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PubMed1983

Reproductive success, postpartum maternal behavior, and masculine sexual behavior of neonatally androgenized female hamsters.

Sex differences in maternal behavior induced by pup stimulation (sensitization) have been reported for rats and hamsters and may be affected by the presence or absence of perinatal androgen treatment. Postpartum maternal behavior and litter survival in golden hamsters treated with testosterone propionate (TP) as neonates were studied. A high dose of TP (300 micrograms)1 eliminated feminine reproductive capacity when given on Day 2 or 4 postpartum and had no discernible effect on Day 12. Treatment on Days 6, 8, or 10 resulted in treatment day-dependent deficiencies in reproductive success which fell short of sterility in most females. These deficiencies included low birth weight, weight gain, and higher litter losses than controls. However, the maternal behavior of TP dams, as measured by retrieval and crouching, appeared to be normal. The disparity between delivery and successful rearing of normal-weight young may include uterine incompetence, lactation deficiency, and hypercannibalism. Behavioral masculinization was a more sensitive index of neonatal androgen action than any aspect of defeminization, but the two phenomena were dissociated in individuals.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Prophylactic antibiotics for suction curettage abortion: results of a clinical controlled trial.

The prophylactic use of 300 mg doxycycline at the time of an abortion was evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. In the group with negative chlamydia screening results, only two (0.4%) of 502 patients who received prophylactic treatment developed pelvic infection, compared with 15 (3.0%) of 497 patients who received placebos (p = 0.001). The same effectiveness was found in women with positive chlamydia screening results. Vomiting was the major side effect of the medication and could limit its use. A simulation of selective prophylaxis in women with negative chlamydia screening results showed that its selective use in patients with a history of gonorrhea or in nulliparous women with multiple sex partners could be nearly two thirds as effective as general prophylaxis.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1996

Orgasm without organisms: science or propaganda?

The worldwide epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) presents a major public health challenge to medical practitioners and educators as they seek to implement preventive educational strategies in the adolescent population. The serious consequences of many STDs and the insufficient impact of condom promotion in this high-risk group have led to increasing recognition that sexual intercourse is medically unwise for young adolescents. As a result of this recognition, some educators have proposed that adolescent sexuality education focus on the explicit teaching of noncoital sexual activities, sometimes called outercourse. This paper explores the emergence of this educational strategy, the assertion that noncoital sexual activities will positively impact the rising incidence of STDs and unplanned pregnancy in teenagers, and the hypothetical benefits of adolescent noncoital sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Anorexia nervosa and motherhood: reproduction pattern and mothering behavior of 50 women.

A follow-up carried out on an average 12.5 years after hospital contact of 151 patients with a former diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN), aimed at reproduction outcome. None of the 11 males had children. Fifty of the 140 women had given birth to a total of 86 children, which is approximately one third of the expected fertility. Involuntary childlessness was of the same size as found in the background population. The rate of prematurity among the offspring was twice the expected and perinatal lethality six times the expected. Mentally the mothers did well, both during pregnancy and the post partum period. They breast-fed their children for the same mean time as did other women, and the development of the children did not differ from that found in a background population. More women in the group of mothers than in the group of non-mothers had better scores of all-round functioning at follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

School sexuality education and adolescent risk-taking behavior.

School sexuality education programs have been studied as a means to prevent sexual behavior that puts adolescents at risk for incurring an unwanted pregnancy or a sexually transmitted disease. This review examines and critiques research that measures effects of school sexuality education programs on the sexual risk-taking behavior of adolescents. First, methodological problems common in the literature are discussed. Second, studies measuring effects of school sexuality education programs are examined. Finally, suggestions for future research are made.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexually transmitted diseases in females in a juvenile detention center.

Of 37 female adolescent prostitutes and 63 other females held in the King County, Washington, juvenile detention facility, 81 (81%) complained of vaginal discharge, and only eight (8%) had no genitourinary symptoms. The prevalence of genital infections among prostitutes and nonprostitutes was similar. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was found in 18 (18%) of 98 detainees tested, and Chlamydia trachomatis was found in 17 (20%) of 86 detainees tested; either organism was found in 27 (32%) of 85 tested for both organisms. Also, 38 (48%) of 80 tested had trichomoniasis. No detainees had syphilis. Sixty-seven (68%) of 98 responding detainees used no contraception. Such populations deserve the attention of public programs for control of sexually transmitted diseases and for family planning.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Six school-based clinics: their reproductive health services and impact on sexual behavior.

An evaluation of the reproductive health programs of six diverse school-based clinics measured the impact of the clinics on sexual behavior and contraceptive use. All six clinics served low-income populations; at five of them, the great majority of the students served were black. An analysis of student visits by type of care given found that these clinics were not primarily family planning facilities; rather, they provided reproductive health care as one component of a comprehensive health program. Student survey data collected in the clinic schools and nearby comparison schools (four sites) or collected both before the clinic opened and two years later (two sites) indicated that the clinics neither hastened the onset of sexual activity nor increased its frequency. The clinics had varying effects on contraceptive use. Providing contraceptives on site was not enough to significantly increase their use; in only one of the three sites that did so were students in the clinic school significantly more likely than students in the comparison school to have used birth control during last intercourse. However, condom use rose sharply at one clinic school that had a strong AIDS education program and was located in a community where AIDS was a salient issue. At another clinic school, where pregnancy prevention was a high priority and staff issued vouchers for contraceptives, the use of condoms and pills was significantly higher than in the comparison school. A third clinic school--which focused on high-risk youth, emphasized pregnancy prevention and dispensed birth control pills--recorded a significantly higher use of pills than its comparison school. Although the data suggest that the clinics probably prevented small numbers of pregnancies at some schools, none of the clinics had a statistically significant effect on school-wide pregnancy rates.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Behavioral and endocrine characteristics of the reproductive cycle in wild muriqui monkeys, Brachyteles arachnoides.

The analysis of fecal ovarian steroids provides a powerful noninvasive method to obtain insights into ovulatory cycles, gestation length, and the timing of sexual interactions relative to the periovulatory period in wild primates. Techniques developed to collect and assay feces from free-ranging muriqui monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides) for estradiol and progesterone yield the first explicit reproductive data on this species, and provide the first opportunity to evaluate the timing of observed copulations with muriqui ovarian cycles. Hormonal profiles from seven females indicate average cycle lengths of 21.0 +/- 5.4 days (n = 20). Females conceived after 3-6 ovulatory cycles. Gestation length averaged 216.4 +/- 1.5 days for the five females for which conception cycles were sampled. Discrete copulation periods spanned an average of 2.1 +/- 1.2 days (n = 29), with intervals between these concentrated periods of copulations averaging 15.6 +/- 6.7 days (n = 20). There were no significant differences among females in cycle lengths, copulation period lengths, or copulation interval lengths. Ejaculation was visible following 71.8 +/- 26.7% of copulations during the females preovulatory periods. All females copulated outside the periovulatory period. The proportion of copulation days outside the periovulatory period was slightly greater (p = 0.08) for primiparous females (64.8 +/- 28.3%) than for multiparous females (28.7 +/- 19.7%).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ethical offspring?

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Child↗
PubMed1982

The adolescent boy and girl: first and other early experiences with intercourse from a representative sample of Swedish school adolescents.

Attitudes and sexual experiences among adolescents have been studied using data from a representative sample of pupils in tenth grade in Uppsala, the fourth largest city in Sweden. Sex differences in coital experience, coital frequency, and evaluation of coital frequency are analyzed. The importance of traditional sex roles is discussed, and the differential sexual socialization of boys and girls is commented on. The data help convey a picture of an adolescent boy who feels deprived of heterosexual outlets and whose sexual relations with girls are sudden, unplanned, and characterized by limited emotional involvement; the adolescent boy is also quite discontent. This picture is contrasted with that of the girls, about whom it is found that, compared with the boys, a greater proportion have coital experience, the average age at first intercourse is lower, and the average number of experiences with intercourse during the last month is higher; to a greater extent than the boys, the girls are satisfied with how often they have intercourse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The influence of parents, church, and peers on the sexual attitudes and behaviors of college students.

Male and female undergraduate students were surveyed concerning their sexual attitudes, sexual behaviors, and contraceptive behavior. In addition, the general attitudes about sexuality the students perceived as communicated to them by their parents, their church, and their peers were assessed. It was found for female students that general attitudes about sexuality, as defined on an erotophilia-erotophobia dimension, and sexual behaviors were correlated with the perceived attitudes of peers, rather than those of parents and church. However, male students' attitudes and some sexual behaviors were correlated with the perceived attitudes of their parents, rather than the views of their peers and church. Church attitudes were not found to be related to any of the measures. None of the sources of influence, parents, peers, or church attitudes, or erotophilia-erotophobia was related to contraceptive behavior.

Attitude↗
PubMed1985

Predicting contraceptive behavior among college students: the role of communication, knowledge, sexual anxiety, and self-esteem.

Undergraduate students were surveyed about their sexual behavior and contraceptive behavior. In addition, measures of their self-esteem, knowledge about contraception, communication with their dating partners, communication about sexual matters with their sexual partners, and sexual anxiety were taken. Consistent with Byrne's (1983) model of effective contraception, it was found that general and sexual communication with one's partner were significant predictors of contraception use. Directional, but statistically weak, support was obtained for the predictions that knowledge about contraception and sexual anxiety would be related to contraception use. No support was found for the prediction that general self-esteem would be associated with contraceptive behavior.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1998

Exploring the role of sex steroids through studies of receptor deficient mice.

Decades of study have described a number roles fulfilled by the steroid hormones and their respective receptors in sexual differentiation and development, reproductive function and behavior, and more recently in the function and maintenance of non-reproductive organ systems, such as skeletal muscle, bone and coronary tissues. The biological effects of the steroid hormones are believed to be mediated in part by specific receptor proteins that demonstrated great specificity for their respective steroid ligands. Much of the experimental research of the functions of the sex steroid receptors has depended upon in vitro systems as well as in vivo methods that require surgical castration or the pharmacological administration of hormone antagonists. However, recently developed techniques that allow for manipulation of the mouse genome have been utilized to generate transgenic animals that lack functional estrogen or progesterone receptors. These transgenic animals, combined with the naturally existing Tfm mice which lack functional androgen receptor, now provide in vivo models for further study of the various actions of the sex steroids and their receptors. This review attempts to describe and compare the various phenotypes that result in each of these lines of mice, with emphasis on the development and function of the reproductive systems as well as reproductive behavior.

Animals↗