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PubMed2000

Effects of attention and semantic relation on event-related potentials in a picture-word naming task.

The interactive effects of attention and semantic relation on event-related potential (ERP) waveforms were examined during a naming task in which the physical stimulus array was the same across conditions. Superimposed picture-word pairs were presented in which the meaning of the words and pictures was congruent, semantically associated, or incongruent. In separate conditions, participants named words or pictures while ignoring the other stimulus. When words were attended, the superimposed pictures modulated the amplitude of P240 waves at posterior sites compared with when words were presented individually, but had no effect on N450 waves. In contrast, when pictures were attended to, the superimposed incongruent words elicited larger amplitude N450 waves at anterior sites than did congruent words or individually presented pictures. These effects affirm the independent processing of words and pictures during attention and are consistent with automatic and controlled processing of words and pictures, respectively. They also illustrate the endogenous nature of these late ERP waves.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Differences in naming accuracy of odors presented to the left and right nostrils.

Two interlinked areas of debate within psychology are the existence of hemispheric specialization for olfactory processing and whether odors are processed primarily as perceptual codes or as a set of semantic features. This study compared accuracy in naming and judgments of familiarity by right handed subjects to common odors that were presented to the left or right nostrils. There was significantly better production of the correct name of the odor after left side presentation, than after right. Familiarity ratings were identical.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

An annotated checklist by genus and species of 93 species level names for 51 recognized species of small strongyles (Nematoda: Strongyloidea: Cyathostominea) of horses, asses and zebras of the world.

The results of an international collaborative effort to prepare a recommended list of scientific names for the small strongyles (Nematoda: Strongyloidea: Cyathostominea) of horses, donkeys and zebras are reported. Fifty-one valid species are recognized in 13 genera, including Cyathostomum, Coronocyclus, Cylicodontophorus, Cylicocyclus, Cylicostephanus, Skrjabinodentus, Tridentoinfundibulum, Petrovinema, Poteriostomum, Parapoteriostomum, Hsiungia, Cylindropharynx and Caballonema. In addition, 42 other species level names are listed as synonyms of the 51 recognized species or as species inquirendae (10 species) or nomen nudum (one species). Numerous annotations provide information on the nomenclatural and systematics history, current status and additional studies needed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Involvement of functional antagonism in the effects of adenosine antagonists and L-NAME in the rat isolated heart.

1. Adenosine and its analogues induced an increase in flow rate when infused into the rat isolated perfused heart. The agonist potency order obtained was 2-(rho-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethyl-amino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680) > or = 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) > N6-cyclopentyladenosine = adenosine, although the maximal response obtained for CGS 21680 was only 70% of that achieved by NECA. NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), the nonselective adenosine antagonist 8-rho-(sulfophenyl)theophylline (8-SPT) and the A2a selective antagonist N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methyl-4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3- diprophyl-1H-purin-8-yl)benzene sulfonamide (PD 115, 119) reduced responses to the adenosine agonists, but some of this reduction was shown to be due to a nonspecific decrease in flow rate as well as a specific inhibitory action. 2. When this functional antagonism is taken into account, the results suggest that the increase in flow rate induced by the adenosine agonists was mediated by A2 receptors, with the increase in flow rate induced by CGS 21680 mediated by A2a receptors, whereas that induced by NECA was mediated by A2b receptors. 3. L-NAME did not appear to have any effect on the increase in flow rate induced by the adenosine agonists, suggesting that these responses were probably endothelium independent and do not involve the nitric oxide pathway.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2003

Can a change in the name of depression result in its reduced negativity?

The National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study, an extensive community survey, reported that the 6-month prevalence rates for mood disorders were 6% (the lifetime rate was 8.3%) while only 31% of depressed adults sought treatment. The reluctance of patients for treatment of depression can be attributed to some extent to the negativity associated with it at social level. This negativity can be partially assigned to the negative word 'Depression' used for this disorder. We therefore propose a change in the name of depression that can help reduce its negativity. A hypothesis explaining the different moods experienced by a normal person and assigning different name to depression has been proposed in the paper.

Affect↗
PubMed1998

The NO synthase inhibitors L-Name and L-NMMA, but not L-arginine, block the mammalian nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel.

(1) Nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors (NOS-I) such as L-Name (N(G)-nitro L-arginine methyl ester) and L-NMMA (N(G)-monomethyl L-arginine) may enhance anesthesia indirectly by inhibiting the NO pathway. Moreover, NOS-I interact directly with receptor proteins. In an animal study, L-NMMA potentiated muscle relaxants. (2) The present experiments investigate the effects of L-NMMA, L-Name, and L-arginine on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel (nAChR) using patch clamp techniques and a piezo-driven application system. Both NOS-I appear to directly interact with the nAChR in the open as well as in the closed conformation. L-Arginine has no effect.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The teratogenicity of N(omega)-nitro-L-ariginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, in rats.

Exposure of gravid rats to the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in drinking water or by implanted osmotic minipumps significantly elevates maternal blood pressure, reducing uteroplacental perfusion. Administration by either route causes fetal growth retardation, but oral exposure also causes hind limb reduction malformations. The present study employed both oral and intraperitoneal routes to determine the period of sensitivity to developmental toxicity, dose-response, and possible fetotoxic mechanisms. Hind limb hemorrhage occurred only in litters from dams exposed to oral doses of 1 to 2 mg/mL from gestational days 15 through 17. In contrast to oral exposure, single intraperitoneal injections caused both fore and hind limb reductions at doses of 25 mg/kg and above administered on gestational day 16 and later. Many other exposures that reduce uteroplacental perfusion have been associated with vascular disruptive dysmorphogenesis. These exposures include phenytoin, calcium channel inhibitors, cocaine, and uterine vascular clamping. Limb hemorrhage induced by these exposures is usually limited to distal structures, typically phalanges, and the incidence of affected fetuses rarely exceeds 50%. By contrast, hemorrhage caused by L-NAME frequently involves entire limbs, extending into adjacent flank in severe instances, and 100% of fetuses from treated dams may be affected. The basis of this difference and the differing defect patterns associated with the various routes of exposure are unclear, but the generation of reactive oxygen species during resumption of normal perfusion may play a role in this vascular disruption.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2000

Combining a name algorithm with a capture-recapture method to retrieve cases of Turkish descent from a German population-based cancer registry.

An increasing proportion of the 2 million Turkish residents in Germany is reaching the age in which cancer becomes a common health problem. However, data on cancer incidence and survival among Turkish residents are lacking due to incomplete reporting of nationality in German cancer registries. In the population-based cancer registry of the Saarland, retrieval by reported nationality yielded only 38% (95% confidence interval (CI): 31-45%) of the estimated number of Turkish cases in the registry; furthermore, nationality information was found to be inaccurate, and completeness dependent on the vital status of cases. A newly developed algorithm based on family names retrieved 85% (95% CI: 79-90%) of Turkish cases. Combining the two sources in a capture-recapture approach yielded 91% (95% CI: 86-94%) of the estimated total number of Turkish cases. Hence, the name-based algorithm provides a new and attractive tool for valid registry-based cancer research among Turks in Germany.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Capecitabine named-patient programme for patients with advanced breast cancer. the UK experience.

Following the encouraging results achieved with the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine in clinical trials, a named patient programme was initiated in the UK, through which patients with advanced breast cancer were prescribed capecitabine monotherapy. In this programme, patients were treated with the standard dose of oral capecitabine (1250 mg/m(2) twice daily on days 1-14 of a 21-day treatment cycle). Efficacy and safety data were collected and analysed from 102 patients receiving outpatient treatment with capecitabine. All patients had previously received chemotherapy and for the majority (75%) this was in the metastatic setting. In total, 482 treatment cycles were administered, with a median of 4.5 treatment cycles (range 1-22) per patient. Tumour responses were observed in 20 patients (20%), with an additional 47 patients (46%) achieving disease stabilisation. The median time to disease progression was 4.1 months and median overall survival was 7.7 months. The most common treatment-related adverse events were palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia (PPE) (36%) and gastrointestinal toxicities (diarrhoea (33%) and nausea (24%)). Dose reductions due to adverse events were required in 33% of patients, but capecitabine was administered without a dose reduction for 90% of cycles. The results achieved with capecitabine in this named-patient programme confirm that, under 'real practice' conditions, capecitabine is active and well tolerated in patients with advanced breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

When does a clone deserve a name? A perspective on bacterial species based on population genetics.

Molecular population-genetic analysis has revealed that for several human diseases, including tuberculosis, plague and shigellosis, the generally accepted taxonomic status of the organisms involved does not fit the usually accepted genus or species criteria. This raises the question of what species concept to apply to bacteria. We suggest that the species definition in bacteria should be based on analysis of sequence variation in housekeeping genes, and also that the "clone" be given official status in bacterial nomenclature. This will allow demotion of the species or genus status of several traditionally recognized human pathogens, but retention of current names of anomalous species and genera as clone names.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1999

Performance of children and adolescents with PTSD on the Stroop colour-naming task.

BACKGROUND: Investigators have used various experimental paradigms such as the Stroop colour naming test to study how adults with different emotional disorders process emotional information. However, to date, little research has been carried out on younger subjects. METHOD: In the current experiment, children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and control subjects aged 9-17 years, participated in a modified Stroop colour naming task. RESULTS: The results indicated that the children and adolescents with PTSD showed increased Stroop interference for trauma-related material relative to neutral words and to the performance of the controls. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that attentional bias to trauma-congruent information is a function of PTSD in young age groups. The results are discussed with respect to the literature on information processing in PTSD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Object naming at multiple hierarchical levels: a comparison of preschoolers with and without word-finding deficits.

According to the storage hypothesis (Kail & Leonard, 1986), word-finding deficits in young children are not the direct results of deficient retrieval strategies; they are a manifestation of a general delay in language development that affects lexical storage. In the current study, we explored one aspect of lexical storage, the hierarchical organization of the semantic system, in 13 preschoolers with word-finding deficits (WF) and 13 preschoolers with normal language abilities (ND), ranging in age from 3;3 to 6;7. The children named a series of objects at multiple levels of the noun hierarchy in response to contrast questions (e.g. for rose they were asked, 'Is this an animal?' to elicit plant [superordinate]; 'Is this a tree?' to elicit flower [basic]; 'Is this a dandelion?' to elicit rose [subordinate]). Both groups readily named at multiple levels, providing evidence of hierarchical organization of the lexicon. However, there were several differences between WF and ND groups that suggested that WF children did not have enough stored information to discriminate between similar semantic neighbours. We conclude (1) that hierarchical organization of the semantic lexicon is a robust developmental phenomenon, apparent in both ND and WF preschoolers and (2) that the word-finding deficits of preschoolers appear to reflect insufficient depth and breadth of storage elaboration rather than deficits in hierarchical semantic organization.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Why is colour naming difficult?

A suggestion exists in the child language literature that the meanings of natural kind terms are acquired before the meanings of colour terms. Explanations have typically claimed that object terms are more salient than property terms. Such explanations, however, tend to ignore the fact that natural kind terms refer to categories with sharp, clear boundaries while colour terms refer to categories with unclear or variable boundaries. Nonetheless, there has been little evidence to show that the delay in the acquisition of colour terms arises from these semantic properties. This study compares natural kind and colour naming (and corresponding comprehension) by 48 children, ranging in age from 3;0 to 5;5. The results suggest that, contra the salience view, the apparent delay in colour naming may be explained on solely semantic grounds.

Child Development↗
PubMed2000

Generic substitution for brand name antiepileptic drugs: a survey.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: There are presently 26 different generic preparations for five brand name antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on the Canadian market with others likely to be released in the near future. The purpose of this review is to examine the basis for the controversy surrounding generic substitution for brand name antiepileptic drugs, to present the results of a survey of neurologists' and patients' attitudes toward generic substitution and to increase neurologists' awareness of the issues. METHODS: The current federal and provincial regulations pertaining to generic drug approval and substitution are reviewed. Published anecdotal and survey reports of the effectiveness and tolerability of generic substitution for AEDs are reviewed. A pilot questionnaire survey of 83 patients from four adult epilepsy clinics and 46 neurologists from across Canada was undertaken to determine attitudes toward generic substitution. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Several authors have suggested that some AEDs, particularly those with a narrow therapeutic index, may pose problems with generic substitution. Although generic AEDs are lower in price, possible increased side effects and morbidity and the need for closer monitoring could partially offset the cost savings. The results of our survey highlight significant unawareness of the process of generic substitution among both patients and neurologists and reveal a general level of discomfort among neurologists to prescribe generic AEDs. Further data should be obtained about the potential consequences of generic substitution in epilepsy patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Adult performance in naming spatial dimensions of objects.

Most work on acquisition of lexical meaning in developmental psycholinguistics is based on the idea of the relevance of the adult model, which is generally described in relation to certain theoretical semantic analyses. Up to the present, adult behavior itself has not been examined and its validity as a model for children has been taken for granted. This paper analyzes the knowledge of spatial terms, namely dimensional terms, shown by a group of 20 adults. The results show that the adult subjects used in our study--supposedly linguistically competent--committed errors, significantly varying their strategies for naming dimensions from one case to another, and showing a lack of consistency between them. The results are discussed in terms of assumed theoretical validity with regard to theoretical semantic analysis, as well as the methods of research about the acquisition of lexical meaning.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Learning of name-face associations in memory impaired patients: a comparison of different training procedures.

The purpose of this study was to compare a mnemonic strategy based on concept-drive processing and explicit memory (i.e., verbal elaboration and imagery) to one based on data-driven processing and implicit memory (the method of vanishing cues) in a names and faces learning task. A third training condition that used video presentation was also included. Six American and six German patients with memory impairment attributable to brain injuries of different etiologies attempted to learn the associations between names and faces in each of the three conditions. The mnemonic strategy proved to be the most effective. Discussion focuses on the characteristics of the training procedures and on the nature of the to-be-learned materials as critical determinants of the effectiveness of different training techniques.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The naming impairment of living and nonliving items in Alzheimer's disease.

Several studies of semantic abilities in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT) suggest that their semantic disorders may affect specific categories of knowledge. In particular, the existence of a category-specific semantic impairment affecting, selectively, living things has frequently been reported in association with DAT. We report here results from two naming tasks of 25 DAT patients and two subgroups within this population. The first naming task used 48 black and white line drawings from Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) which controlled the visual complexity of stimuli from living and nonliving categories. The second task used 44 colored pictures (to assess the influence of word frequency in living vs. nonliving categories). Within the set of black and white pictures, both DAT patients and controls obtained significantly lower scores on high visual complexity stimuli than on stimuli of low visual complexity. A clear effect of semantic category emerged for DAT patients and controls, with a lower performance on the living category. Within the colored set, pictures corresponding to high frequency words gave rise to significantly higher scores than pictures corresponding to low frequency words. No significant difference emerged between living versus nonliving categories, either in DAT patients or in controls. In the two tasks, the two subgroups of DAT patients presented a different profile of performance and error type. As color constitutes the main difference between the two sets of pictures, our results point to the relevance of this cue in the processing of semantic information, with visual complexity and frequency also being very relevant.

Aged↗