Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,657 records · Page 92Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Ophidian envenomations and emergencies in Sub-Saharan Africa].

In West Africa, the ophidian envenomations constitute a frequent medico-surgical emergency that has been identified both by health officers and the patients themselves or their circles. Yet, their management is highly insufficient. The impact of this event is extremely underestimated. A compilation of recent studies has allowed the assessement of the annual number of snakebites at more than one million among which 500,000 envenomations. There would be about 20,000 deaths each year among which only a small part is reported by the national health departments. The circumstances and context of the accidents do not favor a care management of these cases. The bites often occur in remote countryside, far from dispensaries and even more from hospitals. The consultation delays are very important, between 4 and 48 hours. In addition, the patients are often reluctant to choose the therapeutic course: 50 to 90% of them are willing to consult a traditional practitioner first. The clinical table, in theory relatively simple, is not correctly analyzed by health officers: the respiratory distress after a cobra envenomation is only treated exceptionally by an artificial respiration although life-saving and haemorrhagic syndromes are only diagnosed after the haemorrhages externalisation. The treatment is ill-codified and still remains unknown by most of health officers. The antivenom, which is the only efficient etiologic treatment, is not available. Less than 1% of the needs are now covered and the treatment cost corresponds to several months of a farmer family's income. Three important issues prevail now in West Africa:--A more precise epidemiological evaluation of the envenomation accidents would help to identify the needs;--A better availability of drugs and particularly of antivenom would significantly reduce the mortality;--An appropriate training of health staff, particularly those working in peripheral health centres, would lead to the development of intensive cares. Thus, it is expected to reduce by 90% the mortality rate in the next ten years.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1991

[Adaptation to short-term acute hypoxia as a factor in enhancing resistance].

The responses of cortical neurons to multiple short-term hypoxic influences were studied in immobilised cats. ARs were recorded. To produce hypoxia, artificial respiration was switched off for a period of 3-5 min every 60-90 min. Cortical neurons, hypothalamus, cerebellum were shown to increase their tolerance to oxygen deficiency. There was a significant (P = 0.05) increase in the duration of background impulse activity at the 2nd and 3rd exposures to hypoxia. Metabolic rearrangements maintaining neuron electrogenesis, seem to be of great importance in this process.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

[Life-threatening serotonin syndrome following a single dose of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor during maintenance therapy with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor].

A 72-year-old man presented to the emergency clinic with motor restlessness and diminished consciousness 24 hours after he had mistakenly been given venlafaxine. He was referred from the psychiatric clinic where he was treated with tranylcypromine. Shortly after arrival, a severe serotonin syndrome developed with generalised myoclonic seizures, hyperreflexia, hypertonia, a rapid increase in temperature to 40.9 degrees C, hypertension, tachycardia, respiratory insufficiency, hyperkalaemia and metabolic acidosis. The patient was treated with the sedative propofol and the muscle relaxant rocuronium, followed by intubation and artificial respiration. He was cooled on a cooling mattress. Twenty-four hours later the airway tube could be removed and after 48 hours he was returned to the psychiatric ward in good condition. Tranylcypromine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and venlafaxine is a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. When two serotoninergic agents are combined, the serotonin syndrome may develop, and this may be life-threatening. The treatment of this syndrome with propofol and rocuronium can be given quickly and safely in practically every hospital.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

[Transplantation of the heart-lung complex (the first clinical experience)].

The article deals with experience in the first transplantation of a heart-lung complex in the USSR. The recipient was a 34-year-old male with dilation cardiomyopathy. It was decided to perform the transplantation because the terminal stage of cardiac failure and secondary pulmonary hypertension developed (cardiac index 1.3 l/m, pressure in pulmonary artery 80/50 mm Hg, resistance of pulmonary vessels 10.4 units after Wood). The heart and lung were transplanted from a 19-year-old male who died from a craniocerebral injury. Cyclosporine, metipred , imuran, dopamine in small doses, cardiotonics, and antibiotics were given in the postoperative period; the patient was kept on artificial respiration for 48 hours. For up to 10 days the patient's condition was relatively stable and his consciousness was clear. Bilateral pneumonia developed, however, from which he died on the 12th postoperative day. The article discusses organizational problems and some questions of immunosuppressive therapy, immunological monitoring, and the management of patients after transplantation of a heart-lung complex.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Technical note: removal of the unfragmented pituitary gland (hypophysectomy) in the rat.

A technique to excise the pituitary gland (hypophysis) in rats is described. The basisphenoid bone is reached from the ventral neck and is perforated to expose the pituitary gland and its stalk. An aspirator allows the removal of the hypophysis and the stalk, including pars tuberalis, in one piece. The advantages of this new technique include: 1) immediate verification of the entirety of hypophysectomy; 2) broad operating field which exposes the pituitary stalk up to the hypothalamus; 3) the use of tracheal intubation and artificial respiration to improve postoperative recovery and to allow expanded operation field even during prolonged surgery. Pre- and postoperative care are described. The mean survival rate after this type of operation was 79% in rats weighing 50 to 130 g and 90% in rats larger than 130 g.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Influence of total body hyperthermia on normal brain tissue].

The influence of total body hyperthermia (TBHT) on normal brain tissue was studied in 40 dogs. The dogs were anesthetized with sodium thiopental (10 mg/kg/hr) intravenously, and were ventilated by artificial respirator. The TBHT was induced by extracorporeal circuit in cooperating a heat exchanger. Rectal temperature was raised to 41.5 degrees C and maintained at 41. 5 -42.0 degrees C for 2 hr (HT period) and was then fallen to normothermia by cooling, Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by hydrogen clearance method before heating, during and after TBHT treatment. Brain temperature, rectal temperature, intracranial pressure (ICP), brain tissue pH and electroencephalography (EEG) were monitored continuously during TBHT. Histopathological changes of the brain tissue were studied in dogs killed just after TBHT and 2 weeks after TBHT. Autoregulation of the CBF during HT period was assessed by measuring the regional CBF and the ICP at a state of induced hypo- or hypertension. The brain temperature (at the depth of 5mm under the brain surface) was usually 0.6 degrees C lower than the rectal temperature during HT period. The regional CBF increased from 38.1 +/- 6.5 (mean +/- SD) to 49.1 +/- 9.8ml/100 g/min by raising rectal temperature, and it recovered to a normal value after cooling. The ICP increased from 10.3 +/- 4.2 to 16.8 +/- 3.4 mmHg by raising rectal temperature, and it returned to a normal value after cooling. Brain tissue pH decreased from 7.33 +/- 0.02 to 7.17 +/- 0.09 rapidly when the rectal temperature reached 41.0 degrees C, and then returned to a normal value gradually after the start of cooling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Selective cerebral hypothermia following cardiac arrest in the cat].

The aim of the present study was to introduce a new method of external selective brain cooling in cats. By means of this device, which mainly consisted of a head-sized, closely fitting copper basin, it was possible to reduce brain temperature rapidly. The resultant difference between core and cerebral temperatures amounted to mean values of about 10 degrees C after a 20-min cooling period. Ventricular fibrillation lasting for 15 min was induced in 23 healthy adult cats by internal cardiac electrical overpacing and followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). In several animals (n = 8) CPR efforts failed completely or they died without any indication of sufficient spontaneous circulation. In the initial postischemic period the remaining animals stayed normothermic and served as controls (n = 7) or received external brain cooling (n = 8), which was started simultaneously with CPR and continued for 30 min. During a survival time of 4 h cardiocirculatory function was stabilized pharmacologically and artificial respiration was performed, followed by transcardiac perfusion fixation. After removal from the skull, the brains were processed for histopathological evaluation of ischemic neuronal damage by light microscopy and morphometry. The clinical data obtained indicate that the described method provides a means for efficient heat exchange from within the intracranial space. Rapid, selective brain cooling could be achieved without any critical reduction of the core temperature and therefore, cardiac arrhythmias, a usual consequence of generalized hypothermia, could be avoided. The histopathological evaluation of ischemic neuronal damage showed a significantly higher percentage of unaffected cells in some areas of the cerebral cortex in animals treated with postischemic cerebral hypothermia than in the controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Drug effects on myocardial ischemia- and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in anesthetized rats.

The effects of drugs on ischemia and reperfusion-induced arrhythmias were studied in vivo in anesthetized rats. The chest was opened under artificial respiration and the heart was exposed. The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded, followed by reperfusion for 10 min each. The drugs (mannitol 10-50 mg/kg, aspirin 0.25-5 mg/kg, verapamil 5-50 micrograms/kg and propranolol 1 mg/kg iv) were tested in the vagotomized animals. The test agent was dissolved in saline and 0.5 ml infused 15 min before the coronary occlusion. The results indicated that mannitol and aspirin reduced the incidence and duration of arrhythmias (ventricular premature contraction, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation) during ischemia and reperfusion, while verapamil and propranolol reduced the incidence of arrhythmias during ischemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Lung injuries: diagnosis and surgical strategy].

Between 50 to 60% of all polytraumatized patients have a thoracic injury with a mortality of 30 to 60%. The first diagnostic steps involving symptoms such as in- or expiratory pain, emphysema of the skin, flail chest or sipping noise lead via clinical examination to first and often definitive therapeutic procedures, i.e. intubation, artificial respiration and insertion of chest tube. X-ray of the chest, computed tomography as well as ultrasonic screening and monitoring of arterial blood gases are important in in-door technical diagnosis. The decision for emergency room thoracotomy or a regular or delayed operation has to be made at times. Complications (20%) to consider are pneumo- and haematothorax, pleural rind, pneumonia, broncho-pleural fistula and most of all pleural empyema.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1977

[Studies on the mechanism of action of clonidine (author's transl)].

The effects of 3.7-120 microgram 2-(2,6-dichloro-anilino)-2-imidazoline (clonidine, Catapresan)/kg i.v. on the arterial blood pressure and the central nervous activities of sympathetic and phrenic nerves were studied in 42 anaesthetized cats which had been relaxed and artificially respirated. At the dosage 3.7-30 microgram/kg clonidine produced a moderate fall of blood pressure and a more distinct sympathetic inhibitory effect. At a dosage of 60-120 microgram/kg an increase of the hypotensive action was not observed whereas the central nervous inhibition increased with the dosage. The activity of the respiratory centre remained constant. The pressor effects as well as the sympathetic stimulation effects of nicotine, nicetamide or asphyxia were reduced by the treatment with clonidine. At a dosage of 3.7-30 microgram clonidine/kg, i.e. including the 6fold therapeutic dosage, the inhibition of the evoked sympathetic activity was, however, considerably weaker than the inhibition of the sympathetic activity at rest. Therefore clonidine at a therapeutic dosage probably causes an activation of the central part of the pressor-receptor reflexes and as a result a decrease of the central sympathetic activity and the moderate fall in blood pressure. At a higher dosage the absence of increasing hypotensive effect in spite of increasing sympathetic inhibition is probably caused by a stimulation of peripheral postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Acute dyspnea, cough, headache].

Six hours after work in an empty, non-ventilated silo a 27-year-old Yugoslav worker suffered acutely from cough, dyspnea and general weakness. He was admitted to the hospital with severe partial respiratory insufficiency, and after emergency intubation artificial respiration had to be installed. X-ray showed a severe symmetrical alveolo-interstitial opacity. The heart configuration was normal. History revealed that the neighbouring silo had been filled with green corn the day before. Both silos were connected by a common drain-wall. Furthermore, a yellowish discolouration of the new paint in the empty silo was noted. Based on these facts silo-filler's disease was diagnosed. The patient recovered rapidly under high doses of steroids. Lung function was normalized within nine days, and the patient was released from the hospital. Steroid therapy was continued for six weeks.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Aorto-esophageal fistula in arteria lusoria].

A 29 year old patient with artificial respiration because of a severe trauma was fed by tube. 23 days after his admission to a hospital an uncontrollable bleeding arised out of the oesophagus. The autopsy revealed an aortic-oesophageal fistula, caused by the feeding tube, which owing to the (unrecognised) arteria lusoria had lead to a pressure sore of the oesophagus.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Acute poisoning. Apropos of 1200 cases].

The team studied 1 200 cases of acute intoxications both accidental and self inflicted, self inflicted poisonings are much more frequent than accidental ones and in general occur more often amongst the young and by women; the median age is about thirty. Barbituric are often the means. There is a progressive increase in the use of tranquilizers and of thymo-analeptics as their use becomes greater. A mixture of poisons increases the dangers because this frequently results in more rapid loss of consciousness; also more than one poison increases the risk of shock and of thermo-regulation, respiratory problems necessitate intubation and artificial respiration which both increase the risk of assification. The characteristics of certain poisons are stressed and in particular the thymo-analeptics; also the supervision of the patients in an intensive care unit.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1990

Historical perspectives on anesthetic-related cardiac arrest and resuscitation.

Contemporary interest in resuscitation was historically related to anesthetic death. Primitive techniques of anesthetic administration, loss of airway control, and psychologically influenced sudden death contributed to unanticipated respiratory and cardiac arrest. Airway obstruction has remained the principal factor in asphyxial death, necessitating crucial preservation of respiratory function during induction of anesthesia. Early, disorganized overdose and arrest interventions included: application of cold water, manual artificial respiration, heat, friction and galvanic battery application. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, after years of research and experimentation became an integrated plan of attack: mouth-to-mouth ventilation and maneuvers eliminating pharyngeal obstruction were proven effective; internal and external cardiac massage was incorporated and definitive drug therapy began with epinephrine, strychnine, caffeine, carbon dioxide, amyl nitrate, coramine, metrazol and procaine. Defibrillation proved electricity converted ventricular fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm. Significant lethality still occurs from anesthetic-induced cardiac arrest, despite technological advances. Causes of operating room cardiac arrests are numerous and include sudden death syndrome. Constant vigilance distinguishes variable patient response. Immediate recognition and coordinated intervention assures success.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Maximal turnover rates of glycolysis enzymes and of the citrate cycle of separated granulocytes in the postoperative period].

The human granulocyte is easy to obtain and shows a nearly complete enzymatic equipment. It therefore represents an interesting model for in-vitro studies of metabolic disorders under various clinical conditions. In the presented study, the activities of several enzymes of glycolysis and citric cycle are measured in granulocytes separated from surgical patients (n = 10). Blood samples of 20 to 40 ml were drawn 6.5 +/- 4.8 hours after termination of surgical procedure. All patients were artificially respirated and nourished intravenously according to the results of indirect calorimetry. Hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) were measured photometrically in the cell homogenate. The values were compared to those determined in a group of healthy, not-anesthetized persons, nourished and studied identically (n = 12). In granulocytes separated from patients following major surgery we found increased activities of HK (29.8 vs. 24.1 mU/mg protein in controls), LDH (2,484 vs. 1,868 mU/mg protein, p less than 0.01) and IDH (41.5 vs. 35 mU/mg protein, p less than 0.05), and a reduced activity of PK (1,623 vs. 2,265 mU/mg protein, p less than 0.01). Assuming that the alterations in enzyme activities of isolated granulocytes reflect metabolic alterations of the whole organism to a certain extent, the results can be interpreted as a decreased induction of PK by insulin, an increase of lactate recycling via Cori cycle (LDH), and a stimulated substrate flux in citric cycle (IDH). The separated human granulocyte is recommended as a model of posttraumatic metabolic disorders. It should be taken into consideration for studies leading to further improvement of nutrition during posttraumatic glucose mal-utilization.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Studies of antidote therapy for nisoldipine intoxication in experimental animals.

In anesthetized rats under artificial respiration, intravenous infusion of nisoldipine (0.1 mg/kg x min) caused significant decreases in blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output and peripheral resistance. The animals died 54.7 +/- 11.1 min after initiation of the infusion. The electrocardiogram showed sinus bradycardia, increasing AV blockade and displacement of the pacemaker into the AV node or the bundle of His. Survival time under nisoldipine infusion increased more than two-fold with simultaneous infusion of calcium gluconate, isoprenaline (isoproterenol) or dopamine. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) had no significant effect on survival time; the latter decreased to 19.4 +/- 1.6 min by plasma volume expansion with polygeline. All antidotes prolonging survival time also normalized the cardiac output diminished after nisoldipine. Electrocardiographic changes were antagonized only by isoprenaline. Suitable antidotes for intoxication or over-dosage of nisoldipine are calcium salts as well as beta-sympathomimetic drugs; sheer volume substitution and peripheral vascular constriction should not be resorted to.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Antioxidant status after surgical stress].

Trauma and anaesthetics are responsible for local and general change in the organism. The characteristic changes in metabolism are caused by hormones. In addition, the increased glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, proteolysis and lipolysis are characteristic of this catabolic metabolism. Three groups (injured patients, patients with pulmonary disease, multiple trauma patients) showed an elevated lipid peroxidation as indicated by increased formation of TBA-reactive substances in the post-trauma or after surgery phase. The production of free radicals is supported by several stress factors. In this connection, the state of metabolism of the patients, several anaesthetics and the artificial respiration is very important. Enzymatic protecting systems (SOD, GSH-Px, Catalase) react to oxidative stress by positive adaptation. The non-enzymatic antioxidative systems (tocopherol, ascorbic acid, selen) are diminished, indicating an increased requirement.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1975

[Cardiopulmonary effects after i.v. administration of maprotiline in the dog].

The cardiopulmonary effects of the antidepressive agent maprotiline were investigated in the dog. In ventilation experiments on dogs anaesthetized with chloralose, respiratory minute volume decreased by 5-10% shortly after intravenous injection of 1 and 3 mg/kg; acid-base-balance variables remained unchanged. After an intravenous dose of 10 mg/kg ineffective hyperventilation was observed, associated with a transient decrease of P-O2 and a slight increase in P-CO2 in the arterial blood. In cardiac-catheterization experiments on dogs anaesthetized with chloralose and morphine and receiving artificial respiration, an intravenous dose of 3 mg/kg maprotiline had no appreciable effect on the cardiovascular system, apart from a transient and slight, but statistically significant increase in pulmonary capillary pressure immediately after the injection. Anaesthesia was slightly deeper and more prolonged after the intravenous administration of maprotiline.

Animals↗