent of response rate. This is achieved by increasing the number of lever presses for each successive reinforcement until, eventually, the subject fails to respond within a designated time limit. The number of responses in the final completed ratio defines the break point. When tested with appetitive gustatory stimuli (sucrose and saccharin), rats showed a concentration-dependent increase in break point when food deprived (Experiment 1A and, for sucrose only, Experiments 1B and IC) but not when water deprived (Experiment 1A). For aversive gustatory stimuli (sodium chloride, citric acid, and quinine) break point declined as concentration increased (Experiment 1A). In Experiment 1C, reinforcement duration had a significant, although relatively small, influence on break point for each of three concentrations of sucrose. Experiment 2 found a dose-dependent effect of the neuroleptic drug haloperidol (0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg) on break point for sucrose reinforcement. The present study demonstrates that the progressive ratio schedule provides a valuable method to assess the influence of manipulations that might affect the perceived reinforcement value of gustatory stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The effects of phenytoin on instrumental appetitive-to-aversive transfer in rats.

Antiepileptic medications are the primary treatment for seizure conditions. Over the past several years, it has become clear that the medications themselves may contribute to the negative cognitive side effects that people with epilepsy often report. In the experiments reported here, the effects of phenytoin treatment have been evaluated in rats performing an instrumental appetitive-to-aversive transfer task. We find that rats treated with phenytoin fail to acquire the avoidance response when transferred from an appetitive to an aversive context. This deficit is not due to any sensory or motor slowing resulting from the drug, nor is it a deficit that is specific to learning in an aversive context. Rather, we suggest that the deficits shown by phenytoin-treated rats in the appetitive-to-aversive transfer reflect a fundamental inability in altering the associations that were formed during the initial appetitive training.

Animals↗