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PubMed1986

Lipid metabolism in endotoxic rats: decrease in hepatic triglyceride lipase activity.

Studies were conducted to investigate the effect of E. coli endotoxin administration on hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) activity in rats, since H-TGL activity is known to behave differently from lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in various situations. Plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations were markedly elevated in animals after injection of endotoxin. Cholesterol and phospholipids were also increased significantly. Lipoprotein analysis by ultracentrifugation showed that the most pronounced increase of lipoproteins was in the VLDL and IDL fractions. Triglyceride lipase activities in post-heparin plasma were markedly decreased. A selective assay for H-TGL activity using a specific antibody revealed that this enzyme as well as LPL is significantly decreased (26% of control) in endotoxic animals. Thus, the increase of VLDL and IDL appears to result from the decrease of both of LPL and H-TGL.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Removal of exogenous plasma triglycerides in forearm muscle and subcutaneous tissue of hyper-and normotriglyceridaemic men.

Absolute arterio-venous removal and fractional removal of blood-borne exogenous triglyceride particles by skeletal and subcutaneous tissues were determined in eight normotriglyceridaemic and six hypertriglyceridaemic men. Estimations were made by simultaneously sampling blood from catheters inserted into a brachial artery, and in the distal direction, into a superficial and deep vein, draining subcutaneous tissue and skeletal muscle respectively. During the infusion of the fat emulsion IntralipidR for 3 hours steady arterial concentrations of exogenous TG particles were found, indicating first order kinetics. In all subjects absolute arterio-venous and fractional removal of triglycerides were about twice as high in skeletal muscle as in subcutaneous tissue. In skeletal muscle the fractional removal and absolute removal were significantly higher in normotriglyceridaemic than in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects (p less than 0.001). No decrease in removal with time was observed, which would have suggested saturation of removal sites. Mean fractional removal in skeletal muscle was significantly correlated with the k2 value determined by an intravenous fat tolerance test before the infusion study (r = 0.61, p less than 0.05). In subcutaneous tissue fractional removal was also significantly higher in normotriglyceridaemic subjects (p less than 0.05). The results suggest that in both skeletal muscle and subcutaneous tissue the removal system is impaired in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects. This finding supports the concept that a decreased elimination capacity in these tissues may partly account for triglyceride elevation in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Changes in serum lipoproteins in humans following the infusion of a fat emulsion containing medium- and long-chain triglycerides.

A fat emulsion containing equal parts of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and long-chain triglycerides (LCT) and emulsified with egg phospholipids (Lipofundin MCT 10%) was compared with LCT emulsions (Intralipid 10%, egg phospholipids; Lipofundin S 10%, soya phospholipids) in six volunteers, using 4-h periods of infusion and doses of 0.15 g kg-1 body h-1. At the end of infusion very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride concentrations were highest with Intralipid, marginally less with Lipofundin MCT and lowest with Lipofundin S. With Lipofundin MCT infusion the proportions of free medium-chain fatty acids in serum reached 30%. In VLDL the ratios triglycerides/apolipoprotein B and triglycerides/phospholipids rose most after Lipofundin MCT and least after Lipofundin S. With Lipofundin MCT and Intralipid, surface components in low density lipoproteins (LDL) are lessened in relation to the internal components; this does not occur with Lipofundin S. High density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions are influenced in identical directions by all fat emulsions with exception of a single increase of phospholipids in (HDL3) after Lipofundin MCT.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids reduces triglycerides but increases PAI-1 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

The effects of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on lipid and glucose metabolism and on fibrinolysis were evaluated in 14 non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients who were given 10 g of MaxEPA (3 g n-3 fatty acids) or placebo (olive oil) per day in a randomized double-blind cross-over study during two consecutive 8-week periods. The serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations decreased by 27% (P < 0.01) after addition of MaxEPA with a reduction of VLDL TG by 36% (P < 0.05) while LDL cholesterol increased by 6% (P = 0.05). The fasting blood sugar and HbA1c concentrations increased significantly after addition of MaxEPA but the changes were not significantly different from those during the placebo period. The highest glucose concentrations at fasting and after an i.v. glucose injection were seen after MaxEPA while the serum insulin concentrations were unchanged. The peripheral insulin sensitivity, as measured by a euglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique, did not change during the study. The mean plasminogen inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity of the patients was elevated compared with healthy controls. In spite of the reduction of the triglyceride concentrations and unchanged insulin levels, there was a significant increase of the activity of PAI-1 (+21%, P < 0.01) after MaxEPA suggesting a possible impairment of the fibrinolytic capacity. In many situations there seems to be a reduction of PAI-1 when the triglycerides are lowered. In the diabetic patients given n-3 fatty acids this was not the case.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

The effect of metformin on blood pressure, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The UKPDS 34 showed that intensive treatment with metformin significantly reduces macrovascular end-points and mortality in individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes compared with intensive treatment with insulin or sulphonylurea derivatives, despite similar glycaemic control. How this should be explained is as yet unclear. We hypothesized that metformin may have a glucose-lowering independent effect on blood pressure and lipid profile. In order to test this hypothesis we systematically reviewed the literature and pooled the data obtained in a meta-analysis. METHODS: Included were randomized-controlled trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metformin treatment lasting at least 6 weeks. To identify all eligible trials we conducted electronic searches using the bibliographic databases Medline and Embase, contacted the manufacturer and checked obtained publications for cross-references. RESULTS: Forty-one studies (3074 patients) provided data on blood pressure and/or lipid profile. When compared with control treatment, metformin associated effects on systolic and diastolic blood pressure and HDL cholesterol were small and statistically not significant [-1.09 mmHg 95% confidence interval (-3.01-0.82), P = 0.30; -0.97 (-2.15-0.21) mmHg, P = 0.11 and +0.01 (-0.02-0.03) mmol L(-1), P = 0.50, respectively]. Compared with control treatment, however, metformin decreased plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol significantly [-0.13 (-0.21--0.04) mmol L(-1), P = 0.003; -0.26 (-0.34--0.18) mmol L(-1), P < 0.0001 and -0.22 (-0.31--0.13) mmol L(-1), P < 0.00001, respectively]. We found no indications for publication bias. Of note, glycaemic control as assessed by HbA1c was better with metformin than with control treatment [-0.74 (-0.84--0.65) percentage point; P < 0.00001]. When studies were subdivided into tertiles according to increasing difference in glycaemic control between metformin and control treatment, it appeared that in case of near similar glycaemic control metformin had no effect versus control treatment on triglycerides, whereas still there was a significant effect on total and LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis of randomized-controlled clinical trials suggests that metformin has no intrinsic effect on blood pressure, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides in patients with type 2 diabetes. This drug, however, independent of its effect on glycaemia, reduces total and LDL cholesterol significantly, but the reductions in these variables are relatively small.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1980

Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid in urban and rural communities in Papua New Guinea.

Fasting plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid were measured in 109 Melanesian residents of Port Moresby and 71 residents of a Papuan coastal village. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were low, mean cholesterol 3 . 74 and 3 . 70 mM/l and triglycerides 0 . 64 and 0 . 59 mM/l respectively in urban and rural residents, with no relation to age or sex. Uric acid was higher in urban men (0 . 37 mM/l) than either urban women (0 . 26 mM/l) or rural men and women (0 . 25 and 0 . 24 mM/l). The levels of plasma cholesterol found in this study are similar to previous reports on rural populations in Papua New Guinea. The apparent failure of plasma lipids to increase significantly in urbanised residents of port Moresby who had a significantly higher prevalence of both diabetes mellitus and obesity is unexplained.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Serum cholesterol and triglycerides in children with anaemia.

Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined in 17 children with various forms of anaemia and varying rates of red cell production. Anaemic patients had low serum cholesterol values, and a good correlation between Hb and serum cholesterol levels was found. The serum triglyceride levels were also low in most patients, but the results were less closely related to Hb. No relationship could be demonstrated between the rate of red cell production as judged by reticulocyte counts, and serum cholesterol or triglycerides. Apparently all lipoprotein classes are reduced in individuals with uncomplicated anaemias. This hypolipidaemia can only partly be explained by the diluting effect of the increase in plasma volume accompanying anaemia.

Anemia↗
PubMed1978

Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in Norwegian adolescent school children.

The frequency distribution of serum cholesterol and triglycerides in 172 boys and 232 girls, 13--16 years, from four elementary schools in Oslo has been determined. The cholesterol values were significantly higher for girls 15--16 years than for boys of the same age group. In the case of triglycerides boys 15--16 years had significantly higher values than boys 13--14 years. Otherwise no statistically significant differences with regard to sex and age were observed. The 85th percentiles have been suggested as appropriate upper normal limits. In all groups the 85th percentile for plasma cholesterol was slightly below 6 mmol/l. The corresponding plasma triglyceride value was below 2 mmol/l.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Effect of pasteurization and of freezing and thawing human milk on its triglyceride content.

In a study of human milk collected for banking, heating at 62.5 degrees C for 30 min, and freezing and thawing resulted in hydrolysis of triglycerides. Freezing and thawing caused disruption of fat globules and a greater hydrolysis of triglycerides than did the heating process. There was a decrease in the percentage of the poly-unsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3) after freezing and thawing, and after heating, but the other fatty acids of human milk triglycerides were not affected. It is suggested that the availability of linoleic and linolenic acid in milk declines when these procedures are used in human milk banking.

Fatty Acids↗
PubMed1981

Free fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides during the first 24 hours in infants with a birth weight less than or equal to 2700 grams.

The influence of birth weight and gestational age on the concentrations of free fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides during the first 24 hours of life were studied in 86 healthy newborn infants with BW less than or equal to 2700 g. Very low FFA values were found in the first 6 hours in infants with GA less than or equal to 34 weeks, whereas FFA increased from the second hour in infants with higher GA. All infants had peak values at 12 h. Significant correlations were found between FFA and GA, most pronounced in the second hour after birth. No differences were seen between AGA and SGA infants of similar GA. High glycerol concentrations were found from the second hour in all infants irrespective of GA and BW. Triglyceride concentrations 24 hours after birth were not influenced by GA or BW. Triglyceride concentrations 24 hours after birth were not influenced by GA or BW. The finding of intact lipolysis but low FFA releases in the first hours in infants with GA less than or equal to 34 weeks could not be explained by differences in rectal temperature, blood glucose or caloric intake.

Fatty Acids, Nonesterified↗
PubMed2006

Effect of short-term starvation versus high-fat diet on intramyocellular triglyceride accumulation and insulin resistance in physically fit men.

It is currently believed that intramyocellular triglyceride (IMTG) accumulation and insulin resistance are a consequence of dietary fat ingestion and/or the elevated circulating lipid levels associated with chronic fat surplus. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of short-term starvation versus low-carbohydrate (CHO)/high-fat diet on IMTG accumulation and the development of insulin resistance in physically fit men. Intramyocellular triglyceride content, measured as intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), and glucose tolerance/insulin sensitivity, assessed by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), were determined after 67 h of: (a) water-only starvation (S); and (b) very low-CHO/high-fat diet (LC). These diets had in common significant restriction of CHO availability but large differences in fat content. All results were compared with those measured after a mixed CHO diet (C). Dietary interventions were administered by cross-over design. The level of dietary-induced IMTG accumulation (P = 0.46), insulin resistance (P = 0.27) and glucose intolerance (P = 0.29) was not different between S and LC treatments. Intramyocellular triglyceride content and insulin sensitivity were negatively correlated (r = -0.63, P < 0.01). Therefore, whilst insulin resistance may be due to fat accumulation at a cellular level, in the integrated human organism this outcome is not exclusively a function of dietary fat intake. The comparable level of IMTG accumulation and insulin resistance following S and LC may suggest that these metabolic perturbations are largely a consequence of the increased lipolytic response associated with CHO restriction.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

A novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist, 2-methyl-c-5-[4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxazolyl]butyl]-1,3-dioxane-r-2-carboxylic acid (NS-220), potently decreases plasma triglyceride and glucose levels and modifies lipoprotein profiles in KK-Ay mice.

2-Methyl-c-5-[4-[5-methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxazolyl]butyl]-1,3-dioxane-r-2-carboxylic acid (NS-220) was newly synthesized and demonstrated to be a novel potent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonist with high subtype selectivity. In cell-based reporter gene assays, the EC(50) values of NS-220 for human PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and PPARdelta were 1.9 x 10(-8), 9.6 x 10(-6), and >10(-4) M, respectively, and for mouse PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and PPARdelta were 5.5 x 10(-8), 3.3 x 10(-5), and >10(-4) M, respectively. In addition, [(3)H]NS-220 bound to the ligand-binding domain of human PPARalpha with a K(D) value of 1.85 x 10(-7) M. Fenofibric acid and bezafibrate showed weak agonist activity for PPARalpha (EC(50), 2-8 x 10(-5) M), with poor subtype selectivity. NS-220 (0.1-3 mg/kg p.o.) decreased plasma triglyceride levels in ddY mice in a dose-dependent manner, but its hypolipidemic activity was abolished in PPARalpha-deficient mice. In KK-A(y) mice, an animal model of type-2 diabetes, NS-220 (0.3-1 mg/kg p.o.; 4 days) and fenofibrate (100-300 mg/kg p.o.; 4 days) decreased plasma triglyceride and glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner. In a 2-week repeated administration test, NS-220 (0.3-1 mg/kg p.o.) decreased plasma glucose levels markedly without increasing in plasma insulin levels. Furthermore, NS-220 increased high-density lipoprotein levels and decreased triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels. In conclusion, a newly synthesized dioxanecarboxylic acid derivative, NS-220, is a potent and highly selective PPARalpha agonist that ameliorates metabolic disorders in diabetic mice. These results strongly suggest that it will be a promising drug for the treatment of hyperlipidemia or metabolic disorders in type-2 diabetes.

Animals↗
PubMed1961

Sex as regulator of triglyceride metabolism in the mosquito.

The female mosquito, in contrast to the male mosquito or the male and female house fly, synthesizes triglycerides when maintained on glucose; after 7 days, the amount of triglycerides in the female may be 50 times that in the male. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are absent from the newly synthesized triglycerides.

Culicidae↗
PubMed1971

Ethanol stimulates triglyceride synthesis by the intestine.

In vivo ethanol given acutely or chronically by two dietary means resulted in significant increases in [1-(14)C]palmitate incorporation into triglyceride by intestinal slices or microsomes derived from intestinal slices. In vitro, 2.6 percent ethanol, an amount comparable to that found in t..e intestinal lumen of social drinkers, also resulted in significant increases in [1-(14)C]palmitate incorporation into triglyceride. Pyrazole, an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, diminished the stimulatory effect of ethanol both in vivo and in vitro. These data may provide a new insight into the effects of alcohol, and specifically on the possible contribution of intestinal triglyceride synthesis to alcoholic hyperlipemia and the alcohol-induced fatty liver.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1973

The effect of medium-chain triglyceride on 47 calcium absorption in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.

Calcium absorption, as measured by whole-body retention of isotopic (47)calcium, was investigated in 10 controls and 10 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis before and after medium-chain triglyceride therapy. Absorption of calcium was impaired in eight patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, three of whom had normal serum bilirubin. Mean absorption was significantly less in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis than in controls. Impaired calcium absorption correlated well with increased faecal fat excretion and less well with the intensity of jaundice. Osteoporosis was diagnosed radiologically in seven patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, and calcium absorption was restored to normal in seven out of eight patients after medium-chain triglyceride therapy. Decrease of steatorrhoea, weight gain, and relief of bone pain have been noted in most patients with primary biliary cirrhosis after therapy. It is concluded that bone disease occurs early in primary biliary cirrhosis, and early medium-chain triglyceride therapy in these patients is suggested.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1974

Medium chain triglycerides and hepatic encephalopathy.

The oral administration of short (C(6)) and medium (C(8) and (C(10)) chain triglycerides produced no clinical or electroencephalographic changes in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Arterial ammonia levels were also monitored in these patients and showed no significant change after medium chain triglycerides. It was concluded that medium chain triglycerides, known to be of potential value in the treatment of malabsorption in patients with cirrhosis, are not clinically contraindicated, even in patients with evidence of hepatic encephalopathy.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1990

High density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides as markers of angiographically assessed coronary artery disease.

Serum triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and total cholesterol were measured in 698 patients examined by angiography. The ratio of HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol was significantly lower in patients with single, double, and triple vessel disease than in patients without disease. The serum concentration of triglyceride was significantly higher in patients with single, double, and triple vessel disease than in those without coronary artery disease. Similar proportion of patients with coronary artery disease and without had serum cholesterol concentrations of greater than or equal to 6.5 mmol/l, but total cholesterol was significantly higher in patients with single, double, and triple vessel disease than in those without. HDL cholesterol (less than 1.0 mmol/l), triglycerides (greater than 2.0 mmol/l), and the ratio of HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol (less than 0.20) were significantly better than total cholesterol as indicators of coronary risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Unreliability of triglyceride measurement to predict turbidity induced interference.

Lipaemic specimens are a common problem in clinical chemistry. Most laboratories will measure the concentration of triglycerides and then decide whether the analytical result is valid or not. There is a poor association between the concentration of triglycerides and an objective assessment of turbidity for visually turbid specimens. Extrapolation of triglyceride concentrations derived from the use of intravenous emulsions to visually turbid specimens found in clinical practice will overestimate the turbidity induced interference in assays (non-turbid interferences are probably the same). The evaluation of turbidity induced interference needs to be standardised using objective assessments of turbidity.

Artifacts↗