Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “ectopic”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,657 records · Page 92Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Failure of in vitro-differentiated mesenchymal stem cells from the synovial membrane to form ectopic stable cartilage in vivo.

OBJECTIVE: We previously reported the identification in a nude mouse assay of molecular markers predictive of the capacity of articular cartilage-derived cells (ACDCs) to form ectopic stable cartilage that is resistant to vascular invasion and endochondral ossification. In the present study, we investigated whether in vitro-differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the synovial membrane (SM) express the stable-chondrocyte markers and form ectopic stable cartilage in vivo. METHODS: Chondrogenesis was induced in micromass culture with the addition of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1). After acquisition of the cartilage phenotype, micromasses were implanted subcutaneously into nude mice. Alternatively, cells were released enzymatically and either replated in monolayer or injected intramuscularly into nude mice. Marker analysis was performed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Cell death was detected with TUNEL assay. RESULTS: Cartilage-like micromasses and released cells expressed the stable-chondrocyte markers at levels comparable with those expressed by stable ACDCs. The released cells lost chondrocyte marker expression by 24 hours in monolayer and failed to form cartilage when injected intramuscularly into nude mice. Instead, myogenic differentiation was detected. When intact TGFbeta1-treated micromasses were implanted subcutaneously, they partially lost their cartilage phenotype and underwent cell death and neoangiogenesis within 1 week. At later time points (15-40 days), we retrieved neither cartilage nor bone, and human cells were not detectable. CONCLUSION: The chondrocyte-like phenotype of human SM MSCs, induced in vitro under specific conditions, appears to be unstable and is not sufficient to obtain ectopic formation of stable cartilage in vivo. Studies in animal models of joint surface defect repair are necessary to evaluate the stability of the SM MSC chondrocyte-like phenotype within the joint environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Premature induction of hypertrophy during in vitro chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells correlates with calcification and vascular invasion after ectopic transplantation in SCID mice.

OBJECTIVE: Functional suitability and phenotypic stability of ectopic transplants are crucial factors in the clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for articular cartilage repair, and might require a stringent control of chondrogenic differentiation. This study evaluated whether human bone marrow-derived MSCs adopt natural differentiation stages during induction of chondrogenesis in vitro, and whether they can form ectopic stable cartilage that is resistant to vascular invasion and calcification in vivo. METHODS: During in vitro chondrogenesis of MSCs, the expression of 44 cartilage-, stem cell-, and bone-related genes and the deposition of aggrecan and types II and X collagen were determined. Similarly treated, expanded articular chondrocytes served as controls. MSC pellets were allowed to differentiate in chondrogenic medium for 3-7 weeks, after which the chondrocytes were implanted subcutaneously into SCID mice; after 4 weeks in vivo, samples were evaluated by histology. RESULTS: The 3-stage chondrogenic differentiation cascade initiated in MSCs was primarily characterized by sequential up-regulation of common cartilage genes. Premature induction of hypertrophy-related molecules (type X collagen and matrix metalloproteinase 13) occurred before production of type II collagen and was followed by up-regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity. In contrast, hypertrophy-associated genes were not induced in chondrocyte controls. Whereas control chondrocyte pellets resisted calcification and vascular invasion in vivo, most MSC pellets mineralized, in spite of persisting proteoglycan and type II collagen content. CONCLUSION: An unnatural pathway of differentiation to chondrocyte-like cells was induced in MSCs by common in vitro protocols. MSC pellets transplanted to ectopic sites in SCID mice underwent alterations related to endochondral ossification rather than adopting a stable chondrogenic phenotype. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether a more stringent control of MSC differentiation to chondrocytes can be achieved during cartilage repair in a natural joint environment.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Antifungal triazole derivative triadimefon induces ectopic maxillary cartilage by altering the morphogenesis of the first branchial arch.

BACKGROUND: The triazole derivative, triadimefon (FON), induces branchial arch abnormalities in post-implantation rat embryos cultured in vitro, and cranio-facial malformations in mouse fetuses. Ectopic maxillary cartilage has been also described as a typical FON-related malformation. This work studies the morphogenesis of the ectopic cartilage in rat embryos and fetuses exposed in vivo to FON during the early postimplantation period. METHODS: Pregnant rats were treated with 0, 250, and 500 mg/kg FON on Day 9.5 of pregnancy (D9.5) and sacrificed at term (D20), during the early fetal period (D17) or at different embryogenetic periods (D10, D11, D12). The skeleton was examined after stain of bone and cartilage or of cartilage alone respectively at term or at D17. The neural crest cell (NCC) migration and compaction was investigated at D10 and D11 and the cranial nerve organization described at D12. RESULTS: Triadimefon is teratogenic in rats under the chosen experimental conditions. The malformations were at the level of the cranio-facial and axial skeleton at term and of the hindbrain nerves in embryos. A NCC abnormal migration and compaction was observed at the level of the first branchial arch: in FON-exposed embryos NCC were detected at the level of both maxillary and mandibular processes, whereas control embryos showed the immunostained tissue only at the level of the mandibular bud. CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenic pathway, proposed to explain the ectopic cartilage, is the displacement of part of the NCC-derived tissues at the maxillary region of the first branchial arch.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2006

Mosaic deletion of Rb arrests rod differentiation and stimulates ectopic synaptogenesis in the mouse retina.

The retinoblastoma gene (Rb) regulates neural progenitor cell proliferation and cell fate specification and differentiation. For the developing mouse retina, two distinct functions of Rb have been described: regulation of retinal progenitor cell proliferation and rod photoreceptor development. Cells that would normally become rods fail to mature and remain as immature cells in the outer nuclear layer in the adult. By using Chx10-Cre;Rb(Lox/-) mice, we generated a chimeric retina with alternating apical-basal stripes of wild-type and Rb-deficient tissue. This provides a unique model with which to study synaptogenesis at the outer plexiform layer within regions that lack differentiated rods. In regions where rods failed to differentiate, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) was disrupted. Horizontal cells formed, and their somata were appropriately aligned, but their neurites did not project laterally. Instead many horizonal cell neurites extended apically, forming ectopic synapses with photoreceptors at all levels of the outer nuclear layer. These ectopic photoreceptor terminals contained synaptic ribbons, horizontal cell processes with synaptic vesicles, and a single mitochrondrion characteristic of rod spherules. Rb-deficient bipolar cells differentiated normally, extended dendrites to the OPL, and formed synapses that were indistinguishable from adjacent wild-type cells. In contrast to OPL-positioned synapses, ectopic synapses did not contain bipolar dendrites. This finding suggests that horizontal cells and photoreceptors can form stable synapses that are devoid of bipolar dendrites outside the normal boundaries of the OPL. Finally, analysis of P4, P7, P12, and P15 retinae suggests that the apical horizontal cell processes result from their failure to establish their normal lateral projections during development.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The sarcomatous guise of cervical ectopic hamartomatous thymoma.

BACKGROUND: Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma is a rare benign neoplasm occurring in the deep soft tissues adjacent to the sternoclavicular joint. Although clinical presentation and diagnostic imaging can be consistent with a malignant lesion such as a sarcoma, recognition of pathologic features can readily exclude such a diagnosis. However, this remains a challenge caused by their unusual histologic features and diverse composition. Recognition of this tumor is, however, important, because it follows a benign clinical course, and conservative surgical excision is the therapy of choice. METHODS: A literature review of all reports of ectopic hamartomatous thymoma was undertaken and compared with our indexed case. RESULTS: From this review, we identified 26 previous reports. Most patients were men, with a 4.5:1 predominance. There was a wide range of ages at presentation, from 26 to 79 years. All tumors were located in the lower neck, with the exception of one arising presternally. Treatment predominantly consisted of tumor resection, with no reported recurrences on follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that ectopic hamartomatous thymoma is an extremely rare neoplasm usually presenting in the lower neck. Correct identification of this tumor is important, because it follows a benign course, and surgical excision is adequate therapy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary ectopic meningioma of the maxillary sinus: case report and review of the literature.

METHODS: A case of a primary ectopic meningioma, arising within the right maxillary sinus, is presented. A review of English literature was also undertaken to determine the prevalence of these lesions in this specific anatomic location. RESULTS: A total maxillectomy was performed without complications and the surgical defect was covered with an immediate obturator. The patient is well and without evidence of disease 3 1/2 years postoperatively. A review of the English literature revealed four additional reports of primary ectopic meningiomas that were limited to the maxillary sinus. CONCLUSIONS: Primary ectopic meningiomas of the maxillary sinus are uncommon lesions which have a good prognosis when a complete resection of the neoplasm can be performed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

An ectopic copy of the Drosophila ftz associated SAR neither reorganizes local chromatin structure nor hinders elution of a chromatin fragment from isolated nuclei.

In vitro assays using detergent extracted nuclei allow the operational definition of SARs--specific sequences in the chromosome which are thought to interact with a structural matrix or scaffold. This interaction results in the formation of large stable protein-DNA complexes. We have used P-element transformation to introduce a characterized SAR into the Drosophila genome. The standard assay, which uses detergent extracted nuclei, shows that the ectopic SAR is indeed bound to the scaffold. However, in unextracted nuclei, a chromatin fragment containing the SAR sequence is eluted from the nucleus as readily as a fragment which lacks an SAR. Furthermore, an analysis of the accessibility of the neighbouring chromosomal restriction sites in unextracted nuclei indicates that the introduction of this ectopic SAR does not influence the local structure of chromatin. We conclude that the ectopic SAR site is not attached to a nuclear scaffold or matrix in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Heat-induced apoptosis of mouse meiotic cells is suppressed by ectopic expression of testis-specific calpastatin.

Calpastatin is a naturally occurring inhibitor of calpain, a protease involved in apoptotic cell death. A testis-specific isoform of calpastatin (tCAST) has been identified that is transcribed in haploid germ cells but not in spermatocytes. To investigate the possible function(s) of tCAST, we tested the hypothesis that the ectopic expression of calpastatin in spermatocytes would suppress the death of these cells in response to an apoptosis-inducing stimulus in vivo. To this end, the 5'-flanking region of the mouse ldhc gene was linked to tCAST, and transgenic mice were generated. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that, in contrast to control sections in which the signal for tCAST was seen in round spermatids, intense staining was visualized in pachytene spermatocytes in the transgenic animals, indicating that the strategy we used to generate the transgenic animals resulted in the ectopic expression of tCAST in spermatocytes. We then tested the effect of a short period of heating on germ cell apoptosis in the testes of wild-type and transgenic mice. Pachytene spermatocytes were the major germ cell type seen to undergo apoptosis after heat treatment. There were no differences in the number of apoptotic germ cells per seminiferous tubule between wild-type and tCAST transgenic control mice; thus, there was no apparent effect of the transgene on normal apoptosis. Heating resulted in increased numbers of TUNEL-positive germ cells in both wild-type and tCAST transgenic mice, as well as increased testicular DNA fragmentation. Heating the tCAST transgenic mouse testes resulted in significantly fewer apoptotic cells per seminiferous tubule than in wild-type mice at both 8 and 24 hours after treatment. Thus, as hypothesized, the ectopic expression of tCAST in pachytene spermatocytes suppressed germ cell apoptosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Ectopic bone formation using osteogenic protein-1 carried by a solution precipitated hydroxyapatite.

Solution precipitation of calcium and phosphate is a technique to generate hydroxyapatite [Peri-Apatitetrade mark (PA), Stryker Orthopaedics, Mahwah, NJ] on metal substrate. This study was carried out to determine the capacity of PA to adsorb osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) and the time course of release, and to determine the osteoinductive activity of OP-1. The adsorption and release studies were conducted with (125)I-labeled OP-1- and PA-coated titanium alloy disks. The results indicate that the adsorption of OP-1 on the PA-coated disks is linear with the concentration of OP-1 up to 5 mg/mL. There is an initial release of 75% to 80% of adsorbed OP-1 within the first hour, and 92% of OP-1 is released in 3 days. The osteoinductive activity of OP-1 was determined in the rat intramuscular ectopic bone formation assay. A total of 24 titanium alloy disks were evenly divided into 3 groups with different treatments for implantation, plain disks (group A), disks coated with PA (group B), and disks coated with PA plus 40 microg OP-1 (group C). Osteogenic protein-1, 40 microg in solution, was injected into the muscle pouch in animals of group D (n = 8). The rats were sacrificed 3 weeks postoperatively and the implants were retrieved. Ectopic bone formation was evaluated with radiography and histology. Results demonstrated that OP-1 induced ectopic bone in all the animals of group C and group D. The titanium alloy disks were surrounded by trabecular bone and marrow tissue. None of the animals of group A or group B showed any evidence of osteoinduction. Our findings indicate that PA can deliver OP-1 directly to titanium alloy implants and maintain the osteoinductive activity of OP-1.

Absorption↗
PubMed2005

Sonographic appearance of a carcinoma developed in ectopic axillary breast tissue.

Primary breast cancer of ectopic axillary breast tissue is almost never diagnosed preoperatively. When not accompanied by nipple-areolar complex, the mass is often believed to be a lipoma, an enlarged lymph node, or a skin lesion such as a sebaceous cyst or hydradenitis suppurativa. When an axillary mass is found, a percutaneous needle biopsy is mandatory to rule out the diagnosis of cancer in ectopic breast tissue. We describe the sonographic findings of a case of ductal carcinoma in axillary ectopic breast tissue.

Axilla↗
PubMed2001

Germ cell specific promoter drives ectopic transgene expression during embryogenesis.

In this study, we used the male germ cell-specific phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (Pgk2) promoter to generate Pgk2Cre transgenic mice to allow investigation of genes critically involved in meiosis. The Pgk2 promoter had been used previously to target transgene expression to spermatocytes and spermatids in several laboratories including ours. In several Cre targeting experiments using other promoters, ectopic Cre expression had been observed, but the timing and extent of this expression was not analyzed. We demonstrate that in adult mice the Pgk2Cre transgene is expressed specifically in spermatocytes and spermatids, as expected. However, in offspring from matings of Pgk2Cre mice and an H19loxP indicator strain, we discovered that recombination events had occurred in several, but not all, tissues to varying extents. The lacZ-loxP transgenic indicator strain was next used to uncover ectopic Cre expression even in single cells, which indicated that the Pgk2Cre transgene is expressed between days 11 and 15 during embryogenesis in several tissues and organs. Using an RT PCR assay we were unable to detect endogenous Pgk2 mRNA during embryogenesis or in adult tissues other than testis. In conclusion, the Pgk2 promoter is a valid choice for targeting gene expression to meiotic male germ cells, since transient ectopic expression is unlikely to have a discernable effect in most studies, but it may be inappropriate for utilization with Cre recombinase.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Ectopic endplates induce localized changes in skeletal muscle ultrastructure.

To investigate the processes by which motoneurons control protein synthesis, and thus the ultrastructure of the muscle fibers they innervate, ectopic endplates were induced to form on adult mouse skeletal muscle fibers by transplantation of a foreign nerve onto the muscle. In the dually innervated muscle fibers thus created, we examined two ultrastructural parameters that correlate with the expression of distinct isoforms of the myofibrillar proteins alpha-actinin and titin, specifically, Z-line width and sarcomere length. It was found that Z-lines were significantly thinner (98 vs. 128 nm) and sarcomeres were significantly shorter (1.69 vs. 2.06 microm) near the ectopic than near the original endplates. Thus, ectopic endplate formation on adult skeletal muscle fibers induces a localized alteration in myofibrillar morphology. These results may help to elucidate the role played by motoneurons in the determination and maintenance of muscle fiber properties and the processes that occur following muscle reinnervation after nerve injury.

Actinin↗
PubMed2006

Cell-type-specific limitation on in vivo serotonin storage following ectopic expression of the Drosophila serotonin transporter, dSERT.

The synaptic machinery for neurotransmitter storage is cell-type specific. Although most elements of biosynthesis and transport have been identified, it remains unclear whether additional factors may be required to maintain this specificity. The Drosophila serotonin transporter (dSERT) is normally expressed exclusively in serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the CNS. Here we examine the effects of ectopic transcriptional expression of dSERT in the Drosophila larval CNS. We find a surprising limitation on 5-HT storage following ectopic expression of dSERT and green fluorescence protein-tagged dSERT (GFP-dSERT). When dSERT transcription is driven ectopically in the CNS, 5-HT is detectable only in 5-HT, dopamine (DA), and a very limited number of additional neurons. Addition of exogenous 5-HT does not dramatically broaden neuronal storage sites, so this limitation is only partly due to restricted intercellular diffusion of 5-HT. Furthermore, this limitation is not due to gross mislocalization of dSERT, because cells lacking or containing 5-HT show similar levels and subcellular distribution of GFP-dSERT protein, nor is it due to lack of the vesicular transporter, dVMAT. These data suggest that a small number of neurons selectively express factor(s) required for 5-HT storage, and potentially for function of dSERT.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Production and analysis of transgenic mice with ectopic expression of parvalbumin.

Transgenic mice expressing rat parvalbumin under the control of the human metallothionein IIA (MTII A), SV-40 early, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoters were produced. Ectopic expression was analyzed by RNA polymerase chain reaction and RNase protection in combination with immunohistochemistry. From a total of 25 transgenic lines 18 were found to express the transgene. Expression strength and tissue specificity were dependent upon the promoter used and varied considerably among animal lines produced with the same construct. Highest constitutive MT IIA-driven expression was found in lung, liver, heart, and kidney, as well as in brain, and lower amounts of transgene expression were found in spleen, testis, and muscle. Immunohistochemistry of tissue sections of metallothionein-parvalbumin transgenic strain 29 in the non-induced state revealed that ectopic PV mRNA is translated into protein. Short-term induction of the MT IIA promoter by CdSO4 or CdCl2 leads to a shift in tissue specificity and does not increase ectopic expression in tissues where the transgene is active in the noninduced state. As expected the NSE promoter showed highest activity in brain. However, NSE-driven expression could also be detected to various degrees in all investigated tissues. SV-40-dependent PV expression showed no tissue preference and varied considerably among different strains. Except for the observation that the SV-40-PV construct showed lower yields in transgenic production and reduced numbers of positive offspring no obvious impairment of growth or behavior as a consequence of transgenic PV expression could be detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Ectopic decapentaplegic in the Drosophila midgut alters the expression of five homeotic genes, dpp, and wingless, causing specific morphological defects.

The patterns of homeotic gene expression in the Drosophila midgut visceral mesoderm are instrumental in several morphogenetic events, including the formation of the gastric caeca and the positioning of the three midgut constrictions. We demonstrate that a potent regulator of homeotic gene expression in the visceral mesoderm is the secreted growth factor-like molecule encoded by the decapentaplegic (dpp) gene. Ectopic dpp in the visceral mesoderm caused changes in the gene expression of Sex combs reduced, Antennapedia, Ultrabithorax (Ubx), and abdominal-A (abd-A) and disrupted the formation of the gastric caeca and the first and third midgut constrictions. Ectopic dpp also induced expression of teashirt, wingless (wg) and the endogenous dpp gene in the visceral mesoderm and enhanced labial expression in the adjacent endoderm. The patterns of gene expression and the formation of the second midgut constriction in the presence of ectopic dpp are most consistent with a dpp-induced transformation of virtually the entire midgut to cell fates normally seen only in the parasegment (ps)7 and ps8 regions of the midgut. We conclude that dpp is a primary signal in maintaining Ubx expression in the visceral mesoderm in a pattern different from Ubx expression in the embryonic ectoderm and in providing a cell-cell communication mechanism by which Ubx expression influences gene expression across germlayers and across the ps7 to ps8 parasegment boundary in the visceral mesoderm.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Ectopic expression of MEF2 in the epidermis induces epidermal expression of muscle genes and abnormal muscle development in Drosophila.

Myocyte-specific enhancer-binding factor 2 (MEF2) is a myogenic regulatory factor in vertebrates and Drosophila. Whereas the role of MEF2 in regulating vertebrate myogenesis and muscle genes has been extensively studied, little is known of the role of MEF2 in regulating Drosophila myogenesis. We have shown in a recent analysis of the regulation of the Drosophila Tropomyosin I (TmI) gene in transgenic flies that MEF2 is a positive regulator of TmI expression in the somatic body-wall muscles of embryos, larvae, and adults. To understand further the role of MEF2 in myogenesis and test the role of MEF2 in regulating TmI expression, we have used the yeast GAL4/UAS system to generate embryos in which MEF2 is ectopically expressed in tissues where it is not normally expressed or embryos in which MEF2 is overexpressed in the mesoderm and muscles. We observe that ectopic expression of MEF2 in the epidermis and the ventral midline cells in embryos activates the expression of TmI and other muscle genes in these tissues and that this activation is stage-dependent suggesting a requirement for additional factors. Furthermore, ectopic expression of MEF2 in the epidermis results in a decrease in the expression of signaling molecules in the epidermis and a failure of the embryo to properly form body-wall muscles. These results indicate that MEF2 can function out of context in the epidermis to induce the expression of muscle genes and interfere with a requirement for the epidermis in muscle development. We also find that the level of MEF2 in the mesoderm and/or muscles in embryos is critical to body-wall muscle formation; however, no effect is observed on the development of the visceral muscle or dorsal vessel.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The role of Teashirt in proximal leg development in Drosophila: ectopic Teashirt expression reveals different cell behaviours in ventral and dorsal domains.

Localised transcription factors specify the identity of developmental domains. Here we analyse the function of the Teashirt zinc finger protein, which is expressed in the proximal domain of the Drosophila leg. By ectopic expression of a teashirt transgene we show that Teashirt contributes to the differences in cell-cell adhesion between proximal and distal leg cells. Whereas clones of cells expressing the teashirt transgene survive in the endogenous Teashirt domain, most cells expressing Teashirt in an ectopic distal position are lost from the epithelium. In clones which were recovered in the distal domain, different effects were seen dependent on position with respect to the dorsal-ventral axis. In the ventral region, where Wingless is signalling, surviving clones express Teashirt and cause abnormalities in the adult leg. Contrarily, lateral and dorsal clones generally do not accumulate Teashirt and have no effect on patterning. One exception to the differential dorsal-ventral effects occurs at the boundary between Teashirt-expressing and -nonexpressing cells. Both ectopic and hypomorphic loss of teashirt affects patterning at all positions at the boundary, suggesting that Teashirt plays a crucial role in boundary formation. The results are discussed with respect to the roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in proximal-distal axis patterning of the Drosophila legs.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A novel and simple technique for ectopic transplantation of the pituitary gland.

Sites for ectopic transplantation of the pituitary include the kidney capsule of mammals, the anterior eye chamber, the so-called hypophysiotropic area of the brain, the third cerebral ventricle, and the tail of the amphibian tadpole. Transplantation of pituitary in the kidney capsule of mammals is a simple technical procedure but most nonmammalian species do not offer such a convenient site. Transplantation of pituitaries at other ectopic sites involves technical sophistication and cannot be undertaken by all investigators, and retrieving the transplant is often difficult. A new technique is described to overcome these difficulties. Silastic tube pieces (7-10 mm) were ligated at both ends and cut longitudinally, and pituitaries taken from sister animals (homologous donors) were inserted through the incision. The Silastic tubes were then implanted either in the abdominal cavity or in the liver of rat, Japanese quail, and toad. They were retrieved after 7 or 14 days (in the case of rat and Japanese quail) or after 10 or 20 days (in the case of toad), and the pituitary was sectioned and stained immunocytochemically using rat and human prolactin (PRL) antisera. Taking the preponderance of PRL cells in the pars distalis as a parameter for determining the viability and functional status of the transplants (because ectopically transplanted pituitaries secrete abundant PRL), it was found that 13 of 16 pituitary homografts had been well established and there was no visible host-graft incompatibility. The technique reported is novel and simple, and it ensures quick delivery of the grafts and their easy retrieval without any loss whatsoever. It is expected that the technique would be very useful and would find wider application because it can also be employed for transplanting other organs/tissues into a wide range of animals, including invertebrates.

Animals↗