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Ion-exchange chromatographic characterization of stinging insect vespid venoms.

Paper wasp, hornets and yellow jacket vespid venoms were analysed by electrofocusing-electrophoresis titration curves and cation exchange chromatography on Mono STM. Important protein components were identified by zymography. The elution profiles from the cation exchange column for the different vespid venoms differed significantly, demonstrating the use of this technique for identification purposes. The various fractions from the ion-exchange elution profiles were collected and analysed with respect to enzymatic activity. The high capacity of the system makes it also suitable for preparative scale separation.

Acid Phosphatase↗

Sting sensitivity.

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Arthropod Venoms↗

The landsnail Cepaea nemoralis regulates internal Cd levels when fed on Cd-enriched stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) leaves at low, field-relevant concentrations.

We studied Cd accumulation in Cepaea nemoralis snails at low, but field-relevant Cd concentrations in the diet (Urtica dioica leaves). Six treatments of U. dioica plants were grown, resulting in leaf Cd concentrations between 0 and 2.6 microg g(-1) dw. Seven snails per treatment were fed for 38 days. Leaf Cd concentrations did not affect food consumption rates, and consequently Cd intake rates increased with increasing leaf concentrations. No differences were detected among treatments in the final soft tissue Cd concentrations and body burdens in the snails. Regression analyses showed no positive relationship between either snail Cd concentrations or body burdens and total Cd intake. This suggests a regulation of internal Cd concentrations at low food Cd concentrations. Our data suggest that Cd excretion via the mucus plays a substantial role in this regulation, in addition to Cd excretion via the faeces. Snail shells were no sinks for Cd.

Animals↗