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PubMed1982

Dietary fibre, bacterial metabolism and toxicity of nitrate in the rat.

1. A semi-synthetic diet, the semi-synthetic diet plus pectin, and a stock diet were fed to rats, and three metabolic functions of the caecal bacteria (reduction of amaranth, p-nitrobenzoic acid and nitrate) were measured in vitro. 2. No consistent differences were noted between diets for the reduction of amaranth and p-nitrobenzoic acid. 3. No consistent differences in nitrate reductase activity were noted for rats maintained on a stock diet or a fibre-free diet. However, the addition of 5% pectin to the latter diet resulted in a several-fold increase in nitrite production. 4. This increased nitrite production in vitro was associated with methaemoglobinaemia following the oral administration of nitrate to rats fed the diet containing pectin. Animals receiving the basal fibre-free diet were unaffected by nitrate.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effects of supplementing concentrates differing in carbohydrate composition in veal calf diets: II. Rumen development.

The objective of this experiment was to examine the effects of concentrates in feed, differing in carbohydrate source, on the rumen development of veal calves. For this purpose, 160 male Holstein Friesian x Dutch Friesian crossbred calves were used in a complete randomized block design with a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement. Dietary treatments consisted of 1) a milk replacer control, 2) a pectin-based concentrate, 3) a neutral detergent fiber-based concentrate, 4) a starch-based concentrate, and 5) a mixed concentrate (equal amounts of the concentrates in treatments 2, 3, and 4). Concentrate diets were provided as pellets in addition to a commercial milk replacer. Calves were euthanized at either 8 or 12 wk of age. Plasma acetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) were measured as indicators of rumen development. Empty rumen weight was determined, and wall samples were taken at slaughter. In most calves, a poorly developed rumen mucosa was observed. Coalescing rumen papillae with embedded hair, feed particles, and cell debris were found in all calves fed the concentrate diets. Calves fed concentrates had significantly heavier rumens than calves fed the control diet. In the dorsal location of the rumen, calves fed concentrate diets showed an increased ratio of mucosa to serosa length compared with calves fed the control diet, whereas in the ventral location only, calves fed the pectin and mixed diets showed larger ratios of mucosa to serosa length. Mucosa thickness and muscle thickness were greater in the ventral and dorsal locations of the rumen, respectively. In both locations, the NDF diet resulted numerically in the lowest mucosa thickness and highest muscle thickness among the concentrate treatments. At 8 wk, calves fed the concentrate diets had higher plasma acetate concentrations than calves on the control treatment. However, at 12 wk, only NDF-fed calves showed significantly higher plasma acetate concentrations. The plasma BHBA concentrations of calves at 8 wk of age fed the pectin and mixed diets were higher than those of the control diet-fed calves. At 12 wk, no differences in BHBA concentrations were observed among treatments. Results of a principal component analysis indicated that, in addition to rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations, other factors were likely to affect rumen development, and that the relationships between rumen development and individual types of volatile fatty acids present in the rumen liquor were similar. Also, variations in rumen development coincided with variations in plasma acetate and BHBA concentrations.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1984

Dietary fibers and supplementary iron in a milk replacer for veal calves.

Thirty 1-wk-old male Holstein calves were allotted randomly to six groups into a 3 X 2 factorial design. The control diet was skim milk, whey, tallow, vitamins, and minerals. Either Alpha-Floc or pectin was added at 5% dry matter. Supplementary iron was added at 30 and 50 ppm (dry basis). The six diets were fed for 14 wk. Calves without supplementary iron were mildly anemic at 6 wk and severely at 14 wk (7 and 5 g/dl hemoglobin). At 14 wk, both fibers had decreased blood hemoglobin in calves given supplementary iron. Feed refusal began at 8 wk with the appearance of anemia for calves unsupplemented with iron, but both Alpha-Floc and pectin decreased feed refusal. Supplementary iron practically eliminated feed refusal. Supplementary iron improved average daily gain and feed conversion, but dietary fibers had no effect. Adding Alpha-Floc and pectin to the diets reduced frequency of diarrheic feces. Mean carcass weight of calves fed supplementary iron was 11.6% higher than that of unsupplemented calves. Supplementary iron decreased liver lipids and increased glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity in blood plasma.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of macromolecular growth substrates on production of extracellular enzymes by Bacillus species in continuous culture.

Bacillus species 11089 and alkalophilic Bacillus species 11203 were both capable of growth in continuous culture on macromolecular substrates, starch, soybean flour, casein, pectin, polypectate, polygalacturonate and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) when these were used as the carbon-energy source in a mineral salts basal medium. High maximum specific growth rate (micronmax) and biomass values occurred when cells were grown on starch, soybean flour and casein, and low values on pectin, polypectate, polygalacturonic acid and CMC. Hydrolytic enzymes (protease, amylase, polygalacturonate lyase and alkaline phosphatase) were subject to regulation (induction and/or repression) depending on the nature of the growth substrate utilized. In general, high levels of enzymes were produced on soybean flour, casein and starch but low levels on CMC, pectin, polypectate and polygalacturonate.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2000

Soluble polysaccharide and biomass of red microalga Porphyridium sp. alter intestinal morphology and reduce serum cholesterol in rats.

The present study investigated the effects of the red microalga Porphyridium sp. on gastrointestinal physiology and lipid metabolism in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Diets containing dietary fibre from pelleted red microalgal cells (biomass) or their sulfated polysaccharide, pectin or cellulose (control) were fed to rats for a period of 30 d. All three fibre-supplemented diets increased the length of both the small intestine and colon, with a significantly greater effect in rats fed the algal polysaccharide. The polysaccharide also increased mucosa and muscularis cross-sectional area of the jejunum, and caused hypertrophy in the muscularis layer. The algal biomass significantly lowered gastrointestinal transit time by 44% in comparison with the control rats. Serum and mucosal cholecystokinin levels were lower in rats on the pectin and polysaccharide diets, while cholecystokinin levels in rats fed algal biomass were not different from those in the control animals. In comparison with the control diet, all the experimental diets significantly lowered serum cholesterol levels (22-29%). Feeding of non-fermentable algal polysaccharide or biomass significantly increased faecal weight and bile acid excretion compared with pectin-fed or control rats. The algal polysaccharide and biomass were thus shown to be potent hypocholesterolaemic agents active at low concentrations in the diet. Both metabolic and morphological changes were observed following consumption of algae, suggesting several possible mechanisms by which the alga affects lipid metabolism. The results presented in the present study encourage the use of red microalga as a functional food.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Formation of an extracellular system of enzymes during growth of Geotrichum candidum 3C on cell walls isolated from cereal grain capsules].

The activities of extracellular systems of hemicellulases, pectinases, and cellulases was studied during a 72-h cultivation of Geotrichum candidum 3C. The culture was grown on a medium containing 3% cell walls isolated from wheat grain capsules, which served as the sole carbon source. Enzymes catalyzing the degradation of pectin substances (beet pectin, alpha-L-arabinan, and 1,4-beta-D-galactan), as well as beta-D-galactosidase and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase involved in their hydrolysis, were formed first (4 h after the beginning of cultivation). Enzymes hydrolyzing 4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucurono-beta-D-xylan and sodium carboxymethyl xylan were also found in the culture liquid after 4 h of fungal growth. The contents of pectin-degrading and xylanolytic enzymes reached their maximum levels after 52-56 and 72 h of growth, respectively. Cellulolytic enzymes were detected after 8-28 h of cultivation. Enzymes degrading alpha-D-galacto-beta-D-mannan were found 24 h after the beginning of growth; their content was maximum after 72 h of cultivation.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed2002

Degradation of cell wall materials from sweetpotato, cassava, and potato by a bacterial protopectinase and terminal sugar analysis of the resulting solubilized products.

Cell wall materials (CWMs) from sweetpotato, cassava, and potato starch residues were degraded using a crude enzyme solution from the culture filtrate of a Bacillus sp. isolated from soil, Bacillus sp. M4. This organism has been found to secrete polygalacturonic acid lyase (PGL) and glycan depolymerase activities, especially arabinanase, but cellulase activity was nearly absent. Sugar analysis of the solubilized product after enzyme treatment at pH 7.0 revealed that it is mainly composed of galacturonic acid, galactose, and arabinose, the sugars found commonly in the pectin fraction. This suggested the presence of a protopectinase (PPase) activity in the culture filtrate. The presence of EDTA completely inhibited PGL but PPase activity was almost retained, suggesting that the PGL is not the primary activity responsible for pectin solubilization. The mode of action of the crude enzyme was determined by terminal sugar analysis using HPAEC-PAD after hydrolysis of the reduced products. Results revealed that galactose is the main neutral sugar at the reducing terminal of the products, although rhamnose was also present in the higher molecular weight component. This suggested that at neutral pH, the primary activity in the culture filtrate of Bacillus sp. M4 is a B-type PPase, which attacked the galactan as well as rhamnogalacturonan moieties of the protopectin, resulting in the release of a soluble pectin fraction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Changes in cell wall polysaccharide of harvested peach fruit during storage.

Changes in cell wall structure, decrease in tissue firmness and ethylene production in honey peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, cv. 'Yuhuasanhao'] were investigated after various storage at 5 degrees C and at 20 degrees C. The results showed that during storage, the peak of ethylene production lagged significantly behind the rapid softening of peach fruit, which means that it is not ethylene causes the softening of peach fruit. The structural and compositional changes of cell wall of fruits stored at 5 degrees C and at 20 degrees C suggested that low temperature storage inhibited the changes in pectins and cell wall materials (CWM)-residue fraction and delayed the softening of peach fruit. Ruptures of the pectic main chains rich in galacturonic acid occurred. Loss of arabinose and galactose was detected both in pectins and CWM-residue. These results suggested that softening of harvested peach fruit involved the solubilization and degradation of side chains of pectin and CWM-residue fraction, which were probably due to the increased activities of cell wall polysaccharide-related enzymes. However, the loss of neutral sugars in hemicellulosic polysaccharides was not correlated with fruit softening.

Cell Wall↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The importance of food and drug plant factors in the combined treatment of patients with type-II diabetes mellitus].

A study was made of the effect of natural (vegetable dish) and refined (food methylcellulose--MC-100 and citrus pectin) vegetable fibers and Arfazetin (antidiabetic species, USSR) on the level of glucose, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), C-peptide, glucagon and gastrin in the blood of 41 patients with type II diabetes mellitus. These parameters were investigated on an empty stomach, 1, 2 and 4 h after breakfast I with a standard set of foodstuffs and minimum content of nutritive fibers. Similar investigations were conducted after intake of the same breakfast I in combination with various vegetable components. All the vegetable factors under study were shown to contribute to a decrease in a value of a glycemic rise noted after food intake. A vegetable dish and Arfazetin equally caused a significant rise of IRI secretion and C-peptide 60-90 min. after breakfast. MC-100 and particularly pectin decreased IRI and C-peptide secretion. There was a significant rise of gastrin secretion 1, 2 and 4 h when pectin was added to breakfast. When Arfazetin, a vegetable dish and MC-100 were added to breakfast I, a tendency to a rise of serum gastrin was observed 1 h after breakfast. The level of IRG during investigations with vegetable components did not differ from the results of investigations without these components.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Dietary fiber decreases cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis in rat intestine.

The effects of fiber ingestion on the incorporation of oleic acid into triglyceride and lecithin, acetate incorporation into cholesterol, and monosaccharide and amino acid transport were determined in rat intestine. Prolonged pectin (10% by weight) ingestion caused a decrease in jejunal and ileal cholesterol synthesis (33% and 52%, respectively). Pectin ingestion reduced cholesterol synthesis by 60% in ileal crypt cells, but did not affect cholesterol synthesis in the jejunal or ileal villus cells or in jejunal crypt cells. Cholesterol synthesis in isolated crypt cells was markedly less than in isolated villus cells. Prolonged ingestion of a fiber-free diet supplemented with either cellulose or pectin (10% and 5% by weight, respectively) decreased jejunal lecithin glucose and leucine absorption but did not affect jejunal triglyceride synthesis.

Acetates↗
PubMed1995

Dietary fat, fiber, and carcinogen alter fecal diacylglycerol composition and mass.

Fecal diacylglycerols (DAGs) are known activators of protein kinase C (PKC), which in turn modulates colonic epithelial cell growth programs and, therefore, could play a role in the malignant transformation process. However, the effects of physiological modifiers such as diet and carcinogen on fecal DAG mass and composition have not been reported. We therefore designed a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial study (2 fats: corn oil and fish oil; 2 fibers: pectin and cellulose; with and without carcinogen). Rats were provided with diets for 5 weeks. Three weeks after the second injection of azoxymethane, feces were collected from 10 rats/treatment (n = 80 total) and analyzed for DAG mass and fatty acyl composition by combined TLC and gas chromatography. Dietary fat had a significant effect on the mol% fatty acyl composition of fecal DAG. Greater amounts of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, and 22:6n-3) were detected in fecal DAG of fish oil-fed animals relative to corn oil (P < 0.001). In contrast, corn oil resulted in a higher mol % of 18:2n-6 relative to fish oil (P < 0.016). The most salient effect of fiber was on total production (nmol/day) of DAG, which was 2.5 times higher with cellulose than pectin supplementation. In addition, there was an effect of fiber on both mol % and concentration of 22:6n-3, with cellulose producing higher amounts relative to pectin (P < 0.04). A significant interaction between fat and fiber was observed with nmols of 17:0 excreted in 24 h, with fish oil/cellulose producing 94.2 nmol as compared to 3.5 seen with corn oil/pectin (P < 0.02). There was a significant interaction between fat and carcinogen on all of the DAG n-3 fatty acids, which were elevated with carcinogen/fish oil treatment. These data show that fat, fiber, and carcinogen can modulate the fatty acyl composition and mass of fecal DAG. Since the production of fecal DAG, an activator of PKC, may alter colonic mucosal cell proliferation, our data offer insight into a mechanism by which diet may modify the risk of colon cancer development.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of dietary fiber on microbial growth in vitro and bacterial translocation after burn injury in mice.

Translocation of enteric bacteria from the gut to the mesenteric lymph nodes and beyond can cause life-threatening infection and multiple-organ failure in immunocompromised and traumatized patients. One of the conditions that promotes bacterial translocation is disruption of the normal gut flora, which results in bacterial overgrowth. In vitro methods were used to determine whether the fibers pectin, cellulose, chitosan, kaolin, lignin, or soy had bactericidal properties. Our results indicated that only chitosan and lignin significantly reduce microbial growth in vitro. A burned mouse model (20% total-body surface area) was used to study the effects of dietary lignin, cellulose, pectin, and chitosan on burn-induced bacterial translocation. Animals were fed a standard mouse diet containing no fiber, pectin, cellulose, lignin, or chitosan (10% of diet) for 14 days ad libitum. On day 14, all animals were burned. Four hours later the animals were killed and the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and cecum were aseptically harvested for determination of quantitative aerobic microbial growth. The animals which received chitosan, and lignin to a lesser extent, added to their diet had significantly lower levels of bacteria in the cecum, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver. We suggest that addition of chitosan and possibly lignin to the diet may reduce the amount of bacterial translocation after burn injury, presumably by reducing the bacterial population of the cecum.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Influence of dietary fiber on the bioavailability of zinc in rats.

Young male albino rats were fed ad libitum semipurified diet supplemented with or without 5% of purified dietary fiber (cellulose, agar-agar, pectin, chitin or chitosan) for 31 days. Each test diet was carefully prepared in order to contain zinc at the level of 8 ppm from zinc acetate. In rats fed diets containing 5% of dietary fiber except chitosan, food consumption was higher than the control. The body weight gain of rats fed diets containing cellulose, pectin or chitin was higher than the control. However, food intake and body weight gain of rats fed the diet containing 5% of chitosan were definitely lower than not only the other fiber including diet groups but also the control group. When dietary fiber was added at 5% level to diet, zinc absorption was not changed to a considerable degree. But, the apparent zinc absorption of rats fed the agar-agar diet was 70%. On the other hand, zinc absorption in the pectin diet group was about 10% higher than the control. The total amount of zinc in tibia or femur of rats fed non-fiber diets was a little higher than that of rats fed fiber diets.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Association between pelvic muscle mass and canine hip dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between pelvic muscle mass and development and expression of canine hip dysplasia (CHD). DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 5 Greyhounds with anatomically normal hip joints, 59 German Shepherd Dogs (23 with CHD, 24 with near-normal hip joints, and 12 with normal hip joints), and 18 German Shepherd Dog-Greyhound crossbreeds (7 with CHD, 6 with near-normal hip joints, and 5 with normal hip joints) between 12 and 47 months old in which pelvic muscle mass was evaluated. Pectineal muscle and hip joint development were evaluated in 25 German Shepherd Dogs at 8 and 16 or 24 weeks of age. PROCEDURES: For evaluation of pelvic muscle mass, individual pelvic muscles were weighed and hip joints were assigned a score on the basis of severity of degenerative changes. For evaluation of pectineal muscle development, muscle sections were stained and examined. RESULTS: Pelvic muscle mass was greatest in Greyhounds, intermediate in crossbred dogs, and smallest in German Shepherd Dogs. Differences in pelvic muscle mass among breeds were attributable to differences in weights of individual muscles. Hip score was negatively correlated with pelvic muscle mass and weights of selected pelvic muscles. Dogs with pectineal hypotrophy at 8 weeks of age had type-2 muscle fiber paucity or muscle fiber-type grouping at 16 or 24 weeks of age. At 8 weeks of age, hip joints were composed of multiple centers of ossification, and the acetabulum was largely cartilaginous. By 24 weeks of age, the pelvic bones were largely, although incompletely, fused. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Diminished pelvic muscle mass in dogs with CHD and altered muscle fiber size and composition in 8-week-old dogs that subsequently develop CHD strongly suggest that abnormalities of pelvic musculature are associated with development of CHD. The complex development of the hip joint from multiple centers of ossification may make the joint susceptible to abnormal modeling forces that would result from abnormalities in pelvic muscle mass.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

CLOSTRIDIUM RUBRUM SP. N. AND OTHER PECTINOLYTIC CLOSTRIDIA FROM SOIL.

Ng, Henry (University of California, Davis) and Reese H. Vaughn. Clostridium rubrum sp. n. and other pectinolytic clostridia from soil. J. Bacteriol. 85:1104-1113. 1963.-Reports in the literature and results of experiments described herein suggest that pectinolytic anaerobes constitute a very heterogeneous group. The cultures isolated in this study all belonged to the genus Clostridium. The following species were identified: C. butyricum, C. fallax, C. multifermentans, and C. indolis. In addition, a species believed to be previously undescribed was named C. rubrum sp. n. The ability to ferment galacturonic acid was found to be adaptive. Some cultures fermented pectin and pectic acid to the same degree, whereas others fermented pectin only partially. The partial fermentation was attributed to the lack of a pectinesterase. On the basis of fermentation balances, it was concluded that the four strains of galacturonic acid fermenters selected for study yielded identical end products in approximately the same proportions. Per mole of galacturonic acid fermented, about 2 moles of CO(2), 1.5 moles of H(2), 1.5 moles of acetic acid, and 0.25 mole of butyric acid were produced.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1997

Crosslinking of hyaluronic acid with water-soluble carbodiimide.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) was chemically crosslinked with a water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC) to produce low-water-content films when brought into contact with water. The crosslinking reaction was performed in two different ways; one was by using HA films and the other by casting HA solutions. Both methods produced water-insoluble HA films. The lowest water content of the crosslinked HA films subjected to swelling with water was 60 wt % at 37 degrees C, which was lower than any reported values. Infrared spectra of the crosslinked films suggested that intermolecular formation of ester bonds between the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups belonging to different polysaccharide molecules led to crosslinking. For comparison, pectin which possesses hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in one molecule, similar to HA, was subjected to crosslinking with WSC. The finding on pectin also supported ester formation between different polysaccharide molecules. The crosslinking of HA film with WSC in the presence of L-lysine methyl ester prolonged the in vivo degradation of HA film, probably because of amide bond formation as the crosslink.

Carbodiimides↗
PubMed1986

[Binding of lead and copper ions to ethanol-insoluble substances from cooking potatoes].

The binding of Pb2+- and Cu2+-ions to ethanol-insoluble substances from three sorts of raw or cooked table potatoes in aqueous suspension is investigated. Moreover, analogous tests on the binding of Pb2+-ions to glucose-6- and glucose-1-phosphate as well as to phosphoric acid are performed. The determination of the free cations in the equilibrium solutions is directly carried out by means of ion-specific electrodes in consideration of the pH-influence. In view of nutrition physiology raw and cooked potatoes are capable, as well as vegetables, of binding Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions, due to their content of pectins with an esterification degree found to be in the range of 50-56% and 42-48%, respectively. The binding capacity of the ethanol-insoluble substances does not only base on their content of pectin-carboxyl groups but also on other macromolecular components. Among the metabolic degradation products of potato starch only free phosphoric acid is capable of binding Pb2+ ions.

Copper↗
PubMed2003

Changes of pectic substances concentration in potatoes and French fries and the effect of these substances on the texture of the final product.

The texture of fried potato products depends on the building elements present in the cell walls, which play the structure-forming function, as well as on physical and biochemical changes of those elements which take place in the potato tissue, when it is exposed to blanching or frying. For the research the tubers of four potato varieties (Ekra, Orlik, Sumak, and Bryza) were used, which served as material for the production of French fries. In the samples of potato tubers before and after peeling, as well as in French fries blanched in the solutions of 0.4% CaCl2 and 0.4% MgCl2 salts the contents of pectic substances and their effect on the texture of the final product were determined. The process of peeling potato tubers contributed to the decrease of the content of the pectic substances. On the average 20% of the content of water-soluble pectins and about 5% of protopectins was decreased. Water blanching and frying contributed to a further decrease of the pectic substances in French fries in relation to their content in the raw material. However, potato strips blanching in the solutions of calcium and magnesium salts prevents further loss of those substances in the final product. The presence of calcium and magnesium ions in the solution of the blanching salts caused their partial binding by the pectin substances present in the potato tissue, which resulted in the improvement of the texture of French fries, especially obtained from early potato varieties.

Calcium↗