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PubMed2001

Cysticercosis in Indonesia: epidemiological aspects.

Cysticercosis caused by the larval stage, cysticercus or cysticerci, of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium was recognized at first in Bali and in Paniai District, Irian Jaya (Papua), Indonesia in the 1970s. In the 1990s a rapid increase in the number of the cases of epileptic seizures and burns in Jayawijaya district, eastern Papua, was observed. There were a total of 1,120 new cases of burns (7.0%) and 293 new cases of epileptic seizures (1.8%) from 15,939 local people during 1991-1995. Both histopathological examination and mitochondrial DNA analysis of resected cysts from patients and pigs revealed cysticerci of T. solium. Antibody responses highly specific to cysticercosis were revealed in approximately 67% and 65% of persons respectively with epileptic seizures and with subcutaneous nodules. Therefore, most cases of epileptic seizures and burns were considered to be associated with cysticercosis in Papua. Additional serologically data from Bali showed that 13.5% of epileptic seizures (10/74) and 12.6% of asymptomatic individuals (94/746) were supposed having been exposed to T. solium. Histopathological evaluation of 80,000 tissue samples in East Java revealed that nine were cysticercosis. All cases were non-moslems and from two ethnic groups, Chinese and Balinese. Epidemiological data on cysticercosis are not available from other provinces of Indonesia, although cases of cysticercosis are occasionally reported. Therefore, other intensive epidemiological studies are strongly recommended, especially covering the eastern part of Indonesia.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Anticestode quinolinehydrazones.

One hundred and seven 4-quinolinehydrazones were synthesized and tested in vivo against the tapeworm Hymenolepis nana. Twenty-five derivatives showed significant cestocidal activity; structure-activity correlations were performed using Free-Wilson methodology. Two compounds, 2,6-dimethyl-4-[(3-pyridinylmethylene)hydrazino]quinoline and 2,6-dimethyl-4-[2p][(6-methyl)pyridinylmethylene]hydrazino)quinoline, predicted to be maximally active, effected 100% reduction of H. nana in mice at 200 mg/kg, p.o.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Lumbar plexopathy secondary to pelvic hydatid cyst].

INTRODUCTION: Hydatidosis is a zoonosis caused by larvae of the hydatid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, which usually affects the liver, lung, myocardium, brain and bones. On rare occasions hydatid cysts give rise to peripheral neurological manifestations. CASE REPORT: Male, aged 72, who had received a pacemaker as a consequence of a complete auriculoventricular block. During implantation, one hepatic and two pelvic hydatid cysts were discovered. Consulted doctor about right inguinal pain, which irradiated to the lumbar region and along the inner and posterior sides of the thigh, down to the ankle. Exploration revealed a lump in the right iliac fossa and in the lower right limb, hypaesthesia in the anterior side of the thigh, paresis on bending the hip and on extension of the knee, and patellar areflexia. Computerised axial tomography revealed growth of the pelvic cysts and compression of the gluteal veins. Electromyographic exploration of the right quadriceps showed denervation and reinnervation activity. CONCLUSION: Of all cases of abdominal hydatidosis, 6.7% presented extra hepatic affectation and only 0.7% were seen to have pelvic hydatid cysts. These usually give rise to disorders due to local compression of the genital organs, the urinary tracts, and vascular and bony structures. Lesions in the lumbosacral plexus, however, have only been reported on very few occasions

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Intestinal parasitic infections and swamp development in Sierra Leone.

The prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and other intestinal and urogenital parasites were assessed in five Inland Valley Swamp (IVS) development faming communities in the Moyamba District, South-central Sierra Leone. Stool and urine samples were submitted by 1106 individuals and examined by the iron-haematoxylin staining and the formalin-ether concentration techniques for faecal sample and centrifugation method for the urine samples. The overall parasitic infection rate was 61.7% while 5.9% of the population had multiple infections. E. histolytica infection rate was 12.3 % and most of the infected individuals were passing cysts. Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis infection rates were 10.0% and 0.4% respectively. Among the helminth infections, Ascaris lumbricoides was the most commonly observed (13.7%), followed by hookworms (12.1 %), Trichuris trichiura (9.3%), Strongyloides stercoralis (7.7%) and tapeworms (2.6%). The high parasitic infection rate (61.7%) and the frequency of multiple infections indicate an interrelationship of environmental factors which support transmission rather than a single factor.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Oxibendazole: critical anthelmintic trials in equids.

The efficacy of oxibendazole against gastrointestinal parasites of horses was evaluated by the critical test method. Naturally infected ponies of various ages were given single oral doses of 5, 10, or 15 mg-kg of bodyweight. The drug was highly effective against adult large strongylids (Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, S equins), adult small strongylids (especially species of the genera Cylicostephanus, Cylicocyclus, Cyaathostomum, and Triodontophorus), and adult and larval stages of the large pinworm, Oxyuris equi. There was no apparent dose-related differences in efficacy. Oxibendazole was less effective against fourth-stage small strongylid larvae than it was against adults. The drug was inactive against stomach bots (Gasterophilus spp), tapeworms (Anoplocephala magna and A perfoliata), lungworms (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi), abdominal worms )Setaria equina), and mature or immature nematodes in locations other than the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Diphyllobothriasis: the first case report from Malaysia.

Diphyllobothriasis is a disease caused by infection with adult tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium. Humans acquire the infection by consuming the raw or inadequately cooked flesh, roe, liver, or other organs of infected fish. Diphyllobothrium latum infection has not been reported in Malaysia; we are reporting the first case. The patient was a 62 year old Chinese male seen at the outpatient clinic with complaints of watery stools and slight abdominal discomfort for four days. Physical examination was normal. He was treated for diarrhea. Two days after treatment, he passed out intact off-white proglottids in his stool. Diphyllobothriasis was confirmed by examination of these gravid proglottids; typical operculated eggs were seen after rupturing the gravid proglottids. The patient had a history of eating sashimi (Japanese raw fish). He was treated with a single dose of praziquantel and had been well since.

Anthelmintics↗
PubMed1975

[Human taeniarhynchosis in the CSSR. Report given during the IVth symposium of the GDR on "Taeniarhynchosis-Cysticercosis" on April 26th, 1974 in Schwerin].

In the CSSR Taeniarhynchosis is not a notifiable disease. The details of frequency of occurrence of this disease are mainly based on investigations by the government medical laboratories, Prague. The number of persons infected with Taeniarhynchus saginatus increased in the last six years to 1700. Therefore this represents an increase of three times with carriers of tapeworm, as much compared with the results of previous years. The reason for this is not regarded as unsatisfactory veterinary observation by the government but the increase in consumption of raw beef.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Sudden death due to an unrecognized cardiac hydatid cyst.

Echinococcosis is an endemic disease, most common in sheep-raising communities, usually caused by the larval or cyst stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Isolated cardiac hydatid cyst is uncommon at any age, occurs through the coronary circulation, and accounts for less than 3% of all hydatid disease. We describe a case of an 1%-year-old female, who died suddenly. The post-mortem examination revealed an isolated cyst in the left ventricle of the heart with intact wall. The cytologic examination of the cyst fluid demonstrated the presence of the characteristic scolices and hooklets and established the diagnosis of cardiac hydatid cyst. The present case is of special interest because of the rare primary localization and the onset of sudden death in a young person as the initial manifestation of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

An investigation of helminth parasites in well-cared for dogs in Accra.

A survey of a relative prevalence of helminth parasites in pet dogs has been conducted in the Accra metropolitan area. Carcass examination revealed a high incidence of Ancylostoma caninum (58%), Toxocara canis (40%), Dipylidium caninum (24%), Spirocerca lupi (18%) and a low 2% of Taenia pisiformis. Stool examination revealed hookworm ova in approximately 39% stools, ascarid ova in 4%, tapeworm in 1.3% and Spirocerca in 0.24; a low incidence of Strongloides (0.03) and trichurid ova (0.1%) were also encountered. It appears that anthelmintic treatment of dogs is relatively ineffective and indirect transmission of hook-worm and ascarids in children may occur in Accra.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed2001

Cecal rupture by Anoplocephala perfoliata infection in a thoroughbred horse in Seoul Race Park, South Korea.

A 7-year-old Thoroughbred horse was admitted to the Equine Hospital, Korea Racing Association with signs of colic. Based on the size of impactions, the clinical signs, the results of abdominal paracentesis and medical treatment, the prognosis was poor. The horse died 3 hours later following hopeless discharge. At necropsy, the caecum and large colon were fully filled with fecal contents and there was a rupture (10 cm in dia) in the latero- ventral caecum. The mucosa of the ileo-caecal and caeco- colic valves appeared to the hyperemic, edematous and ulcerous. There were many tapeworms in the affected mucosa. Histopathologically, lesions included hyperaemia, a deep necrotic inflammatory lesion and ulcers in the mucosa and submucosa of ileo-caecal and caeco-colic valves. One hundred thirty four faecal samples were obtained from 16 stables and submitted to parasitic examination. A total of 4 genera of eggs were recovered: Stongylus spp (82.1%), Anoplocephala perfoliata (10.5%), Bovicola equi (0.7%) and Parascaris equorum (1.5%). The major findings in this study are the presence of A perfoliata and its suspected association with the colic which led into an eventual caecal rupture. This study indicates the needs for an epidemiological survey of colic that is associated with Anoplocephala.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Imaging diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis].

Alveolar echinococcosis, a parasitic disease caused in humans by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm is a rare disease in Poland There are about 16 officially registered cases and further 8 cases described before creation of the European Registration system. This disease still causes significant diagnostic difficulties. Presently available radiological imaging techniques which can be applied in the alveolar echinococcosis diagnosis are presented. Ultrasound, CT and MRI images of patient with recurrent liver alveococcosis are presented against the background of literature data.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of the uptake of vitamin B12 by Spirometra mansonoides and Hymenolepis diminuta and the functional groups of B12 analogs affecting uptake.

Uptake of 57Co-vitamin B12 (CN-Cbl) by spargana (larvae) of the pseudophyllidean tapeworm, Spirometra mansonoides, was affected by temperature, was saturable with respect to concentration of CN-Cbl in the medium, and was inhibited in the presence of several structural analogs of CN-Cbl. In uptake studies with various analogs it was found that chemical modifications which altered the benzimidazole moiety greatly reduced the ability of the worm to take up these analogs. Modifications in which the amide groups of the propionamide side chains were removed, resulting in carboxylic acid derivatives, showed greatly reduced transport properties. The C-13 epimer in which the e-proprionamide side chain is no longer on the benzimidazole side (lower) of the molecule but is inverted to a position on the upper side was freely taken up. The pharmacological implications of this last observation are discussed. Adult Hymenolepis diminuta did not take up CN-Cbl in vitro, which correlated with the finding that no CN-Cbl was detected in the worm by Ochromonas malhamensis assay.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Short report: Echinococcus granulosus from Xinjiang, PR China: cDNAS encoding the EG95 vaccine antigen are expressed in different life cycle stages and are conserved in the oncosphere.

The EG95-based vaccine protects sheep from infection with the dog tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The EG95 encoding gene is a member of a multigene family, several members of which are expressed in the oncosphere, believed to be the target of immunity induced by the vaccine. E. granulosus exhibits extensive intraspecific (strain) variation, and variability of the eg95 gene in different isolates of E. granulosus may directly impact the effectiveness of the EG95-based vaccine. We analyzed the eg95 gene from E. granulosus collected in Xinjiang, in northwest China, where hydatid disease is hyperendemic. The gene is expressed in oncospheres, protoscoleces, and immature and mature adult worms, and the eg95 gene family was shown to comprise two basic sequence types. Very limited sequence variation was evident in the EG95 protein from oncospheres. This high degree of sequence conservation predicts that the vaccine will continue to be effective in China and elsewhere.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1976

Histological and histochemical studies of myocardial lesions in BALBc/Cr mice.

Myocardial lesions were noticed in BALBc/Cr mice during experiments with Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV). A study was initiated using unifected BALBc/Cr mice to determine whether these lesions were the result of a viral infection. Sixty percent of the females and 30% of the males used were found to have macroscopic lesions (mainly white spots on the right ventricle). The reported lesions were studied both histologically and histochemically. The animals were also examined for parasites such as Toxoplasma and tapeworm larvae, and were found negative. The investigation, which is still in progress, demonstrates the spontaneity of myocardial lesions in BALBc/Cr mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Current status of cysticercosis in Vietnam.

This English review concerning the current status of cysticercosis in Vietnam has been compiled from various reports of studies conducted over the past 15 years, which have appeared in national publications in Vietnamese, in order to make the information available to the international community. Hospital surveys indicate that cysticercosis is emerging as a serious health problem in the country though most of the information comes from the Hanoi area. Many more men than women are being treated for cysticercosis with most patients being young to middle-aged adults though several juvenile cases have been seen in the south. Clinical manifestations of the disease in humans include subcutaneous nodules, epileptic seizures, severe headache, impaired vision and memory loss. Albendazole has been found to be the best drug for treating cysticercosis though it does not appear to be totally effective for curing cerebral cysts. Information concerning porcine and bovine cysticercosis is very limited and based mostly on passive surveillance at Hanoi slaughterhouses. Surveys for human taeniasis in central and northern provinces indicate a prevalence of 0.2-7.2%. However, techniques of low sensitivity were used and the results are inconclusive since it is unknown with which species of tapeworm the people were infected. In addition to Taenia solium which causes human cysticercosis, T. saginata and T. asiatica are also known to be present in Vietnam. Risk factors investigated thus far with regard to transmission of T. solium suggest that consumption of raw pork, inadequate or absent meat inspection and control, poor sanitation in some areas, and the use of untreated human waste as fertilizer for crops may play important roles in Vietnam but this remains to be validated. The evidence thus far collected suggests that a national surveillance program for cysticercosis is a great need for Vietnam. The authors recommend further research on the epidemiology and impact of cysticercosis in both human and pig hosts in order to determine whether a prevention and control program in Vietnam would be merited and cost effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

On some cestodes parasitizing freshwater fish in Italy.

The paper presents a systematic survey of some cestodes parasitizing freshwater fish in Italy. The following eight species were recorded: Monobothrium wageneri, Cyathocephalus truncatus, Triaenophorus nodulosus (plerocercoids and adults), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, B. claviceps, Ligula intestinalis (plerocercoids), Schistocephalus sp. (plerocercoids) and Proteocephalus percae from Perca fluviatilis which is reported from freshwater fish in Italy for the first time. All the tapeworms recovered are described and figured.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Mechanisms of protective immunity in Hymenolepis nana/mouse model.

Some immunological and parasitological aspects related to the infection of Hymenolepsis nana in mice are summarized in this review, focusing on the immune effector mechanisms involved in this host/parasite relationship. H. nana is a small cestode tapeworm of man and mice. A primary egg-infection determines within few days a strong immunity. Immunity elicited by low-level primary infection is effective as a high-level infection. The protective role of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity is summarized. The histological findings demonstrate that eosinophils and mast-cells are implicated as effector cells. This review is an attempt to re-examine, at low-level infection, the immune mechanisms in H. nana/mouse model.

Animals↗