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PubMed1987

Ratings of emotion in faces are influenced by the visual field to which stimuli are presented.

This experiment was designed to assess the differential impact of initially presenting affective information to the left versus right hemisphere on both the perception of and response to the input. Nineteen right-handed subjects were presented with faces expressing happiness and sadness. Each face was presented twice to each visual field for an 8-sec duration. The electro-oculogram (EOG) was monitored and fed back to subjects to train them to keep their eyes focused on the central fixation point as well as to eliminate trials confounded by eye movement artifact. Following each slide presentation, subjects rated the intensity of the emotional expression depicted in the face and their emotional reaction to the face on a series of 7-point rating scales. Subjects reported perceiving more happiness in response to stimuli initially presented to the left hemisphere (right visual field) compared to presentations of the identical faces to the right hemisphere (left visual field). This effect was predominantly a function of ratings on sad faces. A similar, albeit less robust, effect was found on self-ratings of happiness (the degree to which the face elicited the emotion in the viewer). These data challenge the view that the right hemisphere is uniquely involved in all emotional behavior. The implications of these findings for theories concerning the lateralization of emotional behavior are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Influence of glaucomatous visual field loss on health-related quality of life.

We examined the influence of glaucomatous visual field defects on vision-targeted and generic health-related quality of life. Vision-targeted and generic health status were assessed across 5 glaucoma treatment categories and a normal reference group from 5 tertiary care ophthalmology practices during regularly scheduled eye care visits. The sample consisted of 147 patients who were members of specific glaucoma treatment categories and 44 reference group patients. For patients with glaucoma, eligibility included a diagnosis of glaucoma at least 1 year prior to enrollment and no evidence of other eye disease. Participants completed 2 vision-targeted surveys, the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire and the VF-14, and a generic health-related quality of life measure, the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form. Data from automated perimetry (Humphrey Field Analyzer 24-2, Humphrey Instruments, San Leandro, Calif) were used to generate Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study scores for all participants. The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form scores from glaucoma and reference group participants collected on a random half of the sample were similar. However, comparisons of the vision-targeted surveys demonstrated significant mean differences on 7 of 11 National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire scales, and a trend toward significant differences for the VF-14 (P < .07 by linear regression). Greater visual field defects in the better eye were significantly associated with poorer National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire scores (P < .05), as well as with worse VF-14 scores. These findings were most dramatic for patients with the most severe field loss in the better eye. Vision-targeted questionnaires were more sensitive than a generic health-related quality of life measure to differences between glaucoma and normal reference participants. Our findings indicate that self-reports of vision-targeted health-related quality of life are sensitive to visual field loss and may be useful in tandem with the clinical examination to fully understand outcomes of treatment for glaucoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Evaluating a split fovea model of visual word recognition: effects of case alternation in the two visual fields and in the left and right halves of words presented at the fovea.

Two experiments are reported exploring the effect of cAsE aLtErNaTiOn on lexical decisions to words and nonwords presented laterally or centrally. In line with previous research, Experiment 1 found that case alternation slowed lexical decision responses to words more in the right visual field (RVF) than in the left visual field (LVF). In Experiment 2, the words and nonwords were all presented centrally. There were three conditions, a condition in which the word and nonwords were presented in lower case letters, a condition in which the letters to the left of the central fixation were case alternated (e.g., aMbItion, mOdLants) and a condition in which the letters to the right of fixation were case alternated (e.g., collApSe, pireNtOl). Alternating the case of letters to the right of fixation slowed lexical decision responses more than alternating letter case to the left of fixation. The results provide further support for a split fovea account of visual word recognition according to which those letters of a centrally-fixated word that fall to the left of fixation are processed initially by the right cerebral hemisphere while those letters that fall to the right of fixation are processed initially by the left cerebral hemisphere, with the characteristics of the left and right hemispheres being revealed in the processing of initial and final letters in centrally presented words.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

A confrontation test of visual fields in the low-vision patient.

We report a simple method for measuring the extent of the visual field in patients from whom this measurement is difficult. One Maddox rod is used before the eye under test. Through the Maddox rod lens, this eye sees a white streak produced by a penlight. While fixating this white streak another penlight is brought into the field of view from the periphery. The patient is required to report only whether he sees one or two light streaks. The results correlate well with field measurements made on the tangent screen in patients with simulated field losses.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Pointwise linear progression criteria and the detection of visual field change in a glaucoma trial.

BACKGROUND: Current pointwise linear regression (PLR) change criteria for visual field analysis are largely empirical. METHODS: Two independent sets of Humphrey Field Analyzer fields were analysed using PLR. Set i, 56 patients, and set ii, 97 patients, were followed over 16 months. Criteria were tested against set i, and then validated using set ii. Each criterion specified a fixed critical slope of 1 dB/year and with a range of significance from P<0.001 to 0.05. The criteria were varied by altering location number, cluster arrangement, and by requiring points to show change over both 12 and 16 months. True glaucomatous change was differentiated from noise by looking for exclusive progression (EP), the detection of progression without detection of improvement. RESULTS: Set i required 1 point to have a slope of 1 dB/year and P<0.05 labelled 64% progressing and 58% improving, whereas several stricter criteria were capable of detecting EP. Two points in a perimetric nerve fibre bundle (PNFB) cluster gave optimal EP detection, labelling 8.9% progressing in set i and 7.2% progressing in set ii with a cutoff P-value of 0.026 inset i and 0.013 inset ii. CONCLUSION: Lax PLR criteria detect large amounts of change. Validating criteria using two data sets allow selection of better criteria, capable of detecting EP. The criterion involving 2 points changing in a PNFB cluster offers the best option for exclusively detecting progression.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Humphrey visual field and frequency doubling perimetry in the diagnosis of early glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To compare Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (HVF) and Frequency Doubling Perimetry (FDP) testing in the diagnosis of early glaucoma. METHODS: We performed HVF (24-2 standard full threshold) and FDP (N-30) evaluations in 34 consecutive patients with early primary glaucoma and 96 normal subjects. Early glaucoma was defined on the basis of disc changes of glaucoma; the mean deviation on white-on-white perimetry had to be no worse than 6 decibels. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy was defined as a combination of cup-disc asymmetry of more than 0.2, notching, excavation, thinning or pallor of superior or inferior neuroretinal rims, retinal nerve fibre layer defects of the wedge or diffuse type and neuroretinal rim haemorrhage. Both the glaucoma patients and normal subjects had vision better than 6/9 with correction. They had no media opacities other than early nuclear sclerosis and no fundus pathology. Further, normal subjects were free of systemic diseases known to affect the retina or optic nerve. The sensitivity and specificity of HVF and FDP were calculated. RESULTS: There were 44 eligible eyes among the 34 subjects. The glaucomatous disc findings included notch (n=8), pallor (n=21), thinning (n=23) and haemorrhage (n=1) of the neuroretinal rim. The sensitivity and the specificity of the HVF were 52.3% and 57.3% respectively. The sensitivity and the specificity of FDP were 65.9% and 61.5% respectively. CONCLUSION: The difference between FDP and HVF in the diagnosis of early glaucoma is not marked.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of betaxolol on ocular blood flow and visual fields in patients with normotension glaucoma.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of ophthalmic betaxolol, a beta, selective adrenoceptor antagonist, on ocular blood flow and visual function in patients with normotension glaucoma (NTG). METHODS: Thirty-six eyes of eighteen patients with NTG, but otherwise free of systemic disease, were included. Blood fibrinogen, sedimentation rates, Goldmann intraocular pressure, Humphrey automated perimetry, and color Doppler imaging were done at baseline and after one year of twice-daily bilateral topical ocular dosing with 0.5% betaxolol HCI. RESULTS: After treatment, the resistivity index of the ophthalmic artery was significantly reduced, and visual fields were significantly improved. The resistivity indexes of the central retinal artery and posterior ciliary artery were also reduced but did not achieve statistical significance. Intraocular pressure was significantly reduced. There was no change in blood fibrinogen and sedimentation rates. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that long-term treatment with ophthalmic betaxolol improves ocular hemodynamics by lowering the resistivity index of the ophthalmic artery and results in an improvement in the visual fields of patients with NTG. In view of this positive effect on blood flow and visual function, betaxolol is recommended in the management of patients with NTG.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1994

Lens-corrected visual field sensitivity and diabetes.

PURPOSE: To examine whether peripheral S-cone system and achromatic sensitivity was reduced in patients with diabetes compared to normal controls. METHODS: Perimetric measurements were obtained to study peripheral S-cone system and achromatic sensitivity in patients with diabetes and normal controls. Measures of individual lens absorption of short-wavelength light were used to correct visual field sensitivity values for attenuation of test light due to lens absorption. RESULTS: Both before and after correction for lens absorption of test spot light, peripheral field-averaged S-cone system and achromatic sensitivities were not significantly reduced among patients with diabetes compared to normals of the same age. However, localized sensitivity losses in the visual field were found in most patients with diabetes both before and after lens absorption correction, compared to age norms. The amount of localized loss (number of field locations with reduced sensitivity) was significantly correlated with the level of retinopathy. Statistical analysis showed that after the effects of age and duration were removed, field-averaged S-cone system sensitivity in patients with diabetes was also significantly reduced as a function of increasing severity of retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with diabetes may have areas of reduced S-cone system sensitivity with development of diabetic retinopathy.

Absorption↗
PubMed1981

The effect of stimulus size and exposure duration on visual field asymmetries.

Two experiments are carried out in which stimulus size and exposure duration of verbal stimuli are shown to effect visual field advantages in a lexical decision task. More visually complex or briefer presentations are shown to be associated with LVF advantages supporting the hypothesis that the right hemisphere plays a role in visually analysing verbal stimuli. The stronger possibility, suggested by clinical data, that the right hemisphere can independently perform lexical decisions receives speculative rather than convincing support.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

[Evaluation of the Friedmann visual field analyser in detecting glaucoma damage].

In order to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of Friedmann visual field analyser (FVFA) in the detection of early glaucoma, 90 normal eyes were tested to establish the 100% specificity criteria for abnormality. The results by the Friedmann analyser were then compared with those by the tangent perimeter combined with fundal stereophotography of suspect glaucoma disc signs and RNFLD. 40 glaucoma eyes with field defects by the tangent perimeter were all positive by FVFA. Of 80 eyes suspected of glaucoma with elevated IOP and normal tangent perimetry, 20 eyes (25%) showed paracentral relative scotoma by FVFA. 17 (85%) of these 20 eyes demonstrated photographic evidences of glaucoma fundal damage. Thus, early field defects detected by FVFA in glaucoma suspects are likely indicative of glaucoma damage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Specificity of the monocular crescents of the visual field in postural control.

Postural reactions elicited by monocular visual stimulation in the temporal crescent of the visual field were studied in adult subjects in dynamic balance on a rocking platform. Circular translation of a visual scene was induced in the temporal crescent by the rotation of membrane prisms placed laterally to the stimulated eye. In anteroposterior balance, postural reactions are identical whichever eyes is stimulated: ventral extension of the body when the visual scene moves upwards and dorsal extension when it moves downwards. In lateral balance, postural reactions vary with the stimulated eye: extension of the right side of the body when the right eye is stimulated by an upward displacement of the visual scene, extension of the left side when the left eye is stimulated. This difference, which contrasts with the similarity of reactions elicited by the stimulation of either para-foveal fields, suggests that the most peripheral part of the nasal retina has a specific role in head and body stabilisation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improvement of visual field indices after surgical reduction of intraocular pressure.

In a prospective case series (consecutive patients) of 30 eyes from 30 subjects with medically uncontrolled glaucoma being treated at a hospital-based, referral glaucoma service, we sought to ascertain if a surgically obtained reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in human glaucomatous eyes is paralleled by an improvement of the visual field. Uncomplicated limbus-based trabeculectomy was performed in 13 men and 17 women familiar with computerized perimetry testing, with a pupil diameter of at least 4 mm (measured at the Goldmann perimeter bowl), a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20 in both eyes, and a Mean Sensitivity (MS) index greater than 10 dB. The main outcomes measured were: visual field data (Octopus, program G1) and IOP (mean of the two highest values during the diurnal curve) obtained 3 days before and 3 months after surgery in both the operated and the fellow eyes. In the operated eyes, an increase of MS (from 17.2 +/- 2.4 to 18.9 +/- 2.8, P < .000001, paired samples two-tailed t test) was observed. Meanwhile, the Corrected Loss Variance (CLV) remained substantially the same (46.8 +/- 12.2 before, vs 47.3 +/- 13.4 after; P = .87, paired samples two-tailed t test). The increase in MS was positively correlated with the amount of IOP reduction (linear regression: r = 0.901, P < .00001). No statistically significant change of either MS or CLV values occurred in the fellow eyes. The correlation between the amount of IOP reduction and the increased MS suggests that, in the short term, reducing the IOP may improve visual function to some extent. The apparent lack of correlation between the amount of IOP reduction and the CLV may indicate that the depth of the preexistent glaucomatous scotomas remains unchanged.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Scotomas of age-related macular degeneration detected and characterized by means of a novel three-dimensional computer-automated visual field test.

PURPOSE: We used the recently devised three-dimensional computer-based threshold Amsler grid test to acquire and identify typical patterns of visual field defects (scotomas) caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: Patients with AMD traced on a computer touch screen the borders of those areas on an Amsler grid that were missing from their field of vision. Scotomas were repeatedly outlined and recorded at different grid contrast levels. The resulting three-dimensional "hole" in the central 25 degrees of the visual field was further characterized by its slope, location, shape, and depth. The results were compared with fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients and 41 eyes were examined. The three-dimensional depictions consistently demonstrated central scotomas with "scallop"-shaped borders and steplike patterns, with either steep slopes or a combination of steep and shallow slopes. The steep slopes corresponded to nonexudative AMD, while the shallow slopes indicated exudative AMD. CONCLUSION: The three-dimensional computer-automated threshold Amsler grid test may demonstrate characteristic scotoma patterns in patients with AMD that conform to the respective fluorescein angiograms. The test shows promise as an effective tool in accurately evaluating, characterizing, and monitoring scotomas in patients with AMD. It may have the potential as a screening tool for the early diagnosis of AMD.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Effects of input data on the performance of a neural network in distinguishing normal and glaucomatous visual fields.

PURPOSE: To compare the performance of neural networks for perimetric glaucoma diagnosis when using different types of data inputs: numerical threshold sensitivities, Statpac Total Deviation and Pattern Deviation, and probability scores based on Total and Pattern Deviation probability maps (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA). METHODS: The results of SITA Standard visual field tests in 213 healthy subjects, 127 patients with glaucoma, 68 patients with concomitant glaucoma and cataract, and 41 patients with cataract only were included. The five different types of input data were entered into five identically designed artificial neural networks. Network thresholds were adjusted for each network. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to display the combinations of sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: Input data in the form of Pattern Deviation probability scores gave the best results, with an area of 0.988 under the ROC curve, and were significantly better (P < 0.001) than threshold sensitivities and numerical Total Deviations and Total Deviation probability scores. The second best result was obtained with numerical Pattern Deviations with an area of 0.980. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of type of data input had important effects on the performance of the neural networks in glaucoma diagnosis. Refined input data, based on Pattern Deviations, resulted in higher sensitivity and specificity than did raw threshold values. Neural networks may have high potential in the production of useful clinical tools for the classification of visual field tests.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The influence of homonymous visual field disorders on colour sorting performance in the FM 100-hue test.

An influence of visual field disorders on sorting performance in the FM 100-hue test is reported. Patients with left-sided field disorders performed worse in the conventional testing direction, i.e. from left to right, compared with patients with right-sided defects. Reversing the direction of sorting led, however, to a similar impairment in patients with right-sided field defects. Observations in normals tested under different conditions of hue sorting support the view that the difference obtained cannot be accounted for by a hemisphere difference in colour processing but by the strategy adopted by subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Examination of different pointwise linear regression methods for determining visual field progression.

PURPOSE: To compare the specificity and sensitivity of several different methods for using pointwise linear regression (PLR) to detect progression (deterioration) in visual fields. METHODS: First, theoretical results were derived to predict which of the considered PLR methods would be the most specific and hence the least sensitive. Then, a "Virtual Eye" simulation model was developed that simulates series of sensitivity readings for a point over time. The model adds normally distributed noise (estimated from published results) to the sensitivity at each point to produce a series of fields to be analyzed using each method. Stable and deteriorating eyes were simulated, with the latter defined to have a noise-free loss of 2 dB/y at a significant cluster of points over the series. RESULTS: The most sensitive method tested was to flag a visual field as progressing if it had a point that exhibited a statistically significant slope (at the 1% level) of at least -1 dB/y in the sensitivity. The most specific was a new "Three-Omitting" method that is being proposed, using two confirmation fields in a novel way. Current methods of using confirmation fields to verify a significant slope incorrectly flagged up to twice as many stable eyes as having progressing fields as did our new method. CONCLUSIONS: Using the new proposed PLR method is recommended in preference to current PLR methods in any applications when a high degree of specificity is the main priority.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1996

ERG campimetry using a multi-input stimulation technique for mapping of retinal function in the central visual field.

The m-sequence stimulation technique that has previously been described allows simultaneous recording of many local electroretinograms (ERGs). For topographical mapping of cone function in the central retina ERG traces from 61 retinal areas were recorded during a 4-min period in 20 normal volunteers and 4 patients with age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt's disease, choroidal atrophy, and polymyalgia associated with visual field loss. The local photopic luminance response was analyzed in each of the 61 areas. In the 2 patients with macular disease central defects were detected, in the remaining patients local defects were found outside the macular region. The method of multifocal ERG recordings provides the possibility of objective testing of visual fields when the outer retinal layers are affected.

Adult↗