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PubMed2001

[Speech development and intelligence in autism. How uniform is Asperger syndrome?].

Since the introduction of a separate diagnosis for Asperger's syndrome in the ICD-10 and DSM-IV classification systems, a controversial debate has continued on whether Asperger's syndrome is a specific, clearly distinguishable disorder within the autistic spectrum or whether it represents a milder phenotypical variation of autism. The effect on the amount of autistic symptoms of the variables language delay and level of intelligence was analyzed within a sample of individuals exhibiting autism diagnosed by standardized methods. Both variables showed a significant effect on the degree of autistic symptoms in that impairments in social interaction were less noticeable. In addition, a subsample of individuals exhibited symptoms assumed to be characteristic for Asperger's syndrome. The findings support the assumption that autism and Asperger's syndrome represent "extreme points" on a scale of severity, which leads to the suggestion that the classification of different subtypes of autism could be abandoned in favor of a dimensional (multiaxial) approach.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Emotional intelligence medical education: measuring the unmeasurable?

The construct of emotional intelligence (EI) has gained increasing popularity over the last 10 years and now has a relatively large academic and popular associated literature. EI is beginning to be discussed within the medical education literature, where, however, it is treated uncritically. This reflections paper aims to stimulate thought about EI and poses the question: Are we trying to measure the unmeasurable? The paper begins with an outline of the relevance and meaningfulness of the topic of EI for doctors. It continues with an overview of the main models and measures of EI. We then critique the psychometric properties of EI measures and give an illustrative case study where we tested the psychometric properties of the ECI-U with medical students. After our critique, we present an alternative model of EI and outline possible future directions for educational research.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Applications of artificial intelligence systems in the analysis of epidemiological data.

A brief review of the germane literature suggests that the use of artificial intelligence (AI) statistical algorithms in epidemiology has been limited. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using AI systems in large-scale sets of epidemiological data to extract inherent, formerly unidentified, and potentially valuable patterns that human-driven deductive models may miss.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

The application of short forms of the Wechsler Intelligence scales in adults and children with high functioning autism.

We evaluated the predictive accuracy of short forms of the Wechsler intelligence scales for individuals with high functioning autism. Several short forms were derived from participants who had received the full procedure. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed to determine the strength of association between the subtests included in the short form and IQ scores based upon the full test. These analyses were performed for all participants, and also for autism participants with atypical subtest profiles. In all analyses the percentages of explained variance were typically in the .8-.9 range. It was concluded that short forms may be used with good predictive accuracy in individuals with high functioning autism, even when the subtest profile is atypical.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Artificial Intelligence for Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and Prognosis of Neuroblastoma - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: To synthesizes evidence on artificial intelligence (AI) performance in neuroblastoma (NB) diagnosis, risk stratification, prognosis, and genomic characterization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42024539475) across five databases. Meta-analyses used random-effects models with logit-transformed Area Under the Curve (AUCs) and cluster-robust standard errors. AI models were classified as Machine Learning Models (MLM) or Hybrid Nomograms (HN) based on their construction methodology. RESULTS: Of 3,742 articles identified, 53 were included. MLMs demonstrated higher point estimates than radiologists in differential diagnosis (AUC: 0.87 vs. 0.83), though this difference was not statistically significant and carried substantial uncertainty. HNs achieved stronger performance in risk stratification (AUC: 0.87). AI-derived nomograms (AUC: 0.9) and gene signatures (AUC: 0.8) outperformed conventional prognostic markers descriptively. Chemotherapy response prediction remained below clinical utility thresholds across all model types. Only 33.9% of models reported calibration and 24.5% underwent external validation. CONCLUSIONS: AI demonstrates proof-of-concept across multiple NB clinical domains. However, clinical adoption remains premature given persistent gaps in external validation, calibration, dataset size, and pediatric-specific model development. Future studies should test these models prospectively in multicenter pediatric cohorts, ideally through COG or SIOPEN, using shared definitions for diagnosis, risk group, treatment response, and survival outcomes.

Humans↗

PubMed1977

Antenatal exposure to doxylamine succinate and dicyclomine hydrochloride (Benedectin) in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight, and intelligence quotient score.

In a prospective cohort study of 20, 282 gravidas and their offspring, congenital malformation rates were similar in the children of over 1,000 women exposed and those not exposed to two components of Bendectin (doxylamine succinate and dicyclomine hydrochloride) during the first four lunar months of pregnancy. In a cohort reduced to 41,337 mother-child pairs for technical reasons, mean birth weight and perinatal mortality rates were similar according to exposure or nonexposure to either drug, as were intelligence quotient scores measured at four years of age in 28,358 of the children. Control of potential confounding factors with a variety of multivariate techniques did not materially alter these findings.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1977

Antenatal exposure to the phenothiazines in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight, and intelligence quotient score.

In a prospective cohort study of 50,282 gravidas and their offspring, over-all rates of congenital malformations were similar in 1,309 children of women exposed to phenothiazine drugs during the first four lunar months of pregnancy and in 48,973 children of women who were not exposed. There was a suspicion of association between phenothiazine exposure and cardiovascular malformations. In a cohort reduced to 41,337 mother-child pairs for technical reasons, perinatal mortality rates and mean birth weight were similar according to phenothiazine exposure or nonexposure, as were intelligence quotient scores measured at four years of age in 28,358 of the children. Control of potential confounding factors with a variety of multivariate techniques did not materially alter the findings.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗

PubMed1987

A therapy planning architecture that combines decision theory and artificial intelligence techniques.

Through our experience with the ONCOCIN cancer therapy consultation system, we have identified a set of medical planning problems to which no single existing computer-based reasoning technique readily applies. In response to the need for automated assistance with this class of problems, we have devised a computer program called ONYX that combines decision-theoretic and artificial intelligence approaches to planning. We discuss our rationale for devising a new planning architecture and describe in detail how that architecture is implemented. The program's planning process consists of three steps: (i) the use of rules derived from therapy planning strategies to generate a small set of plausible plans, (ii) the use of knowledge about the structure and behavior of the human body to create simulations that predict possible consequences of each plan for the patient, and (iii) the use of decision theory to rank the plans according to how well the results of each simulation meet the treatment goals. This architecture explicitly manages the uncertainty inherent in many planning tasks, introduces a possible mechanism for the dissemination of decision-theoretic therapy advice, and potentially increases the number of problem solving domains in which expert system techniques can be effectively applied.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1992

A fitness analysis system with an intelligent interface.

This paper describes the development of a system with an intelligent interface for analysis of physiological correlates of athletes' physical performance capacities. The system improves the interface between the physiologist and the coach and provides scientific information in a systematic and coherent fashion. The recommendations provided are based on the results of a series of physiological tests. The implementation of the system is described with emphasis placed on recognition of the internal structure of the knowledge, independence from a particular shell, design for future expansion and maintenance and the integration with existing information resources.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1990

Application of artificial intelligence techniques to a well defined clinical problem: jaundice diagnosis.

Jaundice is a very common medical condition, in which pathophysiological knowledge has been quite well assessed and clinical features are usually well known. However, incorrect conclusions are sometimes reached in medical practice which can lead to serious implications. Thus, jaundice diagnosis appears as one of the medical situations which might be substantially improved by computer assistance. The present study is aimed at describing and discussing in what way a computer program supporting medical decision making in jaundiced patients can be developed on the basis of advanced Artificial Intelligence methods. To this extent methodological problems concerned with the organization and the formalization of medical knowledge have been outlined with some detail. The resulting expert system is expected to become a well assessed and potentially useful tool for both medical decision making and medical education.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1996

Building intelligent alarm systems by combining mathematical models and inductive machine learning techniques Part 2--sensitivity analysis.

In an earlier study an approach was described to generate intelligent alarm systems for monitoring ventilation of patients via mathematical simulation and machine learning. However, ventilator settings were not varied. In this study we investigated whether an alarm system could be created with which a satisfactory classification performance could be obtained under a wide variety of ventilator settings, by varying inspiratory to expiratory time (I:E) ratio, tidal volume and respiratory rate. In a first experiment three patient data sets were modeled, each with a different I:E ratio. A part of each data set was used to construct an alarm system for each I:E ratio. The remaining part was used to test the performance of the alarm systems. The three training sets were also combined to construct one alarm system, which was tested with the three test sets. Finally, all alarm systems were tested with data generated by a patient simulator. Similar experiments were performed for the tidal volume and the respiratory rate. It was concluded that an optimally functioning alarm system should contain a library of rule sets, one for each set of ventilator settings. A second best alternative is to take all possible settings into consideration when constructing the training set. Classification performance of the trees that were trained with multiple ventilator settings ranged from 98 to 100% for all test sets. When tested with the independent patient simulator data the classification performance of these trees ranged from 80 to 100%.

Airway Resistance↗

PubMed1979

Intelligibility in acquired dysarthria--a neuro-phonetic approach: three case studies.

A descriptive framework of phonetic parameters for the assessment of dysarthric speech is presented. The phonetic parameters examined are based on a linguistic analysis of aspects of continuous speech. The assessment thus evaluates the functional efficiency of the speech producing mechanisms in encoding the spoken medium of language. The interaction of the deviant parameters is related to the breakdown of intelligibility. Possible underlying neurological correlates are discussed. The implications for therapy using the combined phonetic and neurological information are considered. This assessment procedure is illustrated with case studies of three types of acquired dysarthria.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

The relationship between information transfer and speech intelligibility of dysarthric speakers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between information transfer and speech intelligibility, as measured by single-word and paragraph transcription across a wide range od dysarthric speakers. Nine dysarthric speakers, including ataxic, spastic, and hypokinetic types, participated in the study. Their performance was judged by 108 listeners. The correlations between information transfer and paragraph and transcription scores and between information transfer and word transcription scores were high, i.e., 0.95 and 0.90, respectively. Word transcription scores tended to be slightly lower than information transfer scores for mildly dysarthric speakers. Clinical implications of these findings were discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

A clinician-judged technique for quantifying dysarthric speech based on single-word intelligibility.

A clinician-judged technique for quantifying dysarthric speech based on single-word intelligibility was developed and evaluated in three experiments. Dysarthric speakers were audio-recorded as they read 50-word lists that had been randomly generated from sets of similar sounding words. These tapes were judged by speech pathologists using listening formats that were systematically altered by varying the number of choices available to the judges. Results indicated that some formats were more sensitive to differences that exist among severely dysarthric speakers and others were more sensitive to differences that exist among mild to moderately dysarthric speakers. Judge familiarity with the master word pool increased scores slightly but in a consistent and predictable fashion. Scores from different randomly generated word lists were similar when the influence of a speaker's day-to-day variability was controlled. Clinical implications and uses of this technique for the monitoring of change in speaker performance were discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Speed of color naming and intelligence: association in girls, dissociation in boys.

We administered a rapid naming test to a sample of prereaders. Slow performance on this task among older children is known to be associated with reading disability. Results showed a sex difference in the degree of correlation between naming performance and a test of general intelligence. The finding was replicated on an independent sample. This finding bears theoretically on the degree to which a learning disability can appear as an isolated deficit in the two sexes.

Child↗

PubMed1988

Esophageal intelligibility training: back consonants and clusters.

Seven esophageal speakers recorded multiple choice intelligibility lists loaded with words beginning with +BACK consonants and clusters. (A third of the items began with -BACK consonants and clusters). After recording several lists, they played them back and scored them, noting their errors for independent practice. After eight sessions (four weeks) of practice, prepractice and postpractice recordings were randomized and presented to a group of naive listeners. The group scores for the +BACK words improved significantly from prepractice to postpractice (84.1% to 90.6%). The average gain per session for +BACK practice was 0.81%, a result that was in close agreement with prior research. The average gain for the less-practiced -BACK items was 0.46%.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Intelligibility of older versus younger adults' CVC productions.

In studies of aging voice, listeners have reported that older speakers articulate less precisely than younger speakers. To determine if intelligibility changes with age, younger and older adults read CVCs embedded in a carrier phrase. Listeners reported the target word said by the speakers. More errors were made on the older speakers' productions than on the younger speakers', although age alone was not statistically significant. Results are reported for age, sex, and position of error in the target word.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Improving alaryngeal speech intelligibility.

Laryngectomized patients using esophageal speech or an electronic artificial larynx have difficulty producing correct voicing contrasts between homorganic consonants. Voicing of a voiceless consonant is the most frequent listener misidentification. A therapy technique is described that emphasizes "pushing harder" on voiceless consonants to improve the intelligibility of alaryngeal speakers. Laryngectomy speech therapy programs should focus first on the production of voiceless consonants before attempting to effect voicing.

Female↗