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PubMed1987

[The stigmatizing assessment syndrome].

The problematic nature of the description of children and adolescents with deviating behavior becomes evident by the short representation of the pathways of three patients. The critical discussion of the "usual" way to speak during psychiatric every-day-life uncovers patterns of speech--inducing on the one side according to their own dynamics the labeling process and on the other side a fixation of the team in a "stigmatisierendes Beurteilungssyndrom" (rating-syndrome).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Children's imitations of lexical items.

3 experiments are reported in which the role of imitation in the acquisition of certain lexical items and factors influencing children's tendency to imitate these lexical items were examined. Imitation did not appear to facilitate the subsequent spontaneous use of lexical items. However, children's tendency to imitate lexical items appeared to be influenced by the novelty of the lexical item and its referent, the informativeness of the referent in the situation, and the lexical orientation of the children. The results are consistent with the interpretation that children's imitations involve the use of a supplied and previously unavailable lexical item under circumstances where lexical usage is highly probable.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

An open pilot study of citalopram for behavioral disturbances of dementia. Plasma levels and real-time observations.

Citalopram, in European studies, has shown some early promise for treatment of poststroke depression and behavioral complications of dementia. An open pilot study of citalopram was conducted in 16 patients with dementia and behavioral disturbances. Citalopram was well tolerated by 13 of the patients, and 9 had a clinically impressive response. A significant overall mean reduction in disruptive vocalizations was observed by means of a novel technique of computer-assisted real-time observation. The mean citalopram plasma level-to-dose ratio was found to be twice that previously reported in younger patients. These pilot findings should encourage future placebo concentration-controlled trials.

Aged↗
PubMed1968

Control of tantrum behavior by operant techniques during experimental verbal training.

A technique of controlling undesirable or disruptive behavior during an ongoing program of verbal training with a retardate is described. The technique required that the stimulus materials of the verbal training program be graded according to difficulty, i.e., in terms of the length and complexity of the stimulus materials. (This resulted in an initial grading of the stimulus materials into different levels of probability of reinforcement.) Changes by the experimenter from high-difficulty to low-difficulty stimuli for two trials contingent upon disruptive behavior increased the rate of that behavior; changes from low-difficulty to high-difficulty stimuli for two trials contingent upon disruptive behavior decreased its rate. Thus, contingent alternation of the stimulus materials of the ongoing training program controlled the frequency of undesirable behaviors within the experimental sessions. This technique may comprise an alternative to other procedures which require punishment or timeout from the ongoing program.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Benchmarks of social treatment for children with autism.

Data on the social behavior of typical children may inform practitioners and researchers regarding the appropriate goals of intervention for children with autism. This study assessed the ongoing levels of naturally occurring social behavior in 64 preschool-aged children. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to analyze population (children with autism and typical children) and age (3 years 3 months vs. 4 years 4 months) differences at the time of preschool entry. Predictable population differences were found for key social behaviors of proximity to children, social bids from children, and focus of engagement on children, as well as for behavioral context variables of verbalizations, adult focus, and atypical behaviors. No differences were found in the amount of time spent focused on toys or objects. There were also no differences in the presenting behaviors of younger and older children with autism. Results are discussed in terms of implications for establishing early social intervention goals.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Self-change and therapy change of smoking behavior: a comparison of processes of change in cessation and maintenance.

Cigarette smokers who quit on their own (n = 29) were compared with subjects from two commercial therapy programs: Aversion Group (n = 18) and Behavior Management Group (n = 16). Subjects were administered a Change-Process Questionnaire and a demographic and smoking-history questionnaire within seven weeks of successful cessation, then interviewed again in five months. Using a transtheoretical model of change developed by Prochaska (1979) six verbal and four behavioral processes of change and three stages of change (Decision to Change; Active Change; Maintenance) were analyzed. Subjects in each treatment group were middle class, heavy-smoking adults. The change-process analysis of cessation discriminated between the self-quitters and therapy quitters and between the two groups of therapy subjects on five variables. Stages of change interacted with the processes of change in the cessation of smoking behavior. Verbal processes were seen as important in making the decision to change while action processes were critical for breaking the actual smoking habit. Maintenance of cessation was related to, but not dependent on, how subjects actively changed smoking behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Language and person cognition: effects of communicative set on trait attribution.

People may be especially prone to construe an individual's behavior in terms of global traits when they anticipate verbal communication about that person. In a first experiment, subjects expecting to communicate their impressions of a target person generated a greater number of global trait descriptions and made a greater number of unqualified, mutually consistent trait attributions than did control subjects. Three further experiments tested the hypotheses that (a) the specifically verbal nature of the anticipated communication at least partly accounts for this effect and (b) expecting to receive a verbal communication may suffice to produce the effect as well. Both hypotheses received support: Subjects expecting either to transmit or to receive verbal impressions ascribed more traits to the target person, and were more influenced by their implicit personality theory in rating the target's dispositions, than subjects expecting to transmit impressions nonverbally .

Cognition↗
PubMed2003

Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale deficits among traumatic brain injury patients, part II: Comparison to other measures of executive functioning.

The clinical utility of the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale (BDS) was compared to that of verbal fluency, the Trail Making Test, and the Stroop Color-Word Test, as well as measures of processing speed/cognitive efficiency and manual dexterity. The ability of these measures to classify 49 TBI patients into frontal versus nonfrontal and mild to moderate versus severe groups was examined. The results showed that the Fluid Intelligence Factor of the BDS improved classifications above and beyond traditional executive measures, but was particularly successful at classifying patients who sustained mild injuries. In contrast, traditional executive instruments were successful at lesion location classifications only among the patients with severe injuries. Severity classifications were successful both for traditional measures of processing speed/cognitive efficiency and for the Motor Programming Factor of the BDS, but only among patients with nonfrontal injuries. These results demonstrate that severity of injury may be an important moderator of tests' sensitivity to frontal lobe involvement.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Major depression: behavioral markers of depression and recovery.

The concepts of psychosocial and psychomotor inhibition characteristic of major depression are based primarily on clinical observations. It is possible to describe and define these two types of inhibition by means of a systematic, quantitative ethological (behavioral) approach, which singles out precise and significant behavior markers. This investigation focuses on the behavioral features of psychosocial and psychomotor inhibition in 11 hospitalized depressed subjects and their changes during clinical recovery. The hypothesis that major depression is characterized by a significant reduction of social interaction is tested (psycho-intellectual inhibition is not addressed). Results show significant behavioral differences between depressed and recovered subjects with depression being characterized by a significant reduction of social interaction, whereas self occupation and body mobility are reduced to a lesser degree. Behavior markers for depression include nonspecific gaze, withdrawal, no mouth movements, no eye region movements, and social inactivity. Behavior markers for recovery include socially interested, social smile, verbal social initiative, speech, nod, raised eyebrows, wrinkled eyebrows, social laughter, gesticulation, drum one's fingers, point, and help. Findings point to tendencies toward two types of major depression and two types of recovery. A companion paper (Schelde, this journal) addresses theoretical issues.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

When labels hurt but novelty helps: children's perseveration and flexibility in a card-sorting task.

Children often perseverate, repeating prior behaviors when inappropriate. This work tested the roles of verbal labels and stimulus novelty in such perseveration. Three-year-old children sorted cards by one rule and were then instructed to switch to a second rule. In a basic condition, cards had familiar shapes and colors and both rules were stated explicitly. In an uninformative-label condition, cards had familiar shapes and colors, but the first rule was not stated explicitly. In a novel-stimuli condition, both rules were stated explicitly but stimuli were novel on the first sorting dimension. More children switched to the second rule in the uninformative-label and novel-stimuli conditions than in the basic condition. Implications for theories of cognitive flexibility are discussed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1986

On whose needs does mother focus? Mother- or child-centered care and the self-other differentiation of maternal needs.

This is an attempt to describe a model for conceptualizing the mother-child relationship, based on the categorization of mothers according to the social-cognitive perspective of their need-centeredness and the self-other differentiation of these needs. Home observations of 14 multiple infants and their mothers were carried out during the first few years of the children's lives; special attention was given to the mother's physical, emotional and verbal contact with each child and the justification of her behavior, thereby enabling the observers to see the nature of the mother's social thought and the logic of her actions. Three maternal patterns which emerged are depicted: 1) mother-centered, 2) child-centered, 3) intermediate. Four detailed descriptions of mothers' behavior and verbalizations to their children, and the children's reactions to these, exemplify maternal patterns.

Adolescent↗