Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Serial Learning”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,657 records · Page 92Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Positional uncertainty in long-term memory.

Long-term memory for position was examined from the perspective of an immediate memory framework, the perturbation model of Estes (Estes, 1972; Lee & Estes, 1977, 1981). First, a simple version of the perturbation model is shown to provide a reasonable fit of previously reported long-term data (Nairne, 1990b), even though the perturbation idea was developed to explain the phenomena of immediate retention. Second, new results are reported that extend the application to multiple dimensions. Long-term memories for list and within-list position appear to mimic the classic patterns of immediate retention, in that both show bow-shaped serial position curves and error generalization gradients that are roughly symmetrical around the true serial position.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Ineffectiveness of visual distinctiveness in enhancing immediate recall.

Glenberg (1984) and others have theorized that greater recency effects are obtained with auditory as opposed to visual presentation because of greater temporal distinctiveness of items in auditory sequences. We tested a number of ways of enhancing visual distinctiveness, including the use of color, spatial location, and minimized visual interference. None of the seven experiments provided any evidence of improved recall from enhanced visual distinctiveness. In particular, no increase in recency effects was obtained with increased distinctiveness. Additional analyses of pairwise dependency in recall across serial positions also failed to show any evidence of the near-independence of recall of the terminal item that characterizes recall of auditory sequences. Visual-perceptual distinctiveness does not get mapped in any simple way onto memorial distinctiveness in an immediate-serial-recall task.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Checklist procedures and the cost of automaticity.

Automaticity is usually discussed in terms of its benefits. Automaticity has, however, a cost that manifests itself in procedures that are highly routinized but require close attention, such as verbal checklist procedures. In such procedures, errors occur because the routine leads to automaticity. In three paper-and-pen experiments, we tested this manifestation and investigated ways to decrease automaticity in verbal checklist procedures. In the experiments, subjects proofread sets of multiplication problems to detect erroneous operations, simulating the checklist procedure. In Experiments 1 and 2, two conditions were compared: a fixed-order condition (in which each set contained operations in the same order) and a varied-order condition (in which the operations were in a different order in each set). In Experiment 1, proofreading times were measured to establish the role of fixed sequential order as a consistent environment promoting the emergence of automaticity. In Experiment 2, we introduced errors into the material, and in Experiment 3 we introduced "alerting" conditions to interfere with the development of automaticity. The results indicated that the subjects in the varied-order and alert conditions detected significantly more errors than did those in the fixed-order condition. The implications of the findings for current theories of automaticity are discussed as well as those for the design of checklist procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effects of phonological similarity and concurrent irrelevant articulation on short-term-memory recall of repeated and novel word lists.

The extent to which phonological similarity of list words impairs short-term-memory recall was investigated in two experiments. Experiment 1 showed that the phonological-similarity effect occurred both when list words were repeatedly sampled from a small set and when they were new on every trial, both when word-order information was required and when it was not. Furthermore, the adverse effect of phonological similarity on recall was apparent on the initial lists recalled, did not change over trials, and cannot be attributed to increasing levels of proactive inhibition across lists. In Experiment 2, subjects were required to count repeatedly to six during list presentation. Concurrent irrelevant articulation lowered recall and abolished the phonological-similarity effect for both repeated and novel word lists.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Organizational factors in the effect of irrelevant speech: the role of spatial location and timing.

Typically, hearing a repeated syllable produces minimal disruption of serial recall of visual lists, but a sequence of different syllables impairs performance markedly. Two conditions for presenting an identical sequence of three syllables are compared: one, in which, by means of stereophony, each syllable is assigned to the left, center, or right auditory locus (three streams not changing in state), and another, in which the same syllable sequence occurs in one location only (one stream with changing state). Disruption was significantly less in the stereophonic than in the monophonic condition. There was a joint effect of changing state and location, not an effect of the number of locations alone. In Experiment 2, temporal predictability was used to manipulate changing state. The disruptive effect of regular presentation of a repeated syllable was markedly increased when it was presented irregularly. The results are discussed in the context of organizational factors in short-term memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Visual distinctiveness can enhance recency effects.

Experimental efforts to meliorate the modality effect have included attempts to make the visual stimulus more distinctive. McDowd and Madigan (1991) failed to find an enhanced recency effect in serial recall when the last item was made more distinct in terms of its color. In an attempt to extend this finding, three experiments were conducted in which visual distinctiveness was manipulated in a different manner, by combining the dimensions of physical size and coloration (i.e., whether the stimuli were solid or outlined in relief). Contrary to previous findings, recency was enhanced when the size and coloration of the last item differed from the other items in the list, regardless of whether the "distinctive" item was larger or smaller than the remaining items. The findings are considered in light of other research that has failed to obtain a similar enhanced recency effect, and their implications for current theories of the modality effect are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Beyond category sorting and pleasantness rating: inducing relational and item-specific processing.

In most studies of relational and item-specific processing, category sorting and pleasantness rating have been the main procedures used to induce these two types of processing. Because the two types of processing have been studied in a wide range of memory phenomena (Hunt & McDaniel, 1993), it is strange that other tasks have not been proposed and tested. The present experiment demonstrates that equivalent results can be obtained with three relational processing tasks (category sorting, narrative construction, and relational imagery) and equivalent results with three item-specific processing tasks (pleasantness ratings, familiarity ratings, and single imagery).

Adult↗