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PubMed1976

Catabolism of L-tyrosine by the homoprotocatechuate pathway in gram-positive bacteria.

A metabolic pathway for L-tyrosine catabolism involves 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (homoprotocatechuic acid) as substrate for fission of the benzene nucleus. Cell extracts of an organism tentatively identified as a Micrococcus possessed the enzymes required for degrading homoprotocatechuate to succinate and pyruvate, and stoichiometry was established for several of these reactions. When the required coenzymes were added, cell extracts degraded L-tyrosine to the ring-fission product of homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase and also converted 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid into 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. This compound, in turn, gave stoichiometric amounts of the ring-fission product of homoprotocatechuate by the action of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent 3-hydroxylase coupled with homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase. Evidence is presented that this route for L-tyrosine catabolism is taken by five other gram-positive strains, including Micrococcus lysodeikticus and a species of Bacillus. Five other gram-positive bacteria from other genera employed the alternative homogentisate pathway.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Antibacterial activity of Cry- and Cyt-proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis.

Mosquitocidal endotoxins Cry4B, Cry11A, and CytA from Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis as well as the products of their limited proteolysis display antibacterial activity relative to Micrococcus luteus. The endotoxin Cry11A also induces the lysis of the micrococcus protoplasts. Potassium and sodium ions and N-acetylgalactosamine increased the antibacterial effect of Cry11A, whereas glucose and N-acetylglucosamine inhibited it. The endotoxin Cry11A displays the antibacterial effect on some other microorganisms.

Bacillus thuringiensis↗
PubMed2004

Catheter-related bacteremia due to Kocuria rosea in a patient undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Micrococcus species may cause intracranial abscesses, meningitis, pneumonia, and septic arthritis in immunosuppressed or immunocompetent hosts. In addition, strains identified as Micrococcus spp. have been reported recently in infections associated with indwelling intravenous lines, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis fluids, ventricular shunts and prosthetic valves. CASE PRESENTATION: We report on the first case of a catheter-related bacteremia caused by Kocuria rosea, a gram-positive microorganism belonging to the family Micrococcaceae, in a 39-year-old man undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation due to relapsed Hodgkin disease. This uncommon pathogen may cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. CONCLUSIONS: This report presents a case of Kocuria rosea catheter related bacteremia after stem cell transplantation successfully treated with vancomycin and by catheter removal.

Actinomycetales Infections↗
PubMed2000

Isolation and insecticidal effects of some bacteria from Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae).

In this study, we investigated the bacterial pathogens of Euproctis chrysorrhoea and tested for their insecticidal activities. Based on colony color and morphology, four isolates were determined. According to morphological, physiological and biochemical characters of the isolates, they were identified as Enterobacter aerogenes, Lactobacillus sp., Bacillus thuringiensis and Micrococcus luteus. The insecticidal effects of these bacterial isolates on third-fourth instar larvae of Euproctis chrysorrhoea were investigated. The highest insecticidal effect determined on this pest is 68% with Bacillus thuringiensis. The effects of the other isolates are 45% with Enterobacter aerogenes, 15% Micrococcus luteus and 0% with Lactobacillus sp.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[The change in bacterial flora and antibiotic resistance of bacteria of burn patients in our hospital during 1986-1996].

OBJECTIVE: In this article we investigated and analyzed the pathogenetic bacteria of burn infection and their drug resistance in recent 5 years from 1991. METHODS: The patients are divided into 2 groups. The 1st group is from June 1986 to May 1991, and the 2nd group is from June 1991 to June 1996. Blood culture and burn wound bacteria culture were done, and bacteria and their drug sensitivity were analyzed. RESULTS: In blood culture, Micrococcus had risen to rank the top (21.6%), while Staphylococcus aureus fell to rank the third. Among these G+ cocci comprised 56.5%, and G- bacilli 30.1%. In burn wound culture, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with rate of 18.1% was still in the 1st place. Enterobacter cloacae was in the 2nd place with the rate of 13.1%. Among these G- bacilli comprised 58.6%, G+ cocci 35.3%. Micrococcus enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas maltophilia, fecal Staphylococcus and candida albicans increased remarkably. CONCLUSION: The changes of pathogenetic bacteria of burn infection and bacteria drug resistance have certain relations with the wide usage of broad spectrum antibiotics such as cefazidime and imipenem.

Actinomycetales Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Synthesis of anabiosis autoinducers in non-spore-forming bacteria as a mechanism regulating their activity in soil and subsoil sedimentary rocks].

Non-spore-forming bacteria of the genera Arthrobacter and Micrococcus, isolated from permafrost subsoil, were found to produce greater amounts of the d1 extracellular factor than closely related collection strains isolated from soil. The effect of this factor, responsible for cell transition to anabiosis, was not species-specific. Thus, the d1 crude preparation isolated from the culture liquid of the permafrost isolate Arthrobacter globiformis 245 produced an effect on the collection strain Arthrobacter globiformis B-1112 and also on Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus cereus. The crude d1 preparation from the permafrost isolate of Arthrobacter differed from the chemical analogue of this factor, 4n-hexylresorcinol, in the level of the induced cell response, which may have resulted from different cell sensitivity to various homologs of alkylhydroxybenzenes contained in the d1 preparation. Thus, additional evidence was obtained indicating that autoregulation of bacterial growth and development is implemented at the level of intercellular interactions in microbial communities. Abundant production of the d1 anabiosis-inducing factors by bacteria isolated from permafrost subsoil is probably a result of special antistress mechanisms responsible for the survival of these bacteria under extreme conditions of natural deep cooling.

Arctic Regions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Fine structure of mummified cells of microorganisms formed under exposure to a chemical analog of anabiosis autoinducer].

Under the influence of alkyl hydroxybenzene (C6-AHB) added to cell suspensions at a concentration of (1-5) x 10(-3) M, the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Micrococcus luteus, and Thioalkalivibrio versutus underwent dramatic changes in the ultrastructural organization of cell membranes, cytoplasm, and inclusions. In yeast suspension, the first changes were observed after 15 min in the structure of slit-like invaginations in the cytoplasmic membrane (CM): they were shortened and thickened. In the subsequent 30 to 60 min, CM ruptures were formed in the regions devoid of intramembrane protein particles and in the slit-like invaginations. After 24 h, complete disintegration of the intracellular membrane structures and conglomeration of the ribosomal part of the cytoplasm occurred. Similar changes were observed on the exposure of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to AHB. However, the cell wall in all the microorganisms studied was not destroyed, and in Micrococcus luteus it was even thickened. These mummified forms were preserved as morphologically intact but nonviable cells for more than three years of observations. By their ultrastructural characteristics, these mummified forms of microorganisms were similar to the fossilized microorganisms discovered by us in fibrous kerite. The concept of micromummies was formulated. AHB are supposed to play an important role in the process of fossilization of microorganisms in nature.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1977

Resistance of stratospheric and mesospheric micro-organisms to extreme factors.

Studies of the stratosphere and mesosphere, by means of special analysers installed on meteorological rockets, have thrown more light on our knowledge of the upper boundary of the biosphere. The presence of the following micro-organisms was registered at heights of 49-77 km: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Circinella muscae, Papulaspora anomala, Mycobacterium luteum and Micrococcus albus. The isolated micro-organisms were subjected to the action of gamma-irradiation, high vacuum and UV radiation in order to evaluate the quality of sterilization by gamma-rays (3.2-3.5 Mrad) prior to sampling and the resistance of these micro-organisms to physical factors of the stratosphere and mesosphere. No species with high radio-resistance were detected among the isolated cultures. The D10 index for fungal spores and bacterial vegetative cells, freeze-dried or suspended in a physiological solution, did not exceed 290 krad. These data confirm that sterilization of the analyser with gamma-rays assured the purity of biological experiments during sampling. The isolated micro-organisms were found to be very resistant to high vacuum (10(-9) mmHg) and UV radiation, with the exception of the pigmentless Micrococcus albus. This evidence shows that pigmented micro-organisms can survive in the earth's atmosphere at high altitudes.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2006

[Community composition and dynamics of airborne bacteria in Beijing].

Airborne bacteria are important biological components of the aerosol. They have a close relation with human health. The much higher concentrations can result in kinds of microbial disease. Using BIOLOG identification technology, the study on the community structure and dynamics of airborne bacteria was carried out in three typical functional areas in Beijing by systemic site sampling. Results show that the gram positive bacteria contributing 80%-85% were much more than the gram negative bacteria. Amongst 47 genera of bacteria including 31 Gram positive bacteria and 16 Gram negative bacteria, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Pseudomonas were dominant, and Micrococcus contributing 20%-30% was the most dominant genus. The concentration of airborne bacteria was significant lower in GGR than in CER and MTL. In a year, the bacterial concentrations of summer and autumn were much more than those of winter and spring in CER and MTL, and there were no significant variations of bacterial concentrations in GGR. In different periods, the lower concentration of airborne bacteria was exhibited at 13:00.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1989

[Primary structure of histidine decarboxylase].

The results of investigation of the primary structure of the Histidine Decarboxylase Micrococcus sp. n. are reported. A comparison of the primary structure of the Histidine Decarboxylase Micrococcus sp. n. with that of the Lactobacillus 30a enzyme suggests the alignment with a 52% identity. It is therefore highly probable that two proteins have evolved from common ancestry. The conservative amino acid sequences with residues (pyruvate, cysteine) of the active center have been found.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

[Causes of error in the study of fibrinogen clumping and the diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus: Micrococci and Acinetobacter].

Rapid presumptive identification of S. aureus, particularly on the agar slant of biphasic blood culture bottles can be performed by modified slide clumping factor tests. We compared two commercial reagents (Staphyslide and Staphaurex) using strains of "Gram-positive cocci arranged in clusters" (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Micrococcus) or diplococci-like organisms such as Acinetobacter. Micrococcus and Acinetobacter can be responsible for false-positive reactions with sensitized or not sensitized particles. Control reactions with not sensitized particles or autoagglutination tests in water rather than saline must be performed.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1985

[Infection of the valves of CSF shunts. Results of local and general antibiotic treatment in 6 cases].

Infection of six cerebro-spinal fluid shunts in six patients were treated with daily intrashunt injections of antibiotics plus combination of intravenous or oral systemic antibiotic therapy. Three organisms were involved in the shunt infection: staphylococcus epidermidis in five, staphylococcus capitis and micrococcus varians. One patient had mixed shunt infection with micrococcus varians and staphylococcus épidermidis. All six patients received daily intrashunt injections of vancomycin and oral rifampin with a combination of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (three patients), or intravenous fosfomycin (two patients), or intravenous vancomycin (one patient). Four of six cases were considered cured of their infection without shunt surgery. Their hydrocephalus will be well controlled during antibiotic therapy. Surgery was necessary for two patients with associated shunt malfunction, one of them was considered a treatment failure of antibiotic therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Membranes of bacteria and mechanism of action of the antibiotic gramicidin S].

The cyclopeptide antibiotic gramicidin S taken at a concentration of 100--200 mkg/mg membrane protein rapidly increases the permeability of M. lysodeikticus protoplast membranes for substrates of respiratory chain and exogenous cytochromes c. Prolonged incubation of gramicidin S with protoplasts results in their lysis which is more fast at low temperatures. In contrast to natural gramicidin, a derivative of gramicidin S with acetylated amino groups does not inhibit either the micrococcus membrane dehydrogenase or the whole of respiratory chain and does not affect the osmotic barrier of protoplasts. Aliphatic diamines (at concentrations up to 0.1 M) and Ca2+ ions (10(-2) M) do not affect the functioning of the respiratory chain in isolated micrococcus membranes. Another derivative of the antibiotic with an increased distance of loaded amino groups from the cyclopeptide framework (diglycyl gramicidin S) affects the membrane in a way similar to that of natural gramicidin. Washing of gramicidin-treated membranes with NaCl enhances the inhibitory effect of the antibiotic on membrane enzymes. The data obtained suggest that in addition to ionic interactions some hydrophobic interactions also occur during gramicidin S binding to the bacterial membrane, probably at the expense of a hydrophobic peptide ring. It is assumed that gramicidin S, similar to Ca2+ and some other membranotropic agents provides for phase separation of negatively charged phospholipids from other groups of phospholipids, manifesting itself in an appearance of "frozen" sites on the membrane which destroys its barrier properties. This is due to the formation of ionic bonds of negatively charged phospholipids. Simultaneously, unlike Ca2+, gramicidin S, when interacting with membrane proteins, prevents their redistribution in more liquid parts of the membrane, which results in a situation when the respiratory enzymes become surrounded by alkyl chains with restricted motion.

Bacteriolysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of polyene antibiotics on bacterial protoplasts].

The carbonyl-conjugated pentaenes flavofungin, nigrofungin and flavopentin exhibit considerable lytic activity toward Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Bacillus megaterium protoplasts. The antibiotics at concentrations of 5 to 14 microgram/ml cause lysis of 50% of the protoplasts within 15 min of their incubation. The antibiotics inhibit the activity of NADH oxidase and malate oxidase by 50% in the lysates of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Bacillus megaterium protoplasts at concentrations of 30 to 50 microgram/ml; preincubation of the lysates with the antibiotics intensify the inhibiting action of the polyenes. Growth of the bacteria is inhibited when the minimal concentration of the polyenes is 75 to 100 microgram/ml. Interaction of the polyenes with bacterial membranes lacking sterols indicates that resistance of at least some bacteria to polyenes is caused by impermeability of the cell wall for these substances rather than by the absence of sterols in the membranes.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

[Evaluation of a new latex agglutination test for identification of staphylococcus aureus].

286 clinical isolates of staphylococci and 19 Micrococcus spp. were tested in a new latex agglutinating test to detect bound coagulase and protein A simultaneously. Coagulase-positive strains of staphylococci (n = 119) were all found to be latex-positive. Negative latex agglutination test results were obtained with 154 out of 167 coagulase-negative strains, the other 13 (7.8%) strains gave positive latex tests. Furthermore 3 out of 19 Micrococcus strains yielded positive agglutinating results. According to the results presented a negative latex test allows a rapid exclusion of S. aureus. A positive latex test requires the determination of further typical characteristics to differentiate among the staphylococcal isolates.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cryopreservation of bacterial vegetative cells used in antibiotic assay.

A long-term cryopreservation study of vegetative cells of Micrococcus lutea ATCC 9341a, Micrococcus lutea ATCC 15957, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 cells, used in our antibiotic bioassay procedure, was conducted. The cryoprotective abilities of 1% methylcellulose solution and a 15% glycerol solution at -14 degrees C were determined. More organisms remained viable in 1% methylcellulose than in 15% glycerol. Overall survival of Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 after 365 days was 1.5 logs lower than the other 2 organisms. The sensitivity and the resistance of the preserved organisms to various antibiotics did not change. The methodology is simple and inexpensive, saves analytical time, and avoids risk of contamination and sudden loss of a well-characterized culture.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

[No stimulation of the growth of microorganisms by repair-substances (author's transl)].

By means of manometric technique the influence of X-ray-repairsubstances on the growth and respiration of Micrococcus denitrificans, Micrococcus radiodurans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. Though these substances are stimulating the development of higher plants, there is no effect on growth and respiration of these microorganisms.

Micrococcus↗
PubMed1993

Study of the antiseptic efficacy of a quick drying rubbing type povidone-iodine alcoholic disinfectant solution by the glove juice method.

The antiseptic efficacy of HAD Hand Wash (83% ethanol containing 0.5% povidone-iodine) was investigated by the glove-juice method in 29 cases amongst staff members of our university. The number of viable bacteria on the hands and fingers was counted three times, and the mean of these counts was used as the baseline value for each subject. The number of viable bacteria on both hands was the same prior to disinfection. After the hands were disinfected by rubbing with 3 ml of HAD Hand Wash until it dried, the subjects put on sterile gloves. The number of viable bacteria was counted on the right hand of all the subjects immediately after disinfection. The number of viable bacteria on the left hand was counted in 8 subjects 30 minutes after disinfection, and in 7 subjects each 1, 2 and 4 hours after disinfection. The bacteria were identified by subculture. The ratio of bacteria sterilized (bacterial reduction rate) was 75.4% immediately after disinfection, and 69.0%, 71.9%, 35.8% and 27.6% at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours, respectively. All of the bacteria detected were Gram-positive bacteria that were native to the sebaceous glands, sweat glands or skin surface; i.e. Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Streptococcus. The frequency of detection of Staphylococcus warneri was the highest before disinfection, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus hominis, in that order. After disinfection, all these species showed a marked decrease in the number of bacteria. Micrococcus remained in half the subjects, while other species remained in less than one third of the subjects.

Antisepsis↗