Psychosomatic dermatology.
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Acne Vulgaris↗
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Induction of heme oxygenase-1 mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanol extract of Rubus coreanus in murine macrophages.
Foods of plant origin, especially fruits and vegetables, draw increased attention because of their potential benefits to human health. The aim of the present study was to determine in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of four different extracts obtained from the fruits of Rubus coreanus (aqueous and ethanol extracts of unripe and ripe fruits). Among the four extracts, the ethanol extract of unripe fruits of R. coreanus (URCE) suppressed nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. We also demonstrated that URCE by itself is a potent inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Inhibition of HO-1 activity by tin protoporphyrin, a specific HO-1 inhibitor, suppressed the URCE-induced reductions in the production of NO and PGE(2) as well as the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Our data suggest that URCE exerts anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages via activation of the HO-1 pathway and helps to elucidate the mechanism underlying the potential therapeutic value of R. coreanus extracts.
Animals↗
A new function of a previously isolated compound that stimulates activation and differentiation of myogenic precursor cells leading to efficient myofiber regeneration and muscle repair.
Muscle repair following severe injury is slow and incomplete due to the limited regenerative capacity of muscles comprising the function. In this study, one pure compound structurally corresponding to triterpenoid, which can directly induce the activation, proliferation and maturation of quiescent satellite cells into myocytes in vitro, was isolated from Geum japonicum. The potential effect of this compound on myogenesis was further tested in repair of severe muscle injury. It was found that this compound could significantly stimulate the regenerative potential of the damaged muscle resulting in regeneration of myotubes and myotube bundles time-dependently replacing the damaged muscle tissues. This compound-mediated active regeneration of new myofibers repairing damaged muscles was probably due to its direct action on activation and proliferation of quiescent myogenic precursor cells and enhancement of their maturation into regenerating myotubes, as was demonstrated in our primary myogenic precursor cells culture experiments. The up-regulated expression of endogenous phospho-Akt1 in compound-treated myogenic precursor cells may also contribute to the process of myofiber regeneration and muscle repair probably via promoting myogenic cell survival capacity.
Animals↗
Enhanced induction of mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells by the Ganoderma lucidum and Duchesnea chrysantha extracts.
Combined treatment with the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum and the herb Duchesnea chrysantha extracts (GDE) causes a synergistic induction of mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in HL-60 cells. GDE treatment is selectively toxic to HL-60 leukemia cells whereas no cytotoxic effect is observed in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. GDE-induced apoptosis is associated with Bcl-2 down-regulation, Bax translocation, mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation, suggesting that apoptosis by this combination occurs through the mitochondria-dependent pathway. The present findings suggest that this combination merits further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer.
Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones↗
Dermatologic problems of older women.
Women are living longer today, composing the majority of persons aged 65 and over. Their dermatologic needs are unique and cross ethnic and cultural lines. With this increased life expectancy comes an increased occurrence of skin disorders. The identification and treatment of these conditions is important for the practicing clinician. This article reviews some of the more common dermatologic disorders of older women, and discusses the latest treatments and issues facing this geriatric population.
Aging↗
Ozone exposure, defoliation of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and visible foliar symptoms on native plants in selected plots of South-Western Europe.
The relationships between crown defoliation of beech, visible foliar symptoms on native vegetation and ozone exposure were investigated on permanent monitoring sites in South-Western Europe in the years 2000-2002. Relationships between defoliation of beech and O3 (seasonal mean, 2-week maximum, AOT40) were investigated by means of multiple regression models (11 plots, 1-3 years of data each) and a model based on temporal autocorrelation of defoliation data (14 plots, 1-3 years of data each). Different multiple regression techniques were used. The four models generated (R2=0.71-0.85, explained variance in cross-validation 61-78%) identified several significant predictors of defoliation, with AOT40 (p=0.008) and foliar content of phosphorous (p=0.0002-0.0004) being common to all models. The autocorrelation model (R2=0.55; p<0.0001) was used to calculate expected defoliation on the basis of the previous year's defoliation, and model predictions were used as an estimate of expected defoliation under constant site and environmental condition. Residuals (predicted-measured) plotted against current AOT40 shows that a possible effect of ozone occurs only at very high AOT40 (>35,000 ppbh). O3-like visible foliar symptoms were recorded on 65 species at 47% of the common monitoring sites in 2001 and 38% in 2002. No relationship was found between O3 exposure, frequency of symptomatic sites and frequency of species with symptoms (R2=0.11; p>0.05). A number of questions related to the ecological and methodological basis of the survey were identified. Inherent sampling and non-sampling errors and multicollinearity of the data suggest great caution when examining results obtained from mensurational, correlative studies.
Ecosystem↗
Molecular genetics of Erwinia amylovora involved in the development of fire blight.
The bacterial plant pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, causes the devastating disease known as fire blight in some Rosaceous plants like apple, pear, quince, raspberry and several ornamentals. Knowledge of the factors affecting the development of fire blight has mushroomed in the last quarter century. On the molecular level, genes encoding a Hrp type III secretion system, genes encoding enzymes involved in synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides and genes facilitating the growth of E. amylovora in its host plants have been characterized. The Hrp pathogenicity island, delimited by genes suggesting horizontal gene transfer, is composed of four distinct regions, the hrp/hrc region, the HEE (Hrp effectors and elicitors) region, the HAE (Hrp-associated enzymes) region, and the IT (Island transfer) region. The Hrp pathogenicity island encodes a Hrp type III secretion system (TTSS), which delivers several proteins from bacteria to plant apoplasts or cytoplasm. E. amylovora produces two exopolysaccharides, amylovoran and levan, which cause the characteristic fire blight wilting symptom in host plants. In addition, other genes, and their encoded proteins, have been characterized as virulence factors of E. amylovora that encode enzymes facilitating sorbitol metabolism, proteolytic activity and iron harvesting. This review summarizes our understanding of the genes and gene products of E. amylovora that are involved in the development of the fire blight disease.
Bacterial Proteins↗
Antimicrobial activity of Rubus chamaemorus leaves.
The antibacterial activity of Rubus chamaemorus leaf butanolic fraction of the methanol extract and ellagic acid was evaluated against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Antimycotic activity was assayed against Candida albicans. MICs and MBCs were determined by broth dilution test and by disc diffusion method.
Anti-Infective Agents↗
Antiinflammatory activity of the pectic polysaccharide from Comarum palustre.
A pectic polysaccharide named comaruman (CP) was extracted from the aerial part of Comarum palustre with 0.7% aqueous ammonium oxalate and subsequent precipitation with ethanol. Oral administration of comaruman (5-100 mg/kg) was found to reduce a paw edema observed 24 h after injection of 2% formalin in mice. A fraction of comaruman (CP-H9) exhibited a similar antiinflammatory activity. Comaruman, CP deprived of lipid, CP purified by proteins and CP fractions obtained with acidic hydrolysis inhibit spontaneous and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-activated adhesion of peritoneal leukocytes in vitro.
Animals↗
Radical scavenging activity and composition of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) leaves from different locations in Lithuania.
Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) leaves, collected in different locations of Lithuania were extracted with ethanol and the extracts were tested for their antioxidant activity (AA) by using ABTS(.)(+) decolourisation and DPPH(.) scavenging methods. All extracts were active, with radical scavenging capacity at the used concentrations from 20.5 to 82.5% in DPPH(.) reaction system and from 8.0 to 42.7% in ABTS(.)(+) reaction. The total amount of phenolic compounds in the leaves varied from 4.8 to 12.0 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in 1 g of plant extract. Quercetin glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-glucoside and rutin were identified in the extracts.
Benzothiazoles↗
"Acne biofilms," temperature, and microenvironments.
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Acne Vulgaris↗
Rosaceiform eruption to pimecrolimus.
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Adult↗
Morbidity of over-the-counter topical steroids.
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Administration, Topical↗
Influence of aqueous extract from Neurada procumbens L. on blood pressure of rats.
Neurada procumbens is a desert plant in the Arabian Peninsula. It has been considered edible by Bedouin and has been used traditionally as a medicinal herb. During a screening test of Arabian plants, the aqueous extract of Neurada procumbens increased the blood pressure of anaesthetized normotensive rats when it was administered orally. Further studies proved it elevated the blood pressure of conscious SHR, and produced vasoconstriction on the aortic strips of rats in vitro, which was reduced partially by phentolamine. This study demonstrates that the aqueous extract of the plant has an effect of increasing blood pressure that might be mediated through alpha-adrenergic receptors. Though more investigations are needed to prove its effect in humans, the present study warns that Neurada procumbens might not be so safe as it has been considered, and people, especially those with cardiovascular diseases, should be careful when they use the plant.
Animals↗
Antigiardial activity of methanolic extracts from Helianthemum glomeratum Lag. and Rubus coriifolius Focke in suckling mice CD-1.
The antigiardial activity of crude methanolic extracts from Helianthemum glomeratum and Rubus coriifolius, plants used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, were demonstrated using experimental infections of Giardia lamblia in suckling female CD-1 mice. In vivo antigiardial activity was studied to determine the dose required to kill 50% of the trophozoites (ED50). Five single-doses between 1.25 and 20 mg extract/kg body weight were tested. Drugs metronidazole and emetine were used as reference. The ED50 (mg/kg) obtained for the extracts and drugs used as reference was 0.125 for Helianthemum glomeratum, 0.506 for Rubus coriifolius, 0.194 for metronidazole and 0.167 for emetine. Both methanolic extracts showed antigiardial activity, the extract of Helianthemum glomeratum was more active than Rubus coriifolius, and its activity is comparable to metronidazole and emetine. Our results hold the perspective for the utilization of the extracts of these plants as an option to develop of novel antigiardial phytodrugs.
Animals↗
Mitochondrial involvement in Atuna racemosa induced toxicity.
Our group has developed a system to extract information regarding potential novel pharmaceuticals from historic herbal texts. We have shown that one of the plants identified through this technique has the purported antibacterial properties suggested by the text. Here, the toxicity of this antibacterial extract was examined. Using a Jurkat cell model, a therapeutic window between the minimal inhibitory concentration for Gram-positive bacteria and the dose-dependent toxicity of the Atuna racemosa extract was established. Using cells with a mutated caspase 8, it was shown that the toxicity does not involve caspase 8. However, by transmission electron microscopy and a potentiometric dye, the toxicity was shown to involve the mitochondria. This toxicity also resulted in DNA cleavage and activation of caspase 3. This work suggests that the extract, originally reported as an antimicrobial therapeutic in a 400-year-old Dutch herbal text, may maintain a therapeutic window as an antibiotic. Furthermore, this work shows toxicity would occur in a mitochondrial dependent fashion.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Uptake of sodium in quince, sugar beet, and wheat protoplasts determined by the fluorescent sodium-binding dye benzofuran isophthalate.
The uptake of sodium into protoplasts of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill, clone BA29), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Monohill), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Kadett) was determined by use of the acetoxy methyl ester of the fluorescent sodium-binding benzofuran isopthalate (SBFI-AM). In the presence of 1 mM CaCl2, little sodium was taken up in the cytosol of quince mesophyll cells compared to cytosols of sugar beet and wheat. Upon addition of 40 mM NaCl, approximately the same amount of sodium was taken up in leaf and root protoplasts of wheat, but no sodium was taken up in quince. However, in calcium-free medium, obtained by addition of ethylene glycol tetra acetic acid (EGTA), quince protoplasts transiently took up sodium in the cytosol when 200-400 mM NaCl was added to the protoplast medium. Moreover, after cultivation of quince in the presence of 200 mM sodium for 4 weeks, the cytosol of isolated protoplasts did not take up any sodium at all from a calcium-free medium. The results show that protoplasts from salt tolerant quince only temporarily take up sodium in the cytosol and that they have a mechanism for fast extrusion of sodium from that compartment. These mechanisms are probably important for the high salt tolerance of quince. Calcium blocks the sodium uptake into the cytosol of both quince and wheat protoplasts.
Benzofurans↗
Genetic diversity in the blackberry rust pathogen, Phragmidium violaceum, in Europe and Australasia as revealed by analysis of SAMPL.
Indigenous to Europe, the blackberry rust fungus Phragmidium violaceum was introduced to Australia and subsequently appeared in New Zealand, with the most recent authorised introductions to Australia specifically for the biological control of European blackberry. Markers for 'selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci' (SAMPL) were developed for studying the population genetics of P. violaceum. Modification of one of the two SAMPL primers with a HaeIII adapter (H) revealed significantly greater levels of genetic variation than primers used to generate AFLPs, the latter revealing little or no variation among 25 Australasian and 19 European isolates of P. violaceum. SAMPL was used to describe genetic variation among these 44 isolates of P. violaceum from 51 loci generated using primer pairs (GACA)4 +H-G and R1+H-G. The European isolates were more diverse than Australasian isolates, with 37 and 22 % polymorphic loci, respectively. Cluster analysis revealed geographic clades, with Australasian isolates forming one cluster separated from two clusters comprising the European isolates. However, low bootstrap support at these clades suggested that Australian isolates had not differentiated significantly from European isolates since the first record of P. violaceum in Australia in 1984. In general, the results support two hypotheses. First, that the population of P. violaceum in Australia was founded from a subset of individuals originating from Europe. Second, that P. violaceum in New Zealand originated from the Australian population of P. violaceum, probably by wind dispersal of urediniospores across the Tasman Sea. The application of SAMPL markers to the current biological control programme for European blackberry is discussed.
Australasia↗