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PubMed2005

Iliopsoas: a new electromyographic technique and normal motor unit action potential values.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a reliable technique of needle electrode examination and present the normal values of motor unit action potential (MUAP) parameters in iliopsoas muscle. METHODS: Thirty-one normal subjects underwent quantitative electromyographic (QEMG) examination of the iliopsoas muscle, following an ultrasonographically confirmed technique of needle electrode insertion and sampling. The leg under examination was flexed, abducted and externally rotated at the hip joint and also flexed at the knee joint. A slight flexion at the hip joint was used to uncover iliopsoas from the overlying sartorius. This provides enough space at the inguinal region between the sartorius and the femoral neurovascular bundle. Mean and outlier values of MUAP parameters and polyphasia were calculated. RESULTS: Our technique was easy to perform and secure in sampling iliopsoas. The mean +/- SD values for MUAP duration, amplitude, area, area to amplitude ratio, phases and turns were 11.5 +/- 1.35 ms, 419 +/- 71.5 microV, 633 +/- 142.7 microV ms, 1.57 +/- 0.25, 3.1 +/- 0.32, and 2.9 +/- 0.44, respectively. Lower and upper outlier limits for duration, amplitude, area and area to amplitude ratio were 3.6/20.7 ms, 150/930 microV, 100/1567 microV ms, and 0.35/3.07. Mean polyphasia was 12.6% (range 0-30%). CONCLUSIONS: The suggested EMG technique helped to distinguish iliopsoas from sartorius and at the same time increased the accessibility of its anterior surface. Normal values and outlier limits of the MUAP parameters of iliopsoas have been quantitatively established. SIGNIFICANCE: This new technique and the normal MUAP values might prove helpful for the examination of iliopsoas, important in the assessment of many neuropathic and, especially, myopathic processes.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1990

Use of a sartorius myofasciocutaneous flap for reconstruction of a large, full-thickness abdominal wall defect.

Many methods for the repair of abdominal wall defects have been described in the literature. In this report we present an alternative to the widely used thigh flaps for repair of large full-thickness abdominal wall defects not amenable to direct closure or repair with local flaps. We report one case of this type of abdominal wall defect closed in one stage using a proximally based sartorius myofasciocutaneous flap. Although an excellent result was obtained in this case, the general applicability of the sartorius proximally based flap in plastic surgery of the abdominal wall requires further investigation.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed2005

Skinned single fibers from normal and dystrophin-deficient dogs incur comparable stretch-induced force deficits.

Intact dystrophin-deficient canine muscles were previously shown to incur greater-than-normal stretch-induced force deficits. Here we tested the hypothesis that maximally activated detergent-treated (skinned) single fibers from normal and dystrophin-deficient dogs would incur comparable force deficits after stretch. Skinned cranial sartorius (CS) fibers from dystrophin-deficient and normal dogs were calcium-activated (pCa 4.5) and rapidly stretched. A single 30% stretch induced force deficits of 27.07 +/- 3.9% and 29.7 +/- 4.8% in dystrophin-deficient (n = 22) and normal (n = 18) fibers, respectively. Our data support the hypothesis that maximally activated skinned single fibers from normal and dystrophin-deficient dogs incur comparable force deficits after stretch. Our findings suggest that knowledge of the extent of stretch-induced force deficits following repeated stretch-activations in the GRMD dog may be useful to assess future therapeutic interventions aimed at replacing dystrophin in the sarcolemmal membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Painful swelling of the thigh in a diabetic patient: diabetic muscle infarction.

A 44-year-old woman with a 5-year history of poorly controlled Type 1 diabetes mellitus presented with a painful, firm and warm swelling in her right thigh. Pain was severe but the patient was not febrile, and had no history of trauma or abnormal exercise. Laboratory tests showed ketoacidosis, major inflammation (erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) = 83 mm/h), normal white blood cell count and normal creatine kinase level. Plain radiographs were normal, and there were no signs of thrombophlebitis at Doppler ultrasound. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed diffuse enlargement and an oedematous pattern of the adductors, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius and sartorius of the right thigh. The patient's symptoms improved dramatically, making biopsy unnecessary, and a diagnosis of diabetic muscular infarction was reached. Idiopathic muscular infarction is a rare and specific complication of diabetes mellitus, typically presenting as a severely painful mass in a lower limb, with high ESR. The diabetes involved is generally poorly controlled longstanding Type 1 diabetes with established microangiopathy. Differential diagnoses include deep vein thrombosis, acute exertional compartment syndrome, muscle rupture, soft tissue abscess, haematoma, sarcoma, inflammatory or calcifying myositis and pyomyositis. In fact, physician awareness should allow early diagnosis on the basis of clinical presentation, routine laboratory tests and MRI, thereby avoiding biopsy and its potential complications as well as unnecessary investigations. Rest, symptomatic pain relief and adequate control of diabetes usually ensure progressive total recovery within a few weeks. Recurrences may occur in the same or contralateral limb.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uptake slows down relaxation in mitochondria-rich skeletal muscles.

Isolated fibres from various muscles were skinned mechanically in oil. From a Ca2+-loaded micropipette, local applications of Ca2+ were made. These produced a limited contraction which relaxed spontaneously. The time-course of sarcomere shortening and re-lengthening was recorded by microcinephotography. Application of Ruthenium Red, a potent and specific inhibitor of Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria, did not affect the contraction-relaxation cycles of typical glycolytic white fibres (frog sartorius, pigeon breast). By contrast, Ruthenium Red greatly slowed down the relaxation rate in mitochondria-rich fibres (rat soleus and rabbit masseter). In these fibres, Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria seems to play an active role in promoting relaxation.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Clinical experience with continuously monitored fluid balance in automatic hemofiltration.

Automatic fluid balancing, as obtained with the hemofiltration machines from Sartorius (Göttingen, West Germany) and Dialysetechnik (Karlsruhe, West Germany), is accurate enough to replace bed scales, which have been necessary in conventional hemodialysis for patients who are confined to beds. Side effects such as hypotension, nausea and muscle cramps during treatment may be reduced with these new machines, compared to conventional methods, provided that the rate of effective fluid withdrawal does not exceed 0.5 L/hr. In particular, the constant weight loss associated with automatic hemofiltration seems to be well tolerated by the patients with fewer side effects.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1991

Organization of hindlimb muscle afferent projections to lumbosacral motoneurons in the chick embryo.

We have examined the organization of muscle afferent projections to motoneurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord of chick embryos between stage 37, when muscle afferents first reach the motor nucleus, and stage 44, which is just before hatching. Connectivity between afferents and motoneurons was assessed by stimulating individual muscle nerves and recording the resulting motoneuron synaptic potentials intracellularly or electrotonically from other muscle nerves. Most of the recordings were made in the presence of DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), picrotoxin, and strychnine to block long-latency excitatory and inhibitory pathways. Activation of muscle afferents evoked slow, positive potentials in muscle nerves but not in cutaneous nerves. These potentials were abolished in 0 mM Ca2+, 2mM Mn2+ solutions, indicating that they were generated by the action of chemical synapses. The muscle nerve recordings revealed a wide-spread pattern of excitatory connections between afferents and motoneurons innervating six different thigh muscles, which were not organized according to synergist-antagonist relationships. This pattern of connectivity was confirmed using intracellular recording from identified motoneurons, which allowed the latency of the responses to be determined. Short-latency potentials in motoneurons were produced by activation of homonymous afferents and the heteronymous afferents innervating the hip flexors sartorius and anterior iliotibialis. Stimulation of anterior iliotibialis afferents also resulted in some short-latency excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in motoneurons innervating the knee extensor femorotibialis, though other connections were of longer latency. Afferents from the adductor, a hip extensor, did not evoke short-latency EPSPs in any of these three types of motoneurons. Short-latency, but not long-latency EPSPs, persisted during repetitive stimulation at 5 Hz, suggesting that they were mediated monosynaptically. Long-latency, fatigue-sensitive potentials were maintained in the presence of APV, picrotoxin, and strychnine, suggesting that polysynaptic pathways utilize non-NMDA receptors as well as NMDA receptors. We found no difference in the pattern of inputs to femorotibialis motoneurons between stage 37-39 and near hatching at stage 44, suggesting muscle afferent projections to these motoneurons are correct at stage 37, when the afferents first reach the lateral motor column in substantial numbers.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed1995

Interaction of Na+ and Mg2+ ions in acetylcholine receptor channels of frog skeletal muscle changes in character with an increase in agonist concentration.

Measurements of agonist-induced single-channel currents of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels (nAChR) have shown that addition of divalent metal cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+) in millimolar amounts causes a decrease of 40% or more in currents carried by monovalent cations (Na+, Cs+). Conventional voltage-clamp measurements were made at frog (Rana pipiens) sartorius endplates to determine if this occlusive interaction between mono- and divalent cations is preserved in macroscopic currents produced by higher concentrations of nAChR agonists, as would be expected on the basis of simple summation of unitary currents. Single ion nAChR currents of Na+ (INa+ ) and Mg2+(IMg2+ ) and the composite current when both cations were present (INa+, Mg2+ ) were measured in high-K+, low ionic strength bathing media during local superfusion with various concentrations of carbamylcholine. It was found that, at lower test carbamylcholine levels of 27 and 54 microM, peak values of INa+, Mg2+ were 40% and 53% of the respective INa+ , in agreement with the effects observed from single-channel measurements. At all higher carbamylcholine levels, however, peak INa+, Mg2+ exceeded INa+ and increased instead with the sum of INa+ and IMg2+ as if there was an independent movement of these ions through the channels rather than the occlusive interaction found at lower carbamylcholine levels. This suggests that with exposure to increasing agonist concentrations above those commonly used in single-channel measurements there are changes in the open state of nAChR affecting cation selectivity possibly in the narrow pore region of the channels.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Existence of parvalbumin and biochemical characterization in quail and pigeon skeletal muscles with different fiber type compositions.

The localization of parvalbumin was determined in skeletal muscles with different fiber type compositions from quails (Coturnix japonica) and pigeons (Columba livia) by sandwich ELISA. The biochemical profiles of these muscles were evaluated by the assay of total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity as well as the LDH isozymes for anaerobic metabolism, and by the analysis of myoglobin for aerobic metabolism. The quail fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) with a lower myoglobin content and higher LDH activity or M-type isozyme pattern was assessed as containing primarily fast-twitch glycolytic and oxidative-glycolytic (FG/FOG) fibers, and the mixed sartorius (SA) in quails and pigeons was shown to be composed mostly of FOG fibers because of the intermediate myoglobin content and LDH activity or H/M-type isozyme pattern. Parvalbumin, which functions as a relaxing factor in the fast-twitch fibers, was present in PLD and SA in significant amounts, whereas it was undetectable in quail anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and pigeon latissimus dorsi (LD) which contain exclusively slow-tonic (ST) fibers with the lowest LDH activity or predominant H-type isozyme characteristics. The pectoralis superficialis (PS) and pectoralis profundus (PP) muscles from quails and pigeons seem to consist mostly of FG/FOG fibers because of the highest myoglobin contents and LDH activities or M-type and H/M-type isozyme patterns. Despite fast-twitch fiber compositions, parvalbumin was absent from these pectoralis muscles. The tetanic contraction induced in avian fast-twitch pectoralis fibers during flapping flight might be independent of a function of parvalbumin as a relaxing factor.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of rectus EMG patterns on the outcome of rectus femoris transfers.

Rectus femoris transfer to the sartorius is performed in children with cerebral palsy to treat stiff-knee gait. To determine whether preoperative electromyographic (EMG) activity of the rectus femoris is predictive of outcome, we studied 25 children with stiff-knee gait who had preoperative EMG gait analysis before rectus femoris transfer. Fifteen patients had bilateral surgery, and 10 patients had unilateral surgery. The mean age at surgery was 9.6 years for the retrospective review. Patients were divided into three groups based on the recorded EMG patterns of the rectus femoris during the gait cycle. Group I patients had predominant swing-phase activity only. Group II patients had constant rectus activity through the entire gait cycle. Group III patients had normal rectus, defined as minimal EMG activity in the last 75% of swing phase. A repeated gait analysis at a mean of 1.5 years after surgery was available for comparison. In group I, mean peak knee flexion increased 26 degrees after surgery from 44 to 70 degrees. In group II, mean peak knee flexion increased 18 degrees after surgery from 51 to 69 degrees. In group III, mean peak knee flexion increased 12 degrees from 54 to 66 degrees. Results of this study show the greatest improvement in outcome, as measured by knee flexion, occurred in group I in which the rectus fired predominantly in swing phase. Preoperative EMG patterns are therefore useful in determining the outcome after rectus femoris transfer to the sartorius.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Depression of spontaneous and ionophore-induced transmitter release by ruthenium red at the neuromuscular junction.

The effects on spontaneous and ionophore-induced transmitter release of the inorganic dye, ruthenium red (RuR), a known inhibitor of calcium binding sites, were observed at the frog sartorius neuromuscular junction using intracellular recording techniques. Both crude and purified RuR, at concentrations of 1 and 5 micron depressed or blocked spontaneous release of acetylcholine (ACh) and reduced postsynaptic sensitivity to ACh, the crude dye being more potent than the pure. Pretreatment of muscles with RuR prevented the catastrophic reaction of junctions to 100 micron X537A ionophore. Increased levels of Ca2+ restored spontaneous transmitter release to control levels after depression or blockade by RuR. It was concluded that RuR blocks a critical membrane-bound binding site for calcium which is necessary for quantal release of transmitter.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1973

The action of cobalt ions on neuromuscular transmission in the frog.

1. Cobalt ions, in concentrations of 0.05-2 mM, block neuromuscular transmission in the frog sartorius muscle.2. The reduction in the e.p.p. amplitude produced by Co(2+) is due to a decrease in the amount of transmitter released by a nerve impulse (mean quantum content). This reduction is associated with little change in the resting membrane potential of the muscle fibre or in the mean amplitude of spontaneous m.e.p.p.s.3. The reduction in evoked transmitter release produced by Co(2+) may be antagonized by elevation of the external Ca(2+) concentration. It is suggested that the antagonism between Co(2+) and Ca(2+) is competitive in nature.4. The mean dissociation constant for Co(2+) and its hypothetical membrane complex was found to be 0.18 mM. On this basis, it is concluded that Co(2+) is about 20 times more potent than Mg(2+) in suppressing evoked transmitter release.5. In contrast to the inhibitory action on evoked release, Co(2+) increases spontaneous transmitter release. However, concentrations of Co(2+) 20-60 times greater than those which decrease the e.p.p. amplitude are needed to produce a significant increase in m.e.p.p. frequency.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2006

3D-T1rho quantitation of patellar cartilage at 3.0T.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) T(1rho)-weighted imaging of human knee joint at 3.0T without exceeding the specific absorption rate (SAR) limits and the measurement of the baseline T(1rho) values of patellar cartilage and several muscles at the knee joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3D gradient-echo sequence with a self-compensating spin-lock pulse cluster of 250 Hz power was used to acquire 3D-T(1rho)-weighted images of the knee joint of five healthy subjects. Global and regional analysis of patellar cartilage T(1rho) were performed. Furthermore, T(1rho) of several periarticular muscles were analyzed. RESULTS: The global average T(1rho) value of the patellar cartilage varied from 39 to 43 msec. The regional average T(1rho) values varied from 38 to 42 msec, and from 42 to 44 msec for medial and lateral facets, respectively. In vivo reproducibility of average T(1rho) of patellar cartilage was found to be 5% (coefficient of variation). Similarly, the global average T(1rho) values for biceps femoris, lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, and sartorius varied between 31-46, 29-49, 35-48, and 32-50 msec, respectively. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the feasibility of 3D-T(1rho)-weighted imaging of the knee joint at 3.0T without exceeding SAR limits.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Tissue selectivity of insulin detemir action in vivo.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Recombinant DNA technology is a useful tool that can be used to create insulin analogues with modified absorption kinetics to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Among conventional insulin analogues, which are usually created by amino acid exchange, insulin detemir is the first analogue to be acylated with a fatty acid to enable reversible albumin binding. In this study we determined activation of the insulin receptor (IR)-signalling cascade by insulin detemir at the level of IR and IR substrate (Irs) phosphorylation, as well as downstream signalling elements such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt, and performed epidural EEG in vivo. METHODS: C57Bl/6 mice were injected i.v. with either insulin detemir or human insulin and Western blot analysis was performed on liver, muscle, hypothalamic and cerebrocortical tissues. Moreover, cerebrocortical activity was detected by EEG in awake mice and cerebral insulin concentrations were measured following human insulin and insulin detemir injection. RESULTS: The time course and extent of IR phosphorylation in peripheral tissues were similar following insulin detemir treatment compared with human insulin, but insulin signalling in hypothalamic and cerebrocortical tissue determined by tyrosine-phosphorylation of the IR and Irs2 proteins occurred faster and was enhanced due to a higher insulin detemir concentration in the brain. Moreover, epidural EEG in mice displayed increased cortical activity using insulin detemir. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Taken together, these data suggest that insulin detemir has a tissue-selective action, with a relative preference for brain compared with peripheral tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of glycerol treatment on transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction.

Exposure of frog skeletal muscle to a Ringer solution made hyperosmotic with glycerol, followed by return of the preparation to a normal Ringer, results in an irreversible uncoupling of the mechanical activity of the muscle. This technique for preventing muscle contraction has often been used to study neuromuscular transmission under normal or high levels of release without interference from muscle contraction. Little was known, however, about the effects of glycerol treatment on the process of transmitter release. In this paper we report the results of a study in which we examined the effects of glycerol treatment on transmitter release during repetitive stimulation at the frog sartorius neuromuscular junction. We found that glycerol treatment altered the stimulation-induced changes in end-plate potential (EPP) amplitude normally observed during repetitive stimulation at this synapse. This effect, which increased progressively with time for up to 8 h following removal of glycerol, could be accounted for by presynaptic changes in the amount of transmitter released.

Animals↗