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PubMed1982

Assessing the problematic interpersonal skills of mentally retarded individuals in a vocational setting.

The present paper reports on two studies which were designed to assess specific interpersonal situations and behaviors which interfere with a mentally retarded individual's adjustment to a vocational setting. In the first study, lists of problematic interpersonal situations and problematic behaviors were generated based on (a) interviews with prevocational teachers, school personnel, and work supervisors in a sheltered workshop setting, and (b) behavioral observations of workers in prevocational classes and a workshop setting. The list of problematic behaviors was further evaluated by work supervisors to determine the frequency and seriousness of each behavior. This information provided a basis for establishing training priorities in an interpersonal skills training program for mentally retarded individuals. In a second study, problem behavior ratings were obtained from prevocational teachers and residential supervisors for 40 mentally retarded individuals. Teachers additionally rated each individual using several standardized assessment scales (Behavior Problem Checklist, AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale, Vocational Competency Scale). After placement in a sheltered workshop setting, problem behavior ratings were obtained from work supervisors for each individual, and the length of successful employment was assessed. Intercorrelations among measures and across raters provided initial support for the validity and reliability of the problem behavior list. Implications for future researching and training on interpersonal-vocational skills are discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1979

Value of computerized tomography scanning in syndromes associated with mental retardation: preliminary report.

The application of CT scanning in the evaluation of mental retardation syndromes is reviewed. In a representative sample of 35 institutionalized patients, the CT scan showed gross anatomic abnormality in most. However, these findings were diagnostic in only a small minority. Implications of this are discussed. In addition, the potential role of CT in the diagnosis of intercurrent diseases in the mentally retarded is considered.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1996

Vulnerability to criminal exploitation: influence of interpersonal competence differences among people with mental retardation.

A study by Wilson & Brewer (1992) has indicated that people with mental retardation are at greater risk of having a crime committed against them than age-matched cohorts from the general population. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that this heightened vulnerability is partially explained in terms of behavioural shortcomings reflecting interpersonal competence. Twenty victims of crime and 20 nonvictims, all with mental retardation, were recruited so that means for age, adaptive behaviour and IQ were similar. Groups were compared on the Test of Interpersonal Competence and Personal Vulnerability (TICPV) developed for the present study. Results showed poorer interpersonal competence among the victims, indicating that victims had difficulty in deciding on the appropriate behaviour in some interactions. Performance on the test was shown to be internally consistent, stable over time and a valid measure of vulnerability. The study concluded with recommendations for more detailed investigation of the precise behaviours which influence risk as a first step in an attempt at remediation.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Governmental spending for mental retardation and developmental disabilities, 1977-1984.

A study of public spending for mental retardation and developmental disabilities in fiscal years 1977 through 1984 reveals that combined state and federal government spending grew by 23 percent despite diminished growth in federal spending after passage of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981. Combined state and federal expenditures for community services grew by 40 percent, primarily because of an unprecedented rise in state spending. Total state and federal spending for institutional services plateaued, as a 26 percent drop in state appropriations was offset by an infusion of federal dollars, mostly through the Intermediate Care Facilities for the Mentally Retarded program. Federal, state, and local expenditures in fiscal 1984, estimated to total $16.49 billion, are assessed, and future trends in the financing of institutional and community services in the U.S. are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Psychiatry and mental retardation: towards a behavioural pharmacological concept.

The rediscovery of psychiatric disorders in mentally retarded subjects has revealed the inadequacy of existing diagnostic and classification systems. The major reason for the limitations of the latter is that such systems have not been developed for application in subjects with substantial intellectual handicaps or other brain dysfunctions. Furthermore, the impact of the different aetiological brain factors is more or less neglected, and so are the specific interrelations between brain dysfunctions and psychiatric symptoms. For a better understanding of the behavioural disorders in mentally retarded subjects, the data from primate studies should be taken into consideration, especially where these suggest a relationship between developmental factors and brain dysfunction. Finally, a functional approach is advocated, linking biological and psychological dysfunctions, that could eventually lead to a so-called functional psychopharmacology.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Peer-directed communicative interactions of augmented language learners with mental retardation.

Naturally occurring peer-directed communicative interactions of 13 youth with mental retardation and little or no functional speech who used the System for Augmenting Language (SAL) as their primary means of communication were described. Findings suggest that this system was an integral component of both successful and effective conversations and may be one important means of enhancing social interactions with peer communicative partners who have and do not have mental retardation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Diathesis-stress and depressed mood among adults with mental retardation.

The impact of diatheses, stress, and their interaction on depressed mood was evaluated to determine the appropriateness of cognitive diathesis-stress models of depression for adults with mental retardation. We also tested hopelessness as a mediator in the prediction of depressed mood to evaluate the hopelessness theory of depression. Seventy-three adults with mental retardation and adequate receptive vocabulary participated in semi-structured interviews. Experiencing life stressors and possessing a negative attributional style, but not their interaction, served as predictors of depressed mood. Similar results were obtained using frequency or impact ratings of life stress. Conditions were not met to test hopelessness as a mediator. Treatment implications for depression among adults with mental retardation are highlighted.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Deletion of the mental retardation gene Gdi1 impairs associative memory and alters social behavior in mice.

Non-specific mental retardation (NSMR) is a common human disorder characterized by mental handicap as the only clinical symptom. Among the recently identified MR genes is GDI1, which encodes alpha Gdi, one of the proteins controlling the activity of the small GTPases of the Rab family in vesicle fusion and intracellular trafficking. We report the cognitive and behavioral characterization of mice carrying a deletion of Gdi1. The Gdi1-deficient mice are fertile and anatomically normal. They appear normal also in many tasks to assess spatial and episodic memory and emotional behavior. Gdi1-deficient mice are impaired in tasks requiring formation of short-term temporal associations, suggesting a defect in short-term memory. In addition, they show lowered aggression and altered social behavior. In mice, as in humans, lack of Gdi1 spares most central nervous system functions and preferentially impairs only a few forebrain functions required to form temporal associations. The general similarity to human mental retardation is striking, and suggests that the Gdi1 mutants may provide insights into the human defect and into the molecular mechanisms important for development of cognitive functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Handedness distribution in a nonspeaking population with mental retardation.

Fifty nonspeaking or minimally speaking subjects with moderate, severe, or profound mental retardation underwent evaluation of handedness. Results confirmed previously reported increased prevalence of non-right handedness and the occurrence of a large subtype of ambiguous handedness. Results suggest that incidence of atypical hand preference is not closely linked to level of cognitive impairment, especially as represented by significant speech-language impairment in this population, as has been previously hypothesized. Atypical handedness of persons with mental retardation probably depends on language organization, and there is little support for the view that such subtypes represent bilateral hemispheric damage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Effects of sampling context on the expressive language of children and adolescents with mental retardation.

This study was designed to determine whether conversational samples of language should be supplemented with samples obtained in narrative, or storytelling, contexts when evaluating the expressive language skills of individuals with mental retardation. Language samples were elicited in both conversational and narrative contexts from 16 school-age individuals with mental retardation and 16 typically developing children matched to them on MA. An analysis of the samples demonstrated that both groups produced more syntactically complex language in narration than in conversation, whereas they were more talkative in conversation than in narration. These results suggest that conversational and narrative contexts should be used together when evaluating the expressive language performance of individuals with mental retardation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of risperidone and methylphenidate for reducing ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with moderate mental retardation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short-term efficacy and tolerability of risperidone and methylphenidate for reducing symptoms related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents with moderate mental retardation. METHOD: In a 4-week, single-blind, parallel-group trial, 45 subjects with moderate mental retardation and ADHD were randomized to risperidone or methylphenidate and assessed using objective rating scales for efficacy (SNAP [Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham]-IV and Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form) and side effects (Barkley's Side Effects Rating Scale and Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser). RESULTS: Both groups had reduced ADHD symptoms during the trial. Repeated-measures analysis of variance yielded a significant effect for the interaction between time and group assignment in SNAP-IV Total scores (F = 3.26; p = .05), suggesting a more pronounced effect for risperidone. There was a significant weight reduction in the methylphenidate group and a weight gain in the risperidone group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that risperidone is associated with greater reductions in ADHD Total score than methylphenidate in children with moderate mental retardation and ADHD. Comorbidity and the side effects profile might be of importance in choosing between the medications, although it is usually prudent to try stimulants before antipsychotics in such children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Siblings of adults with mental illness or mental retardation: current involvement and expectation of future caregiving.

OBJECTIVE: The study examined the factors associated with the involvement of siblings in the life of a brother or sister who has mental illness or mental retardation. Involvement was defined as the current provision of instrumental and emotional support as well as the expectation of future caregiving responsibility. METHODS: A mailed questionnaire was used to collect data from 61 siblings of adults with serious mental illness and 119 siblings of adults with mental retardation. The sample was drawn from two ongoing longitudinal studies. RESULTS: The two groups of siblings showed striking differences in their expectations about their responsibility for future caregiving. Almost 60 percent of the siblings of adults with mental retardation expected to assume primary caregiving responsibility in the future, but only one-third of the siblings of adults with mental illness held this expectation. For both groups, competing family responsibilities limited the involvement of siblings, whereas closeness to the family of origin led to greater sibling involvement. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of current and future involvement by siblings of adults with disabilities is a function of the demands and constraints of midlife as well as the degree of closeness with the family of origin. The findings highlight the importance of clinicians' work to support and strengthen family relationships, which loom large in determining the extent to which siblings are involved in the care of a brother or sister with disabilities.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Magnetic resonance imaging in the malformative syndromes with mental retardation.

We reported on thirteen children affected with malformative syndromes associated with mental retardation. MRI examination showed in all of them different types of anomalies; agenesis of corpus callosum, ventricular dilatation and cerebral matter alterations were the most frequent findings. The authors give a brief description of the clinical reports and of the anomalies observed with MRI; they conclude that MRI seems to be a valuable tool especially for the study of the alterations of the cerebral matter and their correlation with mental retardation.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2001

Zuclopenthixol treatment of behavioral disturbances in mentally retarded children and adolescents: an open-label study.

The present open-label study assessed the efficacy of zuclopenthixol, an thioxanthene neuroleptic with combined dopamine receptors (D1/D2) antagonist activity, in the treatment of severe behavioral disturbances in mentally retarded children and adolescents. A sample of 15 (11 males, 4 females) mentally retarded children and adolescents, ages 5-18 years (12.2 +/- 2.3 [mean +/- SD] years), all exhibiting severe behavioral disturbances, was evaluated. The 12-week zuclopenthixol treatment (up to 26 mg/day) was initiated after a week's washout from previous antipsychotic agents. An assessment of the behavioral disturbances was performed using the 14-item Checklist for Behavior Problems Involving Limited or No Social Awareness (CBP-NSA). The Udvalg for kliniske undersøgelser (UKU) Side Effect Rating Scale was used to assess the pharmacologic side effects. Results show a significant reduction in total CBP-NSA scores and in individual items such as hyperactivity, aggressive behavior, and temper tantrums (p < 0.001 for each). It seems that zuclopenthixol monotherapy is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of severe behavioral disturbances in mentally retarded children and adolescents. Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn regarding the efficacy and safety of zuclopenthixol for this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effect of mental retardation and motor disability on testing with visual acuity cards.

The visual acuity of 77 children (aged between 1 1/2 and eight years) with cerebral palsy and mental retardation was tested using acuity cards. Results varied by no more than one octave in 79 per cent of the cases. The median acuity of children with severe motor disabilities was lower and the variability from test to test was greater than for those with mild motor disabilities. Grouping the children roughly according to degree of mental retardation, the more retarded group tended to be more visually disabled and vary more from test to test. In general, day-to-day variability was greater than within-day inter-observer variability. The use of acuity cards to evaluate visual acuity in severely disabled and mentally retarded children, whose acuity is difficult to evaluate with conventional acuity tests, is a useful alternative method.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of orthodontic anomalies in mentally retarded developmentally disabled (MRDD) persons.

For this epidemiologic study, 458 individuals with mental retardation and developmental disability (MRDD), from 6 to 87 years old, from the Lower Hudson Valley region of New York, were evaluated for the occurrence of orthodontic anomalies. High occurrence of both anomalies of intermaxillary relation, as determined by Angle's classification, and the anomalies of occlusion were found in these individuals when compared with the general population. An increased incidence of both acquired (i.e., open bite) as well as hereditary (i.e., prognathia) orthodontic anomalies correlated with the severity of mental retardation. In addition, an increased incidence of Angle class II malocclusion was found in persons with cerebral palsy and autism, and an increase of Angle class III malocclusion in persons with autism and Down syndrome. Moreover, it was found that 74% of MRDD persons had definitive malocclusion, while only 37% of the US general population of comparable age has definitive malocclusion. High incidence of malocclusion in this population remained present into old age, mainly due to a lack of treatment and the need to employ non-conventional orthodontic treatment in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Study of treatment on acquired infantile mental retardation with traditional Chinese and Western medicine].

80 cases with acquired infantile mental retardation caused by perinatal brain injury was treated with large doses of hyoscyamus, self made Retarded Recovery Pill and acupuncture. At the same time, 50 cases were taken as control group treated with Nao An Tai, Nao Fu Kang, etc. After 3 month treatment, the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) increased by 15 points in 29 cases of treatment group, while 3 cases in control group, chi 2 = 15.2, P < 0.01. After treatment for 6 month the IQ increased in 41 and 5 cases respectively, t = 5.53, P < 0.01. In 58.75% of the faculty of speech and motion greatly improved. It revealed that to treat the acquired infantile mental retardation, the combined therapy of traditional Chinese and Western medicine is effective.

Acupuncture Therapy↗