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PubMed1986

The hospital information system: a physician's perspective.

In creating a computerized system to process its ever-increasing amounts of patient information, Holy Cross Hospital, Detroit, considered physicians' needs. It used three sets of observations to determine medical staff priorities: review of information flow in the diagnostic, patient care, and medical records departments; medical staff interviews; and experience with a physician-oriented computerized laboratory reporting system. These observations revealed mutual departmental needs; physicians' need for a clear, accurate summary of new patient data, with ready access via terminals; and the need for several report formats, including ward, summary, cumulative, and interpretative reports. Physicians input is essential to prioritize daily reports. A keyboard option that allows data processing staff to change formats easily is also important. All patient data must be computerized and the resulting computer reports have three basic parts: patient demographic data; the body, which contains basic information and observations; and the conclusion or summary. In developing reports, the staff must consider technological differences between departments and changing demands as physicians become familiar with the potential of computerized data.

Hospital Bed Capacity, 300 to 499↗

PubMed1984

A user-oriented information system for emergency medicine.

A user-oriented Emergency Medical Services Information System ( EMSIS ) has been developed in our medical center that can readily be established by any interested medical center. This minicomputer based system provides online registration of poison center calls, access to the Poisindex (C) data base, concise patient information sheets, access to EMS treatment protocols, assistance in the differential diagnosis of acute poisoning, dosage recommendations for drugs with a narrow therapeutic margin, and kinetic analysis of drug overdoses. Video terminals access EMSIS in the Emergency Department, pharmacy, outpatient medicine clinic, pediatric clinic, medicine wards, poison control center, and biomedical engineering. A PDP 11/70 with 256 Kb core and 48 ports running under RSTS /E V7 .0 supports an average of 20 simultaneous users.

Computers↗

PubMed1995

Managed care and health information networks.

Communication and data exchange among existing health information systems is becoming increasingly important in the health care industry. In a managed care environment, the focus is on delivering value by providing consumers access to high-quality health care at reasonable cost. This article explains how the use of a health information network in the managed care system, which links all related entities, improves the quality of health care by allowing access to critical data on demand and decreases the cost of delivery by enhancing communication among managed care providers.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed2003

Generating information from electronic patient records in general practice: a description of clinical care and gender inequalities in coronary heart disease using data from over two million patient records.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) in England and the activity of primary healthcare teams in managing patients with CHD, and also to demonstrate the utility of computerised patient records in providing access to epidemiological data and data reflecting healthcare activity. DESIGN: A descriptive survey of CHD and related clinical data, recorded using computerised clinical records, entered by primary healthcare teams. Aspects reported include prevalence of CHD, together with additional data reflecting clinical monitoring activity, therapeutic interventions and comorbidity in patients affected by CHD. SETTING: 317 general practices in 23 English primary care trusts (PCTs). DATA ACQUISITION: MIQUEST was used to interrogate 2 252 274 computerised patient records. Data were extracted in the form of sex and age aggregated counts of patients meeting a range of extraction criteria. RESULTS: The observed crude prevalence of CHD is 40.3 per 1000 (males 46.6, females 34.2). A variety of findings are presented relating to the treatment, monitoring and comorbidities of CHD. Significant and systematic gender inequalities are demonstrated to exist in the monitoring and treatment of CHD. CONCLUSIONS: Extraction of data from computerised patient records is a valuable and practicable method of generating information to inform clinicians and National Health Service (NHS) organisations. Systematic gender disparities exist in the care delivered to patients with CHD.

Coronary Disease↗

PubMed2000

Standard obstetric record charting system: evaluation of a new electronic medical record.

OBJECTIVE: To develop, implement, and evaluate an electronic record that tracks antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum care. METHODS: The Standard Obstetric Record Charting system (STORC) was created by a group of programmers and clinicians who developed screen designs, reports, pick lists, and standard notes, and ensured a flexible, yet standard system. To evaluate data within the system, ORYX (Joint Commission) performance measures were collected retrospectively and compared with STORC data. RESULTS: The STORC, officially implemented as our complete inpatient and outpatient obstetric record in March 1998, provided seamless integration of antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum care records, standard forms, and standard and ad hoc reports. Data for customizable case and procedure lists are generated easily. Unplanned and total cesarean deliveries were identified retrospectively in 0% (0 of 18) of charts reviewed for ORYX; however, STORC identified the actual rates of each as 8.3% (23 of 276) and 12.3% (34 of 276), respectively. Other critical ORYX measures not identified by retrospective data collection, but accurately provided by STORC, included rates of third and fourth degree lacerations, postpartum hemorrhage, low and extremely low birth weights, and macrosomia. CONCLUSION: After implementation in a large referral center, completeness and accuracy of charting and rapid access to obstetric outcome data were improved. Provider acceptance of the system also was dramatic and improved over time as a result of direct development oversight by obstetric health care providers, local control of system changes, and immediate access to outcome data. (Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:1003-8.)

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of work-hour reforms on operative case volume of surgical residents.

PURPOSE: There has been much concern regarding the impact of work-hour reforms on the operative case volume of surgical residents. Operative case volume by PGY year and clinical rotation were examined to determine if changes in work hours affected residents' operative case volume. METHODS: A careful but aggressive plan of work-hour reduction was devised for the residency of the authors' institution with the goal to decrease work hours while maintaining optimal patient care and resident education, including operative case volume. Changes made included hiring physician extenders (PEs), decreasing call schedules to every fourth night (with the next day free from clinical activities-Q4) or call from home (HC), and night float rotation coverage for services (NF). Case volume before (academic year 2002) and after (academic year 2003) changes were compared by PGY year, for all residents and for specific rotations-private general surgery, which had changes of PE, HC, and NF for PGY5; PE, Q4 and NF for PGY1 and 10% exemption for work hours; Churchill service (a resident-run ward teaching service), which had changes of PE and Q4 for PGY5 and PGY1 and 10% exemption for work hours; and vascular surgery, which had HC and NF for PGY5. Total case volume on these services was likewise compared. Statistical analysis was by student t test. Operative case volume was measured with data from the resident-entered information on the ACGME Surgical Operative Log (SOL). Case volume for PGY4 residents could not be compared over this time period because of lack of access to archived data by PGY year for graduated residents through the ACGME SOL. Work hours before and after rotation changes were measured with an intranet-based monitoring system. This article is a retrospective review of the affects of these work-hour changes on operative case volume. RESULTS: Total case volume for the general surgical services (both private and Churchill) was unchanged over this period (5905 in 02, 5930 in 03), and likewise for the vascular service (1101 vs 1196). Overall, there was no change in mean operative volume per year for surgical residents in this program (231 cases in 2002, 246 cases in 2003; p = 0.61). For PGY5 residents, the case volume increased; 339 cases 02, 390 in 03, and p = 0.05. Mean case volume for PGY5 residents increased on the private general surgery service (136 in 02, 160 in 03, p = 0.03), but it remained stable on the Churchill service (137 in 02, 158 in 03, p = 0.39) and vascular service (65 in 02, 73 in 03, p = 0.42). For PGY3 residents, case volume remained stable (171 in 02, 187 in 03, p = 0.62), as it did for PGY2 and PGY1 residents (PGY2: 148 in 02, 121 in 03, p = 0.12; PGY1: 265 in 02, 246 in 03, p = 0.23). However, operative case volume for PGY1 residents did decrease on the private general surgery service (mean 52 cases per month 02, 43 cases per month 03, p = 0.07), while remaining stable on the Churchill service (mean 23 cases per month 02, 25 cases per month 03, p = 0.66). Average hours worked per week decreased significantly over the time period. Before work-hour reforms, residents' average work hours were as follows: PGY1 105, PGY2 97, PGY3 78.7, PGY4 111, and PGY5 92. After the changes, average work hours were PGY1 81.5, PGY2 77.7, PGY3 78.7, PGY4 75.5, and PGY5 75.9. CONCLUSIONS: Work-hour limitation can be devised to maximize resident education, optimize patient care, and maintain resident operative volume. Although some changes (HC, PE, NF) seemed to increase the operative case volume for PGY5 residents, others had no effect (Q4, HC). There does not seem to be a clear relationship between types of changes and case volume. At the PGY1 level, Q4 and PE changes decreased operative experience on 1 rotation but not on another, although the difference in this decrease seems clinically insignificant. Individualization of changes to meet the needs of specific rotations seems more important than specific changes in coverage pattern. Perhaps the most important finding is that changes can be made to bring work hours into compliance without materially effecting operative case volume.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Outstanding scientist of the year 2006: Rogel Patawaran, BS.

Rogel Patawaran is cofounder of iQSecure Solutions, Inc., a secure web mail company, which began in 2002 and is currently based in Santa Monica, California. Its unique service enables hospitals, clinics, and doctors' offices the opportunity to have secure web-based video and telephone conferencing by simply switching online services offered by this innovative company. In addition, he is cofounder of AuthoTecq, based in Long Beach, California, and inventor of the AuthoTecq system in 1999. The AuthoTecq system is an online credit card processing company. Rogel Patawaran sought to remedy one of the problems facing users of internet transactions. Because internet merchants act as their own gateway for financial transactions, they have been storing credit card numbers in their own databases, thereby failing to address the necessary security provisions involved in the storage of such sensitive information. AuthoTecq removes this responsibility from the merchant by processing financial transactions on behalf of the merchants. Its system dramatically reduces credit card theft, and thereby decreases the amount of credit card fraud. In his landmark book Saving Lives & Saving Money, Newt Gingrich, former Speaker of House of Representatives, describes a new approach to the challenge of creating a better system of personal health and health care for the 21st century, a system that saves lives and saves money. He indicates that you could be visiting a clinic with electronic medical records, electronic laboratory reports, and electronic drug prescriptions. This entirely electronic clinic saves money and lives because it is far more accurate than a paper system. Such clinics exist at the Kaiser Permanente Hospitals, the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, the Cleveland Clinic, many Harvard hospitals, and all Veteran Administration hospitals in the US. He indicates that healthcare is the only industry in America that can give you a disease and then charge you to cure it. He further reports that out of 100 hospital patients, five or six will be the victim of a preventable error. He states that medication errors alone kill 7000 people each year, adding $2 billion to the overall cost of healthcare. He stresses that these 7000 needless deaths are not only unacceptable but un-American as well. During the 1990s, the pharmaceutical industry sought help from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to develop a standard by which a paperless system could be adopted for healthcare. In March of 1997, the FDA issued its final ruling, which established the criteria for which the FDA will recognize the transmission of authenticity within electronic data as well as establishing standards of authenticity for electronic data equivalent to the validity of signatures on paper documents and records. The FDA also recognizes the growth that can be experienced by converting healthcare technology to a paperless system, such as the expediting of patient files in a more organized manner, increasing the speed of file transfer of such documents, reducing prescription errors, enabling computer-generated data analysis and statistics, and reducing storage space. Rogel Patawaran and his colleagues also realized that electronic healthcare technology using the highest standard of data encryption to transfer data could also dramatically improve the safety of patients in our nation and the world. To answer the needs within healthcare technology, Rogel Patawaran created a system for healthcare providers using the most superior encryption methods, and in the process creating iQSolutions, Inc. Its web mail system uses the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) format, which is the strongest known encryption format. PKI is used in combination with the Advance Encryption Standard (AES) digital encryption algorithm, which is the current algorithm used by banks and government agencies, thereby protecting the privacy and accuracy of the information. Rogel Patawaran's remarkable contributions to the encryption process will aid in the number of lives saved as well as helping to avoid medical malpractice by ensuring the accuracy of medical records, as well as reducing the number of medication errors or inappropriate prescriptions being filled. These remarkable accomplishments in patient safety are accomplished at a rapid speed that ensures that data-sensitive patient files can be securely transmitted between and within hospitals. Finally, with the growing need for an electronic system within the medical field, doctors will be able to securely access all such data from anywhere and at any time, thus reducing the age-old problem of time constraints that a paper system presented doctors and hospitals alike. In recognition of Rogel Patawaran's contributions to the medical field through the use of encryption teamed with the transferring of sensitive data such as hospital records, Rogel Patawaran has been selected as the Outstanding Scientist of 2006.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1980

Improvements in the NIOSH registry of toxic effects of chemical substances.

Subsequent to the publication of the 1977 edition of the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), several additions and changes were introduced that substantially improved the content and accessibility of the RTECS data file. Content additions included primary irritation data for both skin and eyes, in vitro mutagenicity data, and citations to toxicology review articles and to the Toxic Substances Control Act inventory. Also undertaken was a re-evalution of existing tumorigenic entries based on revised selection criteria. Accessibility to RTECS data has been facilitated by the introduction of on-line interactive computer searching, and the preparation and distribution of Computer Output Microfiche (COM-fiche) and magnetic tape copies of the file which supplement the annual publication.

Carcinogens↗

PubMed1997

[PARS--a software program for pathologic anatomic diagnosis of wild animals].

A computer programme (PARS) was designed for the collection of Pathological-Anatomical References of the Institute for Zoo Biology and Wildlife Research. We systemized more than 40,000 postmortem cases in order to develop a data bank for wild animal pathology. The PARS-programme was designed on the basis of PARADOX 7 for WINDOWS. As a netwoking programme with a central server it offers direct access to the data of the IZW case documentation for all scientists. In order to minimize desk work, the programme contains tables of zoological systemic (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) as well as tables for systemic assignment (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths and arthropods) for most common species. The records and findings of the necropsies can be printed immediately.

Amphibians↗

PubMed1995

Sequencing analysis of a 15.4 kb fragment of yeast chromosome XIV identifies the RPD3, PAS8 and KRE1 loci, five new open reading frames.

The DNA sequence of a 15.4 kb region covering the left arm of chromosome XIV from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was determined. This region contains eight open reading frames (ORFs) which code for proteins of more than 100 amino acids. Three ORFs correspond to the RPD3, PAS8 and KRE1 loci, described previously. Three ORFs show limited homology with known proteins: NO330 with the recessive suppressor of secretory defect SAC1, NO325 with YCR094W identified during chromosome III sequencing; whereas NO315 presents a motif conserved in the dnaJ family. Two ORFs (NO320 and NO325) show no homology to known proteins within the databases screened, but NO320 corresponds to a serine-threonine-rich protein. The sequence has been entered in the EMBL data library under Accession Number Z46259.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Assessing internet survey data collection methods with ethnic nurse shift workers.

An increasing number of ethnic minorities are expected to enter the United States workforce based on projected demographic changes. This includes American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) nurses. Sociocultural influences on sleep disturbances, sleepiness, and other aspects related to shift-work tolerance are of unrecognized importance. More minority nurses are needed to provide culturally congruent care; however, AI/AN nurses represent less than 1% of nurses located throughout the American workforce. This article aims to verify the feasibility of Internet data collection (Web-based survey) methods and instrument stability as the first part of a two-phase study comparing individual differences and shift-work-related sleep disturbances between AI/AN and White non-Hispanic (WNH) nurses. In the first phase, an Internet survey was used to reach a cross-section of AI/AN and WNH nurses. The on-line survey was composed of accepted shift-work-related instruments. Items estimating sleep disturbances, sociocultural choices, time awareness, polychronicity, morningness/ eveningness, ethnic identity, and demographic questions were asked. The survey was linked to a series of Web pages describing the study purpose, inclusion and exclusion criteria, consent form, Web survey, and the second phase of the study in which subjects were invited to participate in actigraphy measurements. The survey was pilot-tested for error codes, item confusion, length, and completion time. Forced-answer questions were added asking ethnicity, age group, license type, state where licensed, and legal name on nursing license before accessing the survey. Data were saved periodically, cued by the word "continue." The database was located on a secure server and password protected. Nurses were recruited using published articles and printed advertisements, hospital e-mail systems, national nursing organization Web sites (minoritynurse.com; NANAINA.org), nursing Web site discussion groups, snow-balling, and word of mouth. The site was accessed 656 times with the Internet survey being completed by 138 WNH and 56 AI/AN nurses meeting the inclusion criteria. Except for the polychronicity measure (PAI3), instruments measuring time awareness, chronotype, and situational sleepiness achieved acceptable reliability coefficients with Internet data collection. Using pull-down menus would improve questions asking specific times. Internet data collection with different ethnic groups is possible; however, accessing the target population may be difficult. Despite extensive recruitment efforts, few AI/AN nurses participated. Computer literacy and failing to relate to the study's purpose may have limited the interest of the AI/AN nurses. It is possible to recruit nurse shift workers and collect individual difference and sleep disturbance data through the Internet; however, the researcher must remain vigilant throughout the process.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Return on investment analysis for a computer-based patient record in the outpatient clinic setting.

While the computer-based patient record (CPR) is considered essential technology for improving efficiency and quality of health care, the high cost of CPR implementation has been a major barrier to widespread acceptance of these systems. This paper describes a framework to evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing CPR systems in outpatient clinical settings. Return on investment (ROI), a measurement of the difference between the costs of and benefits from an investment, is one method to evaluate the economic implications of CPR. The major costs in acquiring a CPR system include the costs of hardware, software, networking, ongoing maintenance, installation and training, and opportunity costs. Benefits of CPR systems include improved productivity by reducing resource utilization or improving revenues; improved quality by providing convenient access to information at the point of care, computerized physician-order entry and decision support systems; and intangible benefits that can not be simply quantified in monetary terms, such as enhanced data capture and access, enhanced business management and improved legal and regulatory compliance. We believe that understanding the ROI framework will enable physicians to make informed strategic decisions regarding purchase and implementation of CPR systems in their practices.

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗

PubMed2004

Genetic association studies: web-based resources for effective screening and assessment of candidate genes and pathways.

The increased availability of polymorphism resources for humans and high-throughput genotyping technologies account for the large number of genetic associations published every month. Resources that allow one to synthesise published data quickly and effectively are needed to keep up to date with such information. In addition, the full exploitation of data from the HapMap project will depend on the availability of tools for the analysis of clinical and phenotypic information at the genome-wide level. Here, web resources created to aid access to such data, starting from a gene, disease or pathway of interest, are reviewed.

Databases, Genetic↗

PubMed2005

Is the pulmonary artery catheter useful?

In the United States more than 1.5 million pulmonary artery catheters (PACs) are inserted each year. Of these, approximately 55% are placed in high-risk surgical and trauma patients. Most clinicians believe that PAC use is beneficial in guiding therapy and may improve outcome. Despite these beliefs and hundreds of published articles related to PACs, appropriate use and impact on outcome remain unclear. A review of the current literature reveals conflicting data and significant flaws in most study designs. Inadequate sample size, lack of randomization, lack of standardization of therapies to PAC data, and deficiencies in user knowledge all significantly limit interpretation of clinical trials. Despite these deficiencies and the need for better-designed investigations, it is the opinion of the authors that access to hemodynamic data provided by the PAC, coupled with accurate interpretation of the data, may lead to reduced perioperative morbidity and mortality.

Catheterization, Swan-Ganz↗

PubMed1998

Virtual anthropology (VA): methodological aspects of linear and volume measurements--first results.

Virtual Anthropology (VA) is the three-dimensional analysis of anthropological objects within a computer environment. For the investigation of fossil hominid material the VA approach is a very powerful and essential technique to obtain quantitative and qualitative data. The permanent accessibility of the virtual objects and the possibility to study inner structures are striking advantages. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the usefulness and problems of VA and to provide data on accuracy and reproducibility. 10 Homo sapiens skulls were CT-scanned and were measured on the computer and with established methods (calipers and mustard seeds/water displacement). Different co-variables like sex, age, observer, and class and dimension of measurement were included. The results are very promising: The mean of absolute difference for linear measurements is 0.71 mm +/- 0.55 (0.58% +/- 0.49), and 31.59 ccm +/- 13.37 (2.26% +/- 0.86) for volume measurements. Reproducibility is 0.11 mm +/- 0.15 for located landmarks and 0.37 mm +/- 0.41 for relocating landmarks. Age and class of measurement are significant factors.

Anthropology, Physical↗

PubMed2002

A feel for the template: zinc finger protein transcription factors and chromatin.

Transcription factors and chromatin collaborate in bringing the eukaryotic genome to life. An important, and poorly understood, aspect of this collaboration involves targeting the regulators to correct binding sites in vivo. An implicit and insufficiently tested assumption in the field has been that chromatin simply obstructs most sites and leaves only a few functionally relevant ones accessible. The major class of transcription factors in all metazoa, zinc finger proteins (ZFPs), can bind to chromatin in vitro (as clearly shown for Spl, GATA-1 and -4, and the nuclear hormone receptors, for example). Data on the accessibility of DNA within heterochromatin to nonhistone regulators (E.A. Sekinger and D.S. Gross. 2001. Mol. Cell 105: 403-414; C. Jolly et al. 2002. J. Cell. Biol. 156: 775-781) and the ability of the basal transcription machinery to reside within highly condensed chromatin (most recently, R. Christova and T. Oelgeschlaeger. 2002. Nat. Cell Biol. 4: 79-82) further weaken the argument that chromatin acts as an across-the-board deterrent to ZFP binding. These proteins, however, do not bind promiscuously in vivo, and recent data on human cells (C.E. Horak et al. 2002. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99: 2924-2929) confirm earlier data on budding yeast (B. Ren et al. 2000. Science (Washington, D.C.), 290: 2306-2309) that primary DNA sequence, i.e., density of binding sites per unit DNA length, is not the primary determinant of where a ZFP transcription factor will bind in vivo. This article reviews these data and uses ZFP transcription factors as a model system to compare in vitro binding to chromatin by transcription factors with their in vivo behavior in gene regulation. DNA binding domain structure, nonrandom nucleoprotein organization of chromatin at target promoters, and cooperativity of regulator action may all contribute to target site selection in vivo.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed2004

IMGT-ONTOLOGY and IMGT databases, tools and Web resources for immunogenetics and immunoinformatics.

The international ImMunoGeneTics information system (IMGT; http://imgt.cines.fr), is a high quality integrated information system specialized in immunoglobulins (IG), T cell receptors (TR), major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and related proteins of the immune system (RPI) of human and other vertebrates, created in 1989, by the Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM; Université Montpellier II and CNRS) at Montpellier, France. IMGT provides a common access to standardized data which include nucleotide and protein sequences, oligonucleotide primers, gene maps, genetic polymorphisms, specificities, 2D and 3D structures. IMGT consists of several sequence databases (IMGT/LIGM-DB, IMGT/MHC-DB, IMGT/PRIMER-DB), one genome database (IMGT/GENE-DB) and one 3D structure database (IMGT/3Dstructure-DB), interactive tools for sequence analysis (IMGT/V-QUEST, IMGT/JunctionAnalysis, IMGT/PhyloGene, IMGT/Allele-Align), for genome analysis (IMGT/GeneSearch, IMGT/GeneView, IMGT/LocusView) and for 3D structure analysis (IMGT/StructuralQuery), and Web resources ("IMGT Marie-Paule page") comprising 8000 HTML pages. IMGT other accesses include SRS, FTP, search by BLAST, etc. By its high quality and its easy data distribution, IMGT has important implications in medical research (repertoire in autoimmune diseases, AIDS, leukemias, lymphomas, myelomas), veterinary research, genome diversity and genome evolution studies of the adaptive immune responses, biotechnology related to antibody engineering (single chain Fragment variable (scFv), phage displays, combinatorial libraries) and therapeutical approaches (grafts, immunotherapy). IMGT is freely available at http://imgt.cines.fr.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Isolation and study of KlLSM4, a Kluyveromyces lactis gene homologous to the essential gene LSM4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We have isolated the KlLSM4 gene as a multicopy suppressor of a Kluyveromyces lactis mutant which shows a rag(-) phenotype (resistance to antimycin A on glucose). This gene is homologous to the ScLSM4 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which codes for an essential 187 amino acid protein containing Sm-like domains. These motifs are present in the evolutionarily conserved family of the Sm-like proteins, which are involved in a large number of cellular processes, including pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA decapping. We demonstrated that the first 72 amino acids of KlLsm4p, which contain the Sm-like domains, can restore cell viability in both K. lactis and S. cerevisiae cells lacking the wild-type protein. However, the absence of the carboxy-terminal region resulted in a remarkable loss of cell viability in the stationary phase. The KlLSM4 sequence has been deposited in the EMBL Data library under Accession No. AJ311719.

Amino Acid Sequence↗