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PubMed1984

Fasting plasma glucose, uric acid, and triglycerides as predictors of the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C.

It was reported previously that a score composed of glucose, uric acid, and triglyceride was correlated closely with the total cholesterol:high density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC:HDL) ratio and could be used to predict those subjects for whom the more expensive HDL measurement would be useful. The authors tested this score using multiple regression and discriminant function analysis in a population sample of 209 men aged 40-79 years, Triglyceride was the only component of the score that contributed to the prediction or classification of the TC:HDL ratio. Although the correlations of the score with the TC:HDL ratio were relatively good (r = 0.72 or greater), the discriminant function analysis showed that subjects with high or low scores could have high or low TC:HDL ratios. The authors conclude that the score (essentially the triglyceride level) is inadequate to permit the classification of any individual as having a definite high or low TC:HDL ratio.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Long-chain-substituted uric acid and 5,6-diaminouracil derivatives as novel agents against free radical processes: synthesis and in vitro activity.

A new series of N-alkylated uric acids (2,6,8-purinetrione) and 5,6-diaminouracils (5,6-diamino-2,4-pyrimidinedione) were synthesized, and their activities against free radicals were evaluated. Long-chain derivatives of both series exhibited a large inhibitory activity against oxygen radical induced lipid peroxidation in bovine heart mitochondria (IC50 lower than 1 microM), compared to the reference antioxidants trolox C or alpha-tocopherol. This activity appeared related to (i) the ability of these compounds to reduce the stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and (ii) their lipophilicity estimated by log P determination. In order to study the scavenging mechanisms of diaminouracils and urate derivatives against lipid radicals, they were also tested against the azo-initiated peroxidation of either methyl linoleate in organic solvents or a liposomal suspension of dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine. Urate derivatives reacted moderately with lipid radicals and were slowly consumed, significantly affecting the propagation of the peroxidation. Diaminouracils strongly reduced the propagation rate. They were quickly consumed and were able to deactivate about 1 mol of lipid radical per mole of compound in organic solvent. Dodecyl urates and decyl- and dodecyldiaminouracils were chosen for further in vitro investigation and in vivo evaluation.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Relation between age, sex and various metabolic parameters: blood uric acid (4776 specimens), blood sugar (7211 specimens), blood cholesterol (5600 specimens) and blood triglycerides (4438 specimens)].

The connection between age, sex and some laboratory parameters (blood uric acid, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides) has been studied on a very wide whole (22025 exams). An important datum which has appeared is that the increase of age is connected with an increase of the values of the parameters studied, and that the sex conditions differences which proved statistically significant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Stop-flow studies on tubular transport of uric acid in rats.

A stop-flow technique using pyrazinoic acid(PZO)-treated and -untreated rats was devised to evaluate drug effects on bi-directional transport of uric acid in the tubules. Constant venous infusion of test drugs to PZO-untreated rats was used to estimate their inhibitory effects on urate secretion, while their inhibitory effects on urate reabsorption was studied by intravenous administration as a bolus to PZO-treated rats. Probenecid, tienilic acid and R-(+)-enantiomer of S-8666, which is the uricosuric component of a new uricosuric diuretic, decreased the (Tua/Pua)/(Tin/Pin) value in the distal and proximal tubules by inhibiting urate secretion in PZO-untreated rats. On the other hand, all of these drugs increased the (Tua/Pua)/(Tin/Pin) value in the tubules in PZO-treated rats, which suggested that they also inhibited the reabsorptive flux of urate. This stop-flow technique in rat kidneys showed the possibilities of bi-directional inhibition by these drugs of urate transport in the tubules.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The increase in serum uric acid concentration caused by diuretics might be beneficial in heart failure.

Patients with mild-moderate chronic heart failure (CHF) often have raised levels of serum uric acid (UA). This is due, amongst other factors, to reduced UA excretion by the kidneys, which is partly explained by restriction of sodium intake and treatment with diuretics. The decline in renal function that parallels worsening cardiac function also contributes to elevated serum UA in patients with advanced CHF. However, UA production also appears to be augmented in CHF. Because UA scavenges various reactive oxygen species, diuretic-induced elevations in serum UA could be beneficial in patients with CHF. This concept is supported by the superior performance of antihypertensive therapy with diuretics in preventing heart failure. The present hypothesis may be tested by examining the effects of add-on treatment with a thiazide-type diuretic on morbidity and mortality, or surrogate variables, in asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction but without fluid retention.

Allopurinol↗
PubMed1992

[Uric acid and sinoatrial node function].

In a retrospective investigation comprising 54 patients the authors assessed the relationship between the function of the sinoatrial node and raised serum uric acid levels. The function of the sinoatrial node was expressed by the maximal value of the corrected recovery time of the sinoatrial node. No statistically significant correlation was found.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The relationships among objective and subjective environmental stress levels and serum uric acid: the moderating effect of perceived control.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of objective and subjective stress levels and perceived control on serum uric acid (SUA). Respondents were 2,504 male and 1,176 female manufacturing employees. Objective job-related stress was assessed by the Ergonomic Stress Level (ESL) inventory (S. Melamed, D. Yekutieli, P. Froom, E. Kristal-Boneh, & J. Ribak, 1999). As expected, ESL was positively associated with SUA, but among male respondents only. The measure of subjective stress, environmental annoyance, was negatively related with SUA for male respondents, thus not confirming the hypothesis. Perceived control was not found to have a direct effect on SUA, after controlling for the ESL measure. For male respondents only, perceived control moderated the relationship between ESL and SUA: This relationship was negative for those reporting above-average control and positive for those reporting below-average control.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A chemiluminescence assay detecting the antioxidative effects of glutathione and uric acid on erythrocytes and hemolysates exposed to t-butyl hydroperoxide.

The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidative effects of glutathione (GSH) and uric acid (UA) on erythrocytes and hemolysates exposed to t-butyl hydroperoxide, by using a chemiluminescence (CL) technique. CL formation was induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide in an experimental system consisting of erythrocytes and hemolysates in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4). GSH or UA was added as an antioxidant. In erythrocytes, 10 microM and 50 microM concentrations of either GSH or UA reduced the maximum chemiluminescence values (MCVs) significantly when compared to those of controls. In erythrocytes, MCVs observed in the 50 microM GSH group were significantly lower than those of the 50 microM UA group. In hemolysates, while 10 microM concentration of GSH or UA did not alter MCVs, 50 microM concentration of either GSH or UA reduced MCVs. The reduction of MCVs observed in the 50 microM GSH group was greater than that of the 50 microM UA group. When the effects of equimolar concentrations of GSH or UA on erythrocytes and hemolysates were compared, the MCVs of hemolysates were lower than those of erythrocytes. These results can be attributed to the fact that antioxidant agents react much more easily in the hemolysate medium.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2000

Increase in serum levels of uric acid, an endogenous antioxidant, under treatment with glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis.

Free radicals including peroxynitrite are induced in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Antioxidant and peroxynitrite inhibitor uric acid (UA), suppresses the MS animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS patients have lower average serum UA than controls. An inverse relationship exists between MS and gout Glatiramer acetate (GA) suppresses EAE and is beneficial in relapsing MS. We investigated serum UA changes during open-label treatment of relapsing MS with GAA. Ten patients (six females, four males, aged 19 to 39 years, mean age 32 years) completed 6 months of GAA (Copaxone 20 mg s.c daily). Of these, nine completed 12 months. After 6 months on GAA, serum UA (normal, 173359 micromol/ml for women, 258-491 micromol/ml for men) increased in nine and marginally decreased (302 to 300 micromol/ml) in a single patient. Mean UA significantly increased from 240 to 303 micromol/ml (P=0.0014). At 12 months, UA remained significantly higher than at start (P=0.006) decreasing in only one patient. In contrast, we found no significant UA changes after 6 and 12 months of treatment in 21 MS patients treated with interferon beta1-a (Avonex), or in 11 treated with interferon beta1-a (Rebif), or in five placebo-treated controls. Increasing UA, a natural inhibitor of free radicals, may represent a mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate in MS.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microalbuminuria and uric acid in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: Microalbuminuria has been linked to cardiovascular (CV) risk in patients with diabetes or hypertension, and in an unselected general population; serum uric acid (UA) is emerging as a novel risk factor for CV disease. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of excess microalbuminuria and its relation to established CV risk factors and serum UA in healthy subjects. METHODS: We screened 900 healthy blood donors (age range, 20-65 years; 747 men, 153 women), and measured total, HDL and LDL cholesterol, blood glucose, serum and urinary creatinine, serum UA, blood pressure (BP) and microalbuminuria (urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, ACR). The Framingham risk score was also calculated. RESULTS: After excluding 52 participants, we found that in 848 participants (702 men, 146 women) the overall prevalence of excess ACR, using a 30 mg/g creatinine cutoff, was 9.3% (9.7% of men, 7.5% of women, p=0.16); adopting a gender-dependent cutoff, we found that the overall prevalence was 13.6% (15.1% of men, 6.2% of women, p<0.01). ACR was highly correlated to diastolic (r=0.88, p<0.001) and systolic (r=0.74, p<0.001) BP, and also--though not as strongly--to serum UA (r=0.38, p<0.001). In a stepwise multiple regression model, systolic and diastolic BP, total cholesterol, serum creatinine and UA were segregated as independent predictors of microalbuminuria (model R=0.91, R square=0.83). Correlation of serum UA to ACR remained significant, albeit attenuated (r=0.09, p=0.02), after adjustment for serum creatinine, total cholesterol, systolic and diastolic BP. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show ACR to be abnormal in a significant proportion of seemingly healthy subjects, and serum UA to be an independent predictor of microalbuminuria.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Serum uric acid and risk for development of hypertension and impaired fasting glucose or Type II diabetes in Japanese male office workers.

We examined the association of serum uric acid (SUA) with development of hypertension (blood pressure > or = 140/90 mmHg and/or medication for hypertension) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (a fasting plasma glucose level 6.1-6.9 mmol/l) or Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes (a fasting plasma glucose level > or = 7.0 mmol/l and/or medication for diabetes) over a 6-year follow-up among 2310 Japanese male office workers aged 35-59 years who did not have hypertension, IFG, Type II diabetes, or past history of cardiovascular disease at study entry. After controlling for potential predictors of hypertension and diabetes, the relative risk for hypertension compared with quintile 1 of SUA level was 1.27 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-1.62] for quintile 2, 1.34 (95% CI: 1.08-1.74) for quintile 3, 1.48 (95% CI: 1.18-1.89) for quintile 4, and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.26-1.99) for quintile 5 (p for trend <0.001). The respective multivariate-adjusted relative risks for IFG or Type II diabetes compared with quintile 1 of SUA level were 1.55 (95% CI: 0.95-2.63), 1.62 (95% CI: 0.98-2.67), 1.61 (95% CI: 1.01-2.58), and 1.78 (95% CI: 1.11-2.85) (p for trend = 0.030). The association between SUA level and risk for hypertension and IFG or Type II diabetes was stronger among men with a body mass index (BMI) <24.2 kg/m2 than among men with a BMI > or = 24.2 kg/m2, although the absolute risk was greater in more obese men. These results indicate that SUA level is closely associated with an increased risk for hypertension and IFG or Type II diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Simultaneous determination of nitrite, nitrate, thiocyanate and uric acid in human saliva by capillary zone electrophoresis and its application to the study of daily variations.

Simultaneous determination of nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-), thiocyanate (SCN-) and uric acid in human saliva was performed by capillary zone electrophoresis using a coated capillary with reversed electroosmotic flow (EOF), using a 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 as a running buffer. Saliva samples were deproteinized with acetonitrile and filtered through a membrane filter. The important advantages of the reported method are: simple operation, short analysis time, minimal sample pre-treatment and sample dilution. In order to evaluate the daily variations of the anionic components, the concentrations were determined in the human saliva of four healthy volunteers upon waking and at 2qh intervals during a day.

Circadian Rhythm↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improved spray reagent for thin layer chromatographic method for detecting uric acid: collaborative study.

A collaborative study was conducted to validate the substitution of an improved single spray in the official AOAC thin layer chromatographic method for identifying uric acid (UA) from bird and insect excreta. The proposed reagent, which is a dilute aqueous solution of ferric chloride and potassium ferricyanide, requires neither a heating step nor a pH indicator. Its preparation time, specificity, and sensitivity to low levels (5-50 ng) of UA were compared with those of the official sprays. The improved spray took 1/5 as long to prepare as the official sprays. Neither the proposed spray nor the official sprays gave false positive reactions with compounds similar to UA. For bird and insect excreta samples, at the 95% confidence limits, the false negative rate was between 0 and 9.7% for the proposed spray and between 0.7 and 18.7% for the official sprays. Sensitivity results showed that the proportion positive for the proposed spray was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than for the official sprays at the 15 ng UA level. The proposed changes have been adopted official first action.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Determination of calcium oxalate (mono- and dihydrate) in mixtures with magnesium ammonium phosphate or uric acid: the use of simultaneous thermal analysis in urinary calculi.

BACKGROUND: The human urinary calculi are mainly formed from calcium oxalate, magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MAPH) and uric acid (UA) crystals. It is important for the physician and surgeon to distinguish the two types of hydrates of calcium oxalate, mainly mono- (COM, Whewellite) and dihydrate (COD, Weddelite). This is because COM stones are evacuated two times more frequently than COD, which sometimes needs to be extracted surgically. METHODS: Thermal analysis techniques, such as Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermogravimetry (TG), are considered the best techniques for the characterization of the two hydrates of calcium oxalate. A simultaneous thermal analysis method (TG-DTA) was applied to determine the percentage of each hydrate (COM and COD) when present together, in the presence of MAPH or in the presence of UA. RESULTS: The results performed on 156 urinary calculi were as follows (according to the major component): 74.36%, 7.05% and 10.26% for calcium oxalate hydrate, UA and MAPH, respectively. The COD/COM ratios were 0.75 and 1.75, when they are present in mixtures with UA and MAPH, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been used in urinary calculi analysis. Simultaneous thermal analysis TG-DTA would be an alternative method for quantitative determination of the two types of calcium oxalate in urinary stones.

Calcium Oxalate↗