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PubMedDate not supplied

Parent coping, a replication.

Forty-seven pairs of parents of 2- to 3-month-old infants were asked to respond to a questionnaire to determine parent coping in relation to infant temperament and parent psychological responses. Mothers' and fathers' reports of helpfulness of coping behaviors were similar, but fathers reported more responses of depression and anxiety and focused less on coping by seeking social support and being responsible. Mothers who viewed their infant as of optimal temperament sought social support, maintained family integrity, and reported being religious, thankful, and content. Being responsible was more helpful to fathers who saw their infant as responding positively to soothing techniques and as smiling and laughing frequently, but less helpful to fathers who perceived their infant as being fearful and distressed by limitations. Fathers who perceived their infant as being fearful and distressed also reported more depression.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1979

Preventing ceramic failures when integrating fixed and removable prostheses.

The successful integration of fixed and removable units requires diagnostic skill, careful planning, and adherence to detail in execution. Failures can be either in function or esthetics, may occur in either the fixed or removable segment, and can be catastrophic or insidious. Success demands that all the customary requirements for each independent unit, fixed or removable, be met and then the additional requirements for integration be ascertained and fulfilled. In such situations there are an exponentially greater number of possibilities for failure. When the dentist is alert to the potential for failure he may intercept and prevent it. Meticulous care pays long-term dividends in the lasting satisfaction of a patient who enjoys imporved masticatory performance, preservation of the existing tissues, and self-confidence borne from a smile that does not reveal differences between the natural and the simulation of nature. The integration of fixed and removable units is another manifestation of the skillful blending of science and art.

Ceramics↗
PubMed1986

Sudden infant death syndrome in a twin: a comparison of sibling histories.

To determine possible characteristics of infant victims of sudden death, we examined 114 items related to the pre- and postnatal histories of 42 pairs of twins one of whom died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) leaving a surviving sibling. Interviews with the parents were conducted after the occurrence of SIDS, and the data were checked with records held by gynecologists and pediatricians. To evaluate the specificity of any factors, we studied a control group of 42 age- and sex-matched pairs of twins, both of whom survived the first year of life. Only 11 of 114 characteristics were significantly related to SIDS: future victims had a smaller weight and height at birth, stayed longer in the nursery, and followed a moving object with their eyes, had head control, and smiled at a later age than their surviving siblings. They also fatigued more often during feeding (11/42) and had reduced arm and neck tonus (9/42). They were described as longer sleepers than their surviving siblings. During sleep, some SIDS twins, but no surviving twin, were found to be cyanotic at least once or pale (4/42) and were repeatedly covered with abundant sweat (8/42). In the control group of normal twins, the occurrence of most of these characteristics was found with a frequency comparable to that seen in the SIDS infants; the specificity of these characteristics is thus considered doubtful. The mean birth weight and height were significantly greater in the control group, and no control infant had an episode of cyanosis or pallor or repeated episodes of profuse sweating observed during their sleep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Body Height↗
PubMed1986

[Happy puppet or Angelman's syndrome. Review apropos of 3 cases].

Angelman's or "happy puppet" syndrome is a disorder of unknown etiology characterized by severe or profound mental retardation with deepest involvement of language, frequent smile and laughter and a happy appearance of every patient. Constant somatic features are microcephaly with braquicephaly, wide face, prognathism, occipital flattening and protruding tongue. Their movements are incoordinated and ataxic, giving them a puppet-like aspect. Electroencephalographic abnormalities are constant and severe but they usually have sporadic epileptic seizures. Only about fifty cases have been reported, affecting both sexes and belonging to different continents and reaces, but authors think the disorder is more frequent. First three patients of Spanish literature are presented and findings of "happy puppet" syndrome are commented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Infant temperament and subject loss due to crying during operant conditioning.

Infants who failed to complete a 2-day operant-conditioning task were compared with a stratified random sample of those who did on measures of infant temperament and several demographic characteristics. A discriminant-function analysis revealed that female infants who cried differed from female infants who did not cry on measures of duration of orienting and latency to approach sudden or novel stimuli. Reliable prediction of crying and noncrying could not, however, be made for males. No sex differences emerged in the incidence of crying or in the number of sessions completed. Partially successful females (i.e., those completing 1 of the 2 sessions) could reliably be discriminated from those who cried during the first session on measures of age at testing and maternal ratings of smiling behavior. The results of this study suggest that, as with habituation studies, subject loss in operant-conditioning studies is influenced by individual differences among the infants which may or may not adversely affect external validity.

Conditioning, Operant↗
PubMed1985

Enhancing esthetics in porcelain fused to metal through technique modifications.

Three techniques have been discussed and illustrated, with diagrams and examples of clinical cases, that will aid the practitioner to achieve better esthetics when using porcelain fused to metal restorations. The labial butt joint preparation is particularly suitable for upper anterior teeth when the smile line exposes the gingival margin of the restoration and maximal esthetics are demanded. Clinically, the preparation has to be executed in such a way that technically the ceramist does not have to compromise the restoration. Wrong buccal shoulder preparations and too large a space between porcelain and shoulder are the most frequently observed errors. A porcelain sandwich technique in which a thin incisal porcelain layer is condensed between body and translucent porcelain enhances the translucency of the restoration and improves the natural appearance. This technique is particularly suitable for anterior teeth, yet posterior teeth benefit from this method as well, and particularly upper bicuspids are excellent candidates. The third technique uses a blend gold that is applied to the opaque and covered again with another layer of opaque. This method effectively blocks the graying effect often experienced at the gingival margin caused by the underlying metal. A deep chamfer offers the ideal preparation and accommodates the technical requirements best. In conclusion, it can be stated that dentists and dental technicians have available various techniques that make it easier to meet the theoretical and practical requirements of esthetics in dentistry.

Crowns↗
PubMed1977

Toys and social interaction between infant peers.

Claims that young infants fail to react in a social manner to one another and that toys preempt attention to peers were assessed by comparing the interactions observed between infant peers when they met in the presence of toys versus in their absence. 44 pairs of unacquainted infants (either 10--12 or 22--24 months of age) came with their mothers to an unfamiliar room. Without toys available in the room, infants of both ages more often contacted one another, smiled at and gestured to one another, and duplicated each other's actions. With toys, they showed and exchanged toys and spent more time synchronously manipulating similar play material. The results document that infants as young as 10 months of age are responsive to the person and behavior of an unfamiliar peer and that they are no less responsive than older infants to the social versus nonsocial aspects of a novel setting.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1977

Stranger responses: effects of familiarity, stranger's approach, and sex of infant.

Most investigators examining contextual influences on infant responses to a stranger have limited their study to the initial responses of the infant. Few have considered infant reactions beyond the first minutes of the encounter or the enduring effects of contextual variables once mothers have left. The present study examines the effects of stranger's style of approach, familiarity with the stranger, and infant sex on infant response before and after maternal separation. Familiarity was operationalized in 2 ways: the length of time mothers stayed before leaving infants with the stranger and meeting the stranger a second time. Findings suggest that all these factors influence infant behavior. Ifants looked and smiled at the stranger significantly more when approached slowly. Contrary to expectations, infants (particularly girls) who met the familiar stranger after 1 week protested significantly more when left with her at that time. Trends indicate the length of time mothers stayed was least influential since most infants became extremely distressed once mothers departed.

Child Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

BOEL screening: a program for the early detection of communicative disorders. Preliminary reports from a study on 1,000 Finnish infants.

Programs for infant screening of communicative disorders should cover the need for information about the development of attention functions--auditory, visual and tactile at an age when the child is on the doorstep of speech acquisition, i.e. before 1 year of age. BOEL is a new screening test, constructed to cheek the capacity of giving priority to signals for hearing, sight and motor attention in infants around 8 months of age. The child's innate program to follow an interesting signal, grasp it and investigate it with his mouth, turn his head after it, and smile responsively is tested with the help of two visual stimuli and four sound sources, ranging between 4 000 and 12 500 Hz. BOEL is meant to be used within the routine health check-ups of, for example, well-baby clinics.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1984

Attachment and severely handicapped children: implications for intervention.

This report provides a selected overview of the concept of attachment and its formation in handicapped children. The implications of attachment development in more severely impaired children are discussed. The presentation of preliminary data on attachment from 50 mother-child dyads suggests that this phenomenon does exist and can be assessed in very impaired children. Child attachment responses formed a continuum ranging from bland or neutral behaviors to subtle acknowledgment of mother's presence or absence (e.g., by nodding or glancing) to a more pronounced response (e.g., smiling, crying, sitting up, locomoting). Compared to nonhandicapped children of similar developmental age, the responses of the children in this study were less complex, provocative, and differentiated. The implications of these data for pediatric practice and promoting attachment in families of severely impaired children are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1984

The psychoanalytic paradox: the self as a transitional object.

I have focused upon a group of patients whose biological needs for nurture and comfort were adequately met but whose mothers never related to them beyond simple caretaking. They never smiled at their children inasmuch as they derived no pleasure from playing with them or in their emerging sense of aliveness. From both the analyses of mothers and these patients, it appears that the mothers used their children as transitional objects. In turn, the children's emotional development became fixated in the in-between transition space. This fixation led to specific types of character structure and ego defects. Early development levels did not form a smooth continuum with higher later acquired adaptive ego states. There seem to be extensive lacunae in the middle layers of the psychic apparatus which manifested themselves as defective modulating elements. These patients showed extremes of behavior, marked polarities of sane, sensitive rationality to psychoticlike irrational episodes. There were no transitional gray areas between black and white. They exhibited a peculiar kind of fragmentation or splitting in which connecting bridges between higher and lower levels were missing. There are many such patients who seek treatment. However, they present special problems in therapy which can be explained in terms of the psychoanalytic paradox. The psychoanalytic paradox refers to a treatment impasse caused by an imbrication of psychopathology and various attributes of the psychoanalytic method. The mother's attitude toward her infant child has some similarity to the low-keyed objective analytic attitude, what has been sometimes referred to as analytic neutrality. These patients require different modes of relating which indicate that the therapist is, unlike the mother, very much concerned with their patient's developing autonomy and their entering and exploring the external world. These variations of analysis are not modifications or deviations of analysis. They are elements of the analytic process necessary for the treatment of specific types of psychopathology. Just as each patient is unique and the transference manifests itself in a particular fashion which then causes the analyst to make certain interpretations, the variations of technique discussed in this article address themselves to the construction of a holding environment appropriate for this group of patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

[The Marcus Gunn phenomenon].

Ten cases of the Marcus Gunn phenomenon are reported. This synkinesis presents as an involuntary raising of the upper eyelid, often exhibiting ptosis at rest, when the lower jaw drops or deducts towards the opposite side. Hypotheses proposed to explain its mechanisms are reviewed, and the differential diagnosis is discussed in relation to the Marin Amat syndrome, the significance of which is considered. In addition, a case of rarely reported faciopalpebral synkinesis is also reported, the patient presenting involuntary raising of an upper eyelid during spontaneous or voluntary smiles.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of holding the newborn at delivery on paternal bonding.

Thirty-seven married first-time fathers attending uncomplicated deliveries of normal infants were randomly assigned to two groups, holding or not holding at delivery. At 12 to 36 hours postpartum, bonding behavior frequencies were recorded during ten minutes of father-infant interaction. Two observers measured the behaviors; verbal interaction, smiling, eye contact, fingertip and whole-hand touching. Analysis of the data by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no difference between the groups (p greater than .05). More bonding behaviors were noted with increased levels of education, male infants, breastfed infants, and outlet-forcep or cesarean-section deliveries. Early contact did not appear to enhance bonding, although several other factors seemed to be related, indicating a need for further study on paternal bonding.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Bell palsy: muscle reeducation by electromyograph feedback.

The present case study investigated the efficacy of feedback in restoring muscle control to facial muscles which had been affected by Bell palsy. The subject, a woman, was provided an analog tone as feedback for modifying the muscle activity on the paralyzed (right) side of her face to match that of her nonaffected (left) side. The results showed a statistically significant shift in muscle activity in masseter, zygomaticus, and orbicularis oculi muscles. Post-treatment levels closely approximated the nonaffected side, and resulted in more normal facial characteristics with respect to jaw position and symmetry of smiling. Bidirectional control of the zygomaticus was also demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

What are the psychosocial factors involved in motivating individuals to retain their teeth? Dreams and facts.

The mother-child relationship, the family milieu and the scholastic environment all play a part in determining the ability of an individual to accept oral care. The acceptance of such care needs to be prompted by arguments based on the principal functions of the teeth: chewing and digestion; elocution and communication; and aesthetics--especially the smile displaying harmonious teeth which is synonymous with beauty, youth and happiness. Avoidance or rejection of dental care are direct consequences of fear; fear of pain and primordial fears linked to infant anxieties and the castration complex. Refusal or neglect to practise oral hygiene may represent aggression and rebellion against the established order. Harmful eating habits, notably the symbolic seductiveness of sugar, and parafunctional behaviour, which contains auto-aggressive or masochistic components, all contribute to the irrational relationships people have with their teeth. Attitudes totally opposed to the aims of prevention readily develop in response to some media messages. If prevention is forced guilt feelings are reinforced and conflict ensues. To overcome this, dentists should establish methods of prevention which do not depend only upon individual participation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parent coping behaviors, parent functioning, and infant temperament characteristics.

This study focuses on the relationship between parent coping behaviors, parent functioning, and infant temperament characteristics. One hundred mothers and fathers of two-to three-month-old infants answered a 154-item self-administered questionnaire. The following three parent-coping behavior patterns emerged: (1) seeking social support and self-development; (2) maintaining family integrity; and (3) being religious, thankful, and content. Parents who were depressed, anxious, and had somatic complaints perceived social support and self-development as more helpful and were less focused on maintaining family integrity. Parents who perceived their infant as having a more smiling, laughing temperament, and as a child who cries less, used coping behaviors designed to maintain family integrity; they were more religious, thankful, and content. Parents who were depressed and parents who were anxious saw their infants as less soothable and more distressed when faced with limitations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Correction of vertical maxillary deficiency: stability and soft tissue changes.

Thirteen adults with vertical maxillary deficiency were treated by Le Fort I osteotomy and autogenous interpositional bone grafts to increase facial height. A retrospective cephalometric study of 11 of these patients showed that a consistent relapse of approximately 2 mm occurred, predominantly during the early postoperative period (two to three months). Thereafter, there was minimal positional change of the maxilla. The upper lip tended to lengthen a little. The amount of maxillary tooth exposure increased and improved the smile line and lip-to-tooth relationship. Future modifications of the surgical technique should be designed to maximize stability by improved methods of interosseous fixation during the critical early postoperative period, when much of the relapse occurs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Psychosis: possible model for approaching it by theoretico-clinical observation of children and their families].

In this work we intend to define the constitution of the psychosis in children through a methodological proposal called "genetic model". This model includes the clinical investigation about the child and his family. We have come to this research after several years of having worked as adult and child analysts of diverse pathology. Our research has an initial point, both theoretical and clinical, in the early constitution of the child's psychosis. In our daily practice as analysts we have observed that the aspects dealt with in this work were the commonest to appear, not only in the direct work with the psychotic child and with his family, but also through the task of supervising therapies carried out in hospitals and private health-service clinics in the city of La Plata. We have performed this work with the theoretical guide of Sigmund Freud and Piera Aulagnier's studies. By "genetic model" we understand all the work we have carried out from the anamnesis with the parents and clinical investigation in the child as regards the living conditions in the environment so that the child's ego could emerge. Our observation, while performing the "model" already mentioned, detected that living conditions in our middle-class children are visibly distressing, psychotic in its greatest form. Therefore, we reconsider the existence of an early symptomatology in the constitution of the child's psychosis. The symptomatology commonly found shows the following items: loss of diminution of the libidinal interest on the part of the child towards his mother mate; loss of interest about his nutrition; diminution or loss of perception of his basic needs (absence of vital force); loss of interest to communicate with the external environment; loss of smile and entertainment, within the latter: loss of vocal and corporal play. These symptoms may last for a short period of time (days, weeks) but others may last forever. Generally, they are not detected by the pediatrician or neurologist. Thus, they are not properly dealt with. We believe that this early moment, which will determine the individual's destiny, is detected during the psychoanalytical work with his parents. In this work we realize of the existence of a number of conditions which favour the psychotic state. Among the most outstanding ones we find a daily violence exercised upon the child, a predominance of the death compulsion towards the child who acquires different characteristics: actual hatred, an interest which suffocates and does not let him grow or the most absolute indifference. All these features create subhuman living conditions for the creature's ego. In general, his ego does not grow properly and independently. The parents' failure limits prematurely the child to an infrahuman way of living. It's true that these conditions are necessary but not enough to give place to the psychotic development of the child. The lack of love between parents and the predominance of Thanatos are the two constant factors found when performing our analytical task.

Displacement, Psychological↗