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PubMed1994

[Importance of the pre-donation epidemiological survey to detect donors with a risk of transmitting HCV].

PURPOSE: To determine if the investigation of previous clinical features through an inquiry could be useful to predict HCV infection in blood donors as assessed by recombinant immunoblot assay. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From january 1990 to august 1991, 79 HCV seropositive blood donors by recombinant immunoblot assays (58 RIBA 1 and 21 RIBA II) were selected to be inquired and to perform a clinical examination. The inquiry included the following parameters: age, sex, social environment, history of liver disease, presence or absence for parenteral risk factors (surgery, blood transfusion, odontological procedures, acupuncture, tattoos, etc...). RESULTS: 1) General data: mean age, 43 years (range 20-65); male/female 54/25 (ratio 2.16); urban/rural environment 50/29 (ratio 1.72); new/regular blood donors 17/62 (ratio 0.27). 2) Inquiry results: In seven cases (8.9%) previous symptoms were detected. Hepatic stigmata were present in 12 donors (15.2%). A 67.0 showed previous surgical procedures; 48.1% had odontological history; 24.0% were recipients for blood transfusion; parenteral treatment using nondisposable material were detected in 19 cases (24.0%); acupuncture in 4 donors (5.0%); tattoos in only one case. Social habits were: alcoholic consumption in 44.3% and regular medicine ingestion in 19.0%; a 81.0% had a unique partner and a 8.9% preferred multiple heterosexual contacts. A 29.1% inhabit in unfamiliar house and the remaining 70.9% lived in apartments buildings; the mean of family members was 3.7 persons (range 2-8). REMARKS: a) It is pointed out the scarce and physical expression of the HCV infection. So in many aspects the inquiry is useless and time consuming. b) Nevertheless, we have detected some parenteral risk factors in seropositive cases. Regarding this particular aspect the inquiry is useful. Taken into account the previous we suggest to add an item with the parenteral risk factors to the ordinary self-answering inquire, addressed to all blood donors in each donation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cervical cancer risk and Papanicolaou screening in a sample of lesbian and bisexual women.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies of lesbian and bisexual women have suggested that negative experiences with health care practitioners, combined with misinformation about the health needs of this diverse population, have led to an underutilization of medical services. METHODS: This study combined focus group data (N = 44) with a self-administered questionnaire (N = 57) to explore the health concerns of lesbian women, including the prevalence of risk factors for cervical cancer, the frequency of Papanicolaou (Pap) test screening, and the barriers to obtaining care. We examined the influence of women's perceptions regarding the knowledge and sensitivity of their clinicians to lesbian issues and their experiences of discrimination in the medical setting of Pap test utilization. RESULTS: Respondents reported risk factors for cervical cancer, including multiple past or current sexual partners (both male and female), early age at first coitus, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and cigarette smoking. One forth of respondents had not had a Pap test within the last 3 years, including 39 (7.6%) who had never had a Pap test. Women who reported that their health care providers were more knowledgeable and sensitive to lesbians issues were significantly more likely to have had a Pap test within the last year, even when controlling for age, education, income, and insurance status. CONCLUSIONS: Lesbian women are at risk for cervical cancer and should receive routine cytologic screening according to individual risk assessment. The quality of clinician-patient interactions strongly influences care-seeking within the population sampled.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Who pays for sex? An analysis of the increasing prevalence of female commercial sex contacts among men in Britain.

BACKGROUND: In the United Kingdom the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and risky sexual behaviours is increasing. The role of commercial sex in this trend is poorly understood. Little is known about the men who pay for sex. We examined the epidemiology of female commercial sex contacts reported by men in 1990 and 2000. METHODS: National probability sample surveys of sexual attitudes and lifestyles (Natsal) of men aged 16-44 resident in Britain in 1990 (n = 6000) and 2000 (n = 4762). RESULTS: The proportion of men who reported paying women for sex in the previous 5 years increased from 2.0% (95% CI 1.6 to 2.5) in 1990 to 4.2% in 2000 (95% CI 3.6 to 4.9). In both surveys, paying for sex was more frequent in men aged between 25 years and 34 years, who were never or previously married, and who lived in London. There was no association with ethnicity, social class, homosexual contact, or injecting drug use. Men who paid for sex were more likely to report 10 or more sexual partners in the previous 5 years; only a minority of their lifetime sexual partners (19.3%) were commercial. They were more likely to meet partners abroad and to report previous STI. Only 15% reported having had an HIV test. CONCLUSION: The proportion of men who reported paying for heterosexual sex has increased, and these men have multiple commercial and non-commercial partners. Their higher rates of STI and low level of HIV testing suggest the need for prevention interventions for clients as well as sex workers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A structural model for the adduct between cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase.

An ensemble of structural models of the adduct between cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase from Paracoccus denitrificans has been calculated based on the experimental data from site-directed mutagenesis and NMR experiments that have accumulated over the last years of research on this system. The residues from each protein that are at the protein-protein interface have been identified by the above experimental work, and this information has been converted in a series of restraints explicitly used in calculations. It is found that a single static structural model cannot satisfy all experimental data simultaneously. Therefore, it is proposed that the adduct exists as a dynamic ensemble of different orientations in equilibrium, and may be represented by a combination or average of the various limiting conformations calculated here. The equilibrium involves both conformations that are competent for electron transfer and conformations that are not. Long-range recognition of the partners is driven by non-specific electrostatic interactions, while at shorter distances hydrophobic contacts tune the reciprocal orientation. Electron transfer from cytochrome bc (1) to cytochrome c oxidase is mediated through cytochrome c experiencing multiple encounters with both of its partners, only part of which are productive. The number of encounters, and thus the electron transfer rate, may be increased by the formation of a cytochrome bc (1)-cytochrome c oxidase supercomplex and/or (in human) by increasing the concentration of the two enzymes in the membrane space.

Cytochromes c↗
PubMed2003

Factors associated with perceptions of, and decisional balance for, condom use with main partner among women at risk for HIV infection.

We examined factors associated with women's perceived advantages (pros), perceived disadvantages (cons), and decisional balance (standardized pros score minus standardized cons score) for condom use with main partner. Data from 1,938 young sexually active women who lived in five U.S. cities where the risk for human immunodeficiency virus is high were analyzed by using logistic, ordinal, and multiple linear regression analysis. For the pros scale of condom use, 27% of the women had low scores, and 33% had moderate scores. For the cons scale, 27% had moderate scores, and 5% had high scores. Of the total, 47% had a negative score on the decisional balance measure. Older age, living with a spouse or partner, or binge drinking was associated with lower pros scores and with a negative score on the decisional balance measure. Income from public assistance was associated with higher pros scores. Income from a spouse or partner or a history of sexually transmitted disease was associated with lower pros scores. Multiple sex partners or being at risk for HIV infection (based on perceptions of the main partner's behaviors) was associated with higher cons scores. Income from a job was associated with a positive score on the decisional balance measure. Our analysis identified the characteristics of women who have low pros scores, high cons scores, and negative decisional balance scores. The regression results can inform our work in HIV prevention on whether to focus on the pros, the cons, or both to obtain positive decisional balance scores and increase condom use in situations that warrant protective behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Synthesis of peptide bioconjugates.

Bioconjugates play an important role in several fields of biomolecular and biomedicinal sciences. Protein/polypeptide-based conjugates with covalently attached epitope peptides are considered as potential synthetic vaccine candidates and/or target antigens in affinity-based bioassays. This chapter describes the synthesis of two- and three-component bioconjugates using water-soluble branched chain polymeric polypeptides with multiple amino and/or carboxyl groups as macromolecular partners and oligopeptides as epitopes with small molecular mass. The synthetic procedures outline three major strategies for the incorporation of multiple copies of uniformly oriented peptide epitopes. In the first example, chloroacetylated polypeptide is conjugated with SH-peptide to form a thioether linkage. Second, two independent oligopeptides are introduced into a macromolecule by amide and disulfide bonds, respectively. In the third example, a new procedure is reported for the formation of disulfide bridges by the use of Npys-modified polypeptide and SH-peptide.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Intimate partner physical assault before and during pregnancy: how does it relate to women's psychological vulnerability?

Most studies of intimate partner violence tend to be behaviorally focused, with scant attention paid to women's perception of vulnerability in their relationships. Since past research has linked such feelings and cognitions to women's health problems, it is important to examine multiple aspects of relationships when studying partner violence. Therefore, this study examines women's perceptions of vulnerability as they relate to their experiences of physical assault by their partner before and during pregnancy. A sample of 86 prenatal care patients were interviewed. The women reported their experiences of partner physical assault using the Conflict Tactics Scale 2, and they reported their perceptions concerning their relationships using the Women's Experiences with Battering Scale. Bivariate and multivariate analyses found that experiencing intimate partner physical assault was highly predictive of women's perceptions of vulnerability and loss of control in their relationships, with women who have been in physically violent relationships for longer periods of time being the most likely to express such feelings. Given that previous research has found such perceptions tied to negative health outcomes, clinicians are urged to evaluate their female patients' feelings of vulnerability as well as their experiences of intimate partner physical assault.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Sexual adjustment after spinal cord injury (SCI) focusing on partner experiences.

In addition to the physical disability, a spinal cord injury affects self esteem and partner relationships. This study addressed partner experiences in relation to sexual interest, behaviour and satisfaction. A measure of satisfaction within relationships was also included. Forty-nine partners of SCI persons completed a comprehensive survey including an 80 item questionnaire and a VAS quality-of-life measure. Partner ages ranged from 18 to 79 years (median 34 years). Thirty-nine partners were women and 10 partners were men. Significance testing of relationships included bivariate, partial and multiple correlation procedures. Sixty-one per cent of the partners appreciated the quality of their sexual relationship and most partners (84%) considered their relationship overall to be satisfying. Half of the couples engaged in sex, with or without intercourse, once a week or more. Fifty-five per cent of the partners reported being content with the frequency of their sexual interaction while one third would have wished more frequent activity. Almost half of the partners (45%) considered their current sex life to be as good as or even better than their previous sex life. High general satisfaction with life, a varied repertoire of rewarding sexual expressions, including intercourse and concern about the able bodied partner's sexual pleasure were positive predictors of an active and fulfilling sexual relationship. From the partner's perspective, feelings of emotional closeness, mutual concerns and willingness to engage in a variety of sexual activities seem to be more important for sexual fulfilment than the physiological aspects of sexuality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The biopsychosocial impact of end-stage renal disease: the experience of dialysis patients and their partners.

This phenomenological study was conducted to investigate the biopsychosocial impact of end-stage renal disease on dialysis patients and their partners. Forty-four participants were interviewed separately (22 patients and their partners) by way of two open-ended questions, and multiple themes were identified from verbatim transcripts. Both the patients and partners viewed their relationship very positively, and both were overwhelmed by the impact of dialysis on their lives. Anger, depression and hopelessness were evident in the patients, whilst a pervasive sadness, resentment, guilt and loss were prevalent in the partners. This study gives a unique perspective on the negative impact which dialysis can have on couples, yet it also suggests that some are able to cope in a positive way despite the many life-style adjustments required by dialysis. The results of this study indicate that nurses need to recognize and respond to the tremendous emotional impact that chronic illness and its treatment can have on families in an era where it is possible to sustain life for years with the use of life support technology.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Holistic Obstetrical Problem Evaluation (HOPE): testing a theory to predict birth outcomes in a group of women from appalachia.

The purpose of this study was to test the Holistic Obstetrical Problem Evaluation (HOPE) theory by determining the effects of prenatal factors from the biophysical, psychosocial, spiritual, and perceptual domains of the HOPE theory with infant birth outcomes. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using standard and reliable questionnaires with a convenience sample of 120 pregnant women between the ages of 14 and 44 years and 16-28 weeks gestation, and attending three prenatal clinics in East Tennessee. Based on the multiple regression analysis, absence of maternal partner support during pregnancy and African-American race predicted variance for infant birth weight (p <.05), while lower levels of self-esteem, use of drugs and alcohol, and active religiosity predicted shorter length of gestation at birth (p <.05). The multiple logistic regression analysis model revealed that the HOPE theory was significantly related to a greater incidence of preterm birth (p =.03), Chi(2) = 28.16, R(2) =.22. Within this model, lower levels of self-esteem and a woman's negative perception of her pregnancy, were significant predictors for preterm birth (p <.05). Although there was preliminary support for this holistic theory, further research with a larger and more diverse population of women is needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Spinal cord injury and sexuality in married or partnered men: activities, function, needs, and predictors of sexual adjustment.

The sexual behaviors, functioning, needs, and sexual satisfaction levels of men with spinal cord injuries (SCI) were studied. A sample of 50 men with SCI (median age = 50; median age at injury = 25.0), either married or in a committed relationship, responded to an anonymous survey of a large southern California regional spinal injury rehabilitation center. Multiple regression analyses indicated that perceived partner satisfaction, relationship quality, and sexual desire were significant predictors of sexual satisfaction and behavior. Erectile function, level of genital sensation, and orgasmic capacity all varied widely in the sample, as well. However, none of these variables were significantly related to sexual satisfaction. A varied sexual repertoire was independently related to sexual satisfaction and behavior, but did not offer additional predictive power. Results suggest that for married or partnered men with SCI, relationship factors including partner satisfaction and relationship quality are significantly and positively related to sexual satisfaction. Married or partnered men with SCI who report low relationship satisfaction, have difficulty satisfying their partner, and/or report low sexual desire may benefit from assessments and interventions that address these issues.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Failure to find alloimmune memory in the resorption phenomenon of Botryllus cytomictical chimera.

It has been previously shown that mixed-cell chimeras may be established between different colonies of the compound tunicate Botryllus schlosseri given that they share one allele in common on the fusibility locus. However, one of the partners in each chimera is often resorbed. Here we tested for the existence of a memory component to this response, as measured by the accelerated interval to resorption of a second set of semiallogeneic colonies. Eight genetically unrelated colonies gave rise to eighteen chimeras. After a complete resorption of the "inferior" partners in these chimeras, secondary and tertiary sets of chimeras were established with some of them by fusion of the "superior" with naive subclones of the "inferior" partners. It is shown here that (a) when multiple chimeras are prepared using the same pair of colonies, subclones of only one of the partners are resorbed; (b) high variation in the time for resorption is recorded when several chimeras are prepared from any specific pair of colonies, and (c) the time for resorption is not related to the number of vessels connecting between the partners in the chimera, nor to their relative body sizes. Allospecific memory is not documented here and reasons for its absence are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The experience of spousal carers of people with multiple sclerosis.

This phenomenological-interpretative inquiry explores spousal carers' experience of caring for their partner while confronting many apparent losses. Ten spousal carers of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) participated in the study. The authors collected data using unstructured in-depth interviews and analyzed them using a hermeneutic method. The constitutive pattern, Weaving Through a Web of Paradoxes, that emerged from the data described how these participants' experience in caring for their partner has changed their way of living and their being. The authors present in this article some of the paradoxes that capture carers' experiences of loss and gain, and their feelings of vulnerability and strength. The insight gained from this study adds new understanding of responses to non-death-related losses.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1996

Seasonality in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus): social facilitation by females.

The extent to which social living arrangements influenced seasonal changes in physiology and behavior was examined in adult squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Data were collected over 20 months (encompassing two breeding seasons) from animals that were housed in three mixed-sex social configurations that varied in the number of heterosexual and isosexual social partners. For both sexes, the presence of multiple females was found to facilitate reproduction. Females housed with other females were more likely to exhibit seasonal ovarian cyclicity and tended to have higher conception rates. Social facilitation of reproduction was particularly prominent for subordinate females. The presence of same-sex companions also resulted in reduced adrenocortical output in females during the first nonbreeding season. In males, the availability of multiple females increased plasma testosterone levels, except in the presence of more dominant males. Seasonal increases in male weight coincided with increased cortisol levels and were most prominent in social groups containing multiple females. The influence of multiple females on male seasonality occurred despite the finding that male-female interactions were infrequent and, in fact, occurred less frequently when isosexual partners were available. Unexpectedly, affiliative social interactions between same-sex and opposite-sex partners occurred less frequently during the breeding season. As expected, behaviors associated with sex tended to increase during the breeding season. Very little agonism was observed during the course of the study and there was no evidence of interanimal competition for mates.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection among homosexual men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Italy.

Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were determined among 252 homosexual men with no history of intravenous drug use (median age 33 years, range 18-77) treated at a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Rome. The overall prevalence of antibodies to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc) was 50.8%, a rate nearly nine times as high as the 5.8% found recently in a national sample of young male adults, aged 18-26 years, and twice as high as the 22% found in heterosexuals attending the same clinic over the same period of time. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of anti-HBc positivity was independently associated with increasing age, five or more sexual partners in the previous year, positive HIV serology and positive syphilis serology. Lower level of schooling, lack of condom use, history of non-ulcerative STD, current or past history of genital herpes, and positive anti-HCV serology were not associated with anti-HBc positivity. These findings corroborate the importance of sexual transmission of HBV in homosexual men. Behavioural factors, such as multiple sexual partners, probably enhance the efficiency of this mode of HBV transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

HIV seroincidence and correlates of seroconversion in a cohort of male factory workers in Harare, Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVES: Given that health promotion messages on transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) have been widely publicized in Zimbabwe and elsewhere in the late 1980s, it is vital to analyse which risk events still expose individuals to infection. A cohort was established with the objectives of estimating HIV seroincidence, behavioural and biological determinants of infection, and ultimately, evaluating the impact of AIDS prevention interventions in the workplace. METHODS: HIV seroincidence was estimated in a prospectively followed cohort of male factory workers recruited in Harare, Zimbabwe during the period prior to a workplace AIDS prevention intervention. Correlates of HIV seroconversion were identified using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: There were 51 seroconversions among 1607 HIV-negative participants following 1738 person-years (PY) of observation [seroincidence, 2.93 per 100 PY; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.18-3.86]. The prevalence of HIV in the cohort was 19.1%. HIV seroincidence was significantly increased among men who were younger [hazard ratio (HR) per year, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99], were single (HR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.56-6.96), were married but resided separately from their wives (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 0.99-4.80), reported having any STD (HR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.53-5.86), reported having a genital ulcer (HR, 4.87; 95% CI, 2.18-10.91), and reported paying for sex (HR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.06-3.77). Seroincidence also increased with the number of sex partners reported in the year preceding enrolment (HR per partner, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01-1.21). In multiple Cox regression analysis, three independent associations with HIV seroconversion were reporting a genital ulcer (adjusted HR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.52-8.29), number of sex partners (adjusted HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01-1.21), and being married but residing separately from one's wife (adjusted HR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.00-4.89). CONCLUSIONS: Innovative and sustained workplace-based interventions are needed to address the high risk of HIV infection in this economically productive population. The predictors of HIV seroconversion described in this study underscore the need for public health efforts to simultaneously address the biological, socioeconomic and behavioural factors that continue to place individuals at risk of HIV in general populations of Africa.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 is associated with high plasma viral load levels and a positive viral isolation in the infected partner.

Risk factors for heterosexual HIV transmission are not fully understood. In fact, a proportion of people with sexual exposure to HIV remain uninfected despite multiple and continuous intercourse with HIV-infected partners. In this work, we have analyzed those virologic parameters potentially involved in the transmission of HIV through heterosexual contact. Thirty-eight couples with continuous unprotected sexual intercourse were included. HIV transmission occurred in 10 of 38 couples. No differences in clinical characteristics, exposure time, sexual practices, CD4 counts, or polymorphism in CCR5 were found between transmitter and nontransmitter groups. In contrast, virologic data were different between both groups; median values of viral load were 21.139 and 5.484 RNA copies/ml of plasma in the transmitter and nontransmitter groups, respectively, and a significant difference was found in mean viral load values (p = .03, Mann-Whitney test). Viral isolation was obtained in 90% of transmitters, but in only 44% of nontransmitter subjects (p = .02, Fisher's exact test). These data show that viral load levels and a positive viral isolation in culture must be considered as risk factors for heterosexual transmission of HIV-1.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The Ig heavy chain gene is frequently involved in chromosomal translocations in multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia as detected by in situ hybridization.

Chromosome rearrangement of 14q32.33 has recurrently occurred with variable partner sites, including 11q13.3, 8q24.1, 18q21.3, and 6p21.1 in multiple myeloma (MM). To assess the actual incidence of 14q32.33 translocation and to elucidate its implication in the pathogenesis of MM, we studied 42 patients with MM, plasma cell leukemia, or plasmacytoma and 5 with monoclonal gammopathy with undetermined significance (MGUS) by G-banding and molecular cytogenetic methods. Using double-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (DCFISH) with 2 Ig heavy chain (IgH) gene probes, a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clone containing variable region, and a phage clone containing gamma constant region, 14q32.33 translocation was detected as split signals of the IgH gene in 31 patients with plasma cell malignancies and 3 with MGUS. In contrast, of 40 patients who were assessed by G-banding, 3 (7.5%) showed the 14q+ chromosome. DCFISH detected a split of the IgH gene on interphase nuclei in 34 (73.9%) of 46 patients analyzed, whereas on metaphase spreads, it was in 22 (51.2%) of 43 patients analyzed. Interphase DCFISH was particularly useful to detect 14q32.33 translocation in 17 (65.4%) of 26 patients with normal karyotypes. Donor sites were identified in 11 of 22 patients demonstrated as carrying 14q32.33 translocation by metaphase FISH. Chromosome t(11;14)(q13.3; q32.33) was detected in 5 patients, t(8;14)(q24.1;q32.33) in 2, t(14;18)(q32.33;q21.3) in 2, and t(7;14)(q32.1;q32.33) in 1. A complex 14q32.33 translocation involving 3q and 16q24 was detected in 1 patient. Myeloma cells with t(7;14) showed myelomonocytoid surface antigen. Because rearrangements of 14q32.33 were closely associated with translocation of proto-oncogenes into the IgH gene, our findings indicate that 14q32.33 translocation with various partner chromosomes is a critical event in the pathogenesis of MM and MGUS.

Adult↗