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At least 1,657 records · Page 92Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo (CHF-C) virus antibodies in man, and in domestic and small mammals, in Iran.

A Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo (CHF-C) virus antibody survey was carried out in Iran with sera from man and several animal species; this survey was done by means of agar gel diffusion precipitation (AGDP) test with the following results (percent positive of number tested): men, 13% of 351; sheep, 38% of 728; goats, 36% of 135; cattle, 18% of 130; camels, 0% of 157; small mammals, 3% of 274. A number of sera were tested by complement-fixation (CF), neutralization (N), and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests in addition to the AGDP test. A good correlation was found in the results with 105 sera tested by AGDP, HI, and N, with approximately 70% to 75% positive in all three tests; by CF, only 20% were positive. Of 55 human sera, of which 15 could be tested by N test, about half were positive by AGDP and only 10% by HI at low titers; none was positive by N and CF tests. These results suggest that any one of the three serological tests (N, HI, and AGDP) can be used to survey the antibody prevalence in sera from domestic animals; the CF test, not unexpectedly, was less suitable. Our results, however, are inconclusive in regard to the human sera.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A survey of hantavirus antibody in small-mammal populations in selected United States National Parks.

Hantavirus activity in 39 National Parks in the eastern and central United States was surveyed by testing 1,815 small mammals of 38 species for antibody reactive to Sin Nombre virus. Antibody-positive rodents were found throughout the area sampled, and in most biotic communities. Antibody was detected in 7% of 647 deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), 2% of 590 white-footed mice (P. leucopus), 17% of 12 rice rats (Oryzomys palustris), 3% of 31 cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus), and 33% of 18 western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis). Antibody was also found in three of six species of voles, and in one of 33 chipmunks (Tamias minimus). Prevalence among Peromyscus was highest in the northeast. Although few cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome have been identified from the eastern and central regions, widespread infection in reservoir populations indicates that potential exists for human infection throughout much of the United States.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-living African mammals.

Twelve species of free-living African mammals from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using the indirect hemagglutination test. Of 157 animals sampled, 20 (13%) were seropositive. T. gondii antibodies were detected in Burchell's zebra, (Equus burchelli), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), African elephant (Loxodonta africana), defassa waterbuck (Kobus defassa), lion (Panthera leo), and rock hyrax (Procavia capensis), The highest titers were found in elephants, two having titers of 1:4096 and one of 1:8192. These results are discussed in relation to the maintenance of T. gondii among African wildlife.

Africa↗
PubMed1976

The prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in some Ontario mammals.

A survey of serum samples from mammals trapped in Central Ontario showed that many contained antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. The prevalence of infection as reflected by positive reactions in the Sabin-Feldman Dye Test appeared to be related to the type of diet of each species examined, and specifically, to the proportion of rodents in the diet. Of the fox blood samples tested, 84% were positive. The percentage of positive samples diminished through, coyote, mink, bear, fisher skunk, raccoon, marten and rabbit. Blood samples from squirrel, deer, hare and groundhog were negative.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Possible role of wild mammals in transmission of pseudorabies to swine.

Of 73 wild and domestic mammals tested from an area endemic for pseudorabies in swine, 16 showed natural pseudorabies virus infection, 8 from farms with no pseudorabies history. In transmission experiments with swine and raccoons (Procyon lotor), pseudorabies was not transmitted between raccoons but was transmitted reciprocally between raccoons and swine by contact and when either consumed infected carrion of the other. The fluorescent antibody tissue section test proved valuable in diagnosis of pseudorabies, especially when employed with the virus isolation test.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1981

Serologic survey for selected microbial agents in mammals from Alberta, 1976.

Blood samples were taken from humans and several species of free-ranging wild mammals from five different geographic areas of Alberta, Canada. Sera were tested for antibody to eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus, western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus, St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus, Powassan (POW) virus, the snowshoe hare (SSH) strain of the California group (CAL) of viruses, Northway (NOR) virus, Klamath (KLA) virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, and two bacteria, Brucella abortus and Francisella tularensis. CAL antibody was found in 63% of 11 snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), 33% of 167 black bears (Ursus americanus), and 19% of 55 humans (Homo sapiens). NOR antibody was found in 0.4% of 258 hares, 11% of 9 bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), 20% of 44 moose (Alces alces), 4% of 56 bears, 14% of 22 woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus), and 2% of 50 humans. IBR antibody was detected in 14% of 14 moose. B. abortus antibody was found in 1% of 283 bears. F. tularensis antibody was detected in 2% of 52 humans. These findings represent extension of: (1) the natural host range of IBR, CAL, and NOR; (2) the geographical distribution of NOR infection in North America; and (3) the geographical distribution of CAL infection within Alberta.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Beta-endorphin levels in blood from selected Alaskan mammals.

Blood samples were analyzed for beta-endorphin from 43 non-torpid black bear (Ursus americanus), 8 torpid black bear, 3 non-torpid brown bear (Ursus arctos), 14 moose (Alces alces), 6 mountain goats (Oreamnus americanus) and 30 Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Beta-endorphin levels were detected in all species sampled and there were no significant differences in levels among non-torpid black bear, brown bear and sea lions. Also, no differences were detected between moose and mountain goats, but all other comparisons were significantly different (P less than 0.001). Torpid black bear had higher levels than all other groups. Moose and mountain goats had the lowest levels. The possibility of beta-endorphin influencing behavior and physiology of mammals is discussed.

Alaska↗
PubMed1983

Prevalence of serologic types of Pasteurella multocida from 57 species of birds and mammals in the United States.

The serologic types of 265 isolates of Pasteurella multocida collected from 50 species of wild birds and seven species of wild mammals over a 22-yr period were determined with the gel diffusion precipitin test. Antigens prepared from these isolates reacted with reference P. multocida antisera representing serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, and 15. Antigens from some isolates reacted slightly with antisera from more than one serotype. Overall, gel precipitin reactions involving serotype 1 (65%) and 3 (20%) were the most prevalent.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The role of medium-sized mammals as reservoirs of Borrelia burgdorferi in southern New York.

The ability of raccoons (Procyon lotor), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) and opossums (Didelphis virginiana) to serve as reservoirs of Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease, was compared with that of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). Twenty-eight (28) medium-sized mammals and 34 white-footed mice were captured in Westchester County, New York (USA) in summer 1986. Animals were caged over pans of water for 1 to 2 days to recover engorged tick larvae (Ixodes dammini) that detached from the hosts after feeding. With the exception of mice, numbers of engorged tick larvae recovered exceeded those counted during initial examinations of the hosts by 30% (opossums) to nearly 90% (raccoons). Newly-molted nymphal ticks derived from the engorged larvae were examined for the presence of spirochetes by darkfield microscopy. Percentage infection was 5% (n = 22) for ticks from skunks and 14% (n = 191) for ticks from raccoons. None of 24 nymphs from larvae that fed on opossums survived long enough for spirochete examination. By comparison, 40% (n = 72) of nymphs from larvae which fed on white-footed mice were infected. Of the individual hosts from which molted nymphs had fed as larvae, 67% of mice, 33% of skunks, and 55% of raccoons produced spirochete-positive ticks.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Lawsonia intracellularis in wild mammals in the Slovak Carpathians.

Feces of wild mammals were collected in the Bukovské Vrchy Hills (north-eastern Slovakia) in January and February 2002. The feces were examined for Lawsonia intracellularis by means of nested polymerase chain reaction. A total of 194 samples of feces from red deer (Cervus elaphus), 46 samples from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 31 samples from red fox (Vulpes vulpes), 23 samples from gray wolf (Canis lupus), and 12 samples from brown hare (Lepus europaeus) were examined. Lawsonia intracellularis was found in two samples from wolves, in two samples from foxes, and one sample from red deer. This is the first description of L. intracellularis in these three species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Can the nervous system functions of mammals be restored during deep cooling without warming? New facts and the evolution of views].

The article provides a review of publications on the most recent theory of cold-induced paralysis and cold-induced cells dying in mammals. Based on this theory, a method of rehabilitation of the nervous system functions was proposed in case of cold-induced paralysis with no tissue warming. The facts were provided describing rehabilitation of the physiological functions under deep hypothermia. Using this own and published data, the author provided the physiological analysis of the new data. He concluded that the physiological functions of homoiothermal animals and man can be maintained under very low body temperature. The author proposed the physiological actions to recover humans from deep accidental (in case of accidents) hypothermia. The new theory and the new facts allowed to propose new ideas on the origin to homoiothermy and natural hibernation in animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Equal frequencies of recombination nodules in both sexes of the pigeon suggest a basic difference with eutherian mammals.

The total number of recombination nodules (RNs) in the autosomal synaptonemal complexes (SCs) is statistically equivalent in oocytes and spermatocytes from the domestic pigeon Columba livia. The distribution on RNs along the three longest autosomes is also equivalent in oocytes and spermatocytes. The numbers of RNs show a linear relationship when plotted against SC length both in oocytes and spermatocytes. On the other hand, the ZW pair shows a single and strictly localized RN near the synaptic termini, but the ZZ pair shows unrestricted location of RNs (average 3.8). The ZW and ZZ pairs of the pigeon are euchromatic and do not show specific chromatin packing at pachytene in either sex. The lack of sex-specific differences in the number and location of RNs in the autosomal bivalents of C. livia and previous data on the chicken, suggest that the regulation of crossing-over is basically different in birds and mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Neural development in metatherian and eutherian mammals: variation and constraint.

A model for predicting the timing of neurogenesis in mammals (Finlay and Darlington [1995] Science 268:1578-1584) is here extended to an additional five metatherian species and to a variety of other events in neural development. The timing of both the outgrowth of axonal processes and the establishment and segregation of connections proves to be as highly predictable as neurogenesis. Expressed on a logarithmic scale, late developmental events are as predictable as early ones. The fundamental order of events is the same in eutherian and metatherian animals, but there is a curvilinear relation between the event scales of the two; for metatherians, later events are slowed relative to earlier events. Furthermore, in metatherians, the timing of developmental events is more variable than in eutherians. The slowing of late developmental events in metatherians is associated with their considerably longer time to weaning compared with eutherians.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Application of electrophysiological methods in vivo to study circadian clock mechanisms in mammals].

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the thalamic lateral geniculate complex are two main oscillators for circadian timing system. A lot of anatomical evidences indicated a strong neuronal connections between SCN and IGL. Relatively less, however, is know about the electrophysiology and functional interactions between SCN and IGL. The spontaneous firing rate of SCN neurons exhibits a remarkable circadian rhythm with a higher activity in the day and a lower at the night both in vivo and in vitro preparations. However, these rhythms my represent only clock output rather then the intrinsic clock mechanism. Last data described for the first time ultradian rhythmic neuronal oscillation recorded in vivo in the rat SCN and IGL. These isoperiodic phasic discharge probably constitute a basis necessary to generate circadian rhythms in mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

SEM demonstration of elastic fibres in the integument of small and densely-haired mammals.

The combination of SEM and autoclave methods gave a clear three-dimensional demonstration of integumental elastic fibres in small densely-haired mammals. The specific organisation of a fine and spongy elastic network was characterised by uniformly thin elastic fibres which were homogeneously distributed between both hair follicle types throughout the whole dermis. All the hair follicles were connected with each other by elastic fibres along their complete intradermal length. The advantage of such a specific elastic dermis construction is that all hair follicles can be moved together and simultaneously along the entire body, so that a better and rapid insulation is achieved after erection of the hair follicles during very low temperatures.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Body mass, population density, and offspring number in mammals].

The negative relationship between population density and body mass with the body mass exponent of -0.75 implies that the energy flow through populations of small- and large-bodied species is the same, for individual metabolism scales to body mass raised to the power of +0.75. This relationship called the energetic equivalence rule, has often been observed for mammal species assemblages studied at regional scales. Here we suggest a demography-based mechanism that may generate it. Having analyzed about 130 literature sources, mostly in Russian, we collected demography and body-mass data for 88 mammalian species from the territory and coastal waters of the former Soviet Union. The data were used to construct a number of interspecific relationships. It is shown that (1) the number of offspring per lifetime is approximately inversely proportional to the relative mass at birth (the exponent is not significantly different from -1), (2) the average lifespan is proportional to body mass to the 0.25 power, (3) body mass at birth is proportional to the adult body mass. We develop a simple theory to demonstrate that relations (1) to (3) entail the energetic equivalence rule. The theory also allows us to explain violation of this rule (in non-flying birds, for example), namely, to predict the exponent of relation (1) for any given exponent of the relation between population density and body mass. This is possible because relations (2) and (3) are likely to more universally hold than relation (1). Finally, since natural selection acts on individual traits rather than on population-level ones such as population density, the theory opens up the way to an evolutionary explanation for the energetic equivalence rule.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of molecular mechanisms of translation initiation in mammals using in vitro reconstruction of initiation complexes].

Papers on the mechanisms of translation initiation in mammals studied by reconstruction of initiation complexes from individual components are reviewed. The author points to the constraints of this approach and to the pitfalls ignoring which one might come to erroneous conclusions and even artifacts. In addition, some methods employed in the field as well as some technical problems are discussed in the paper, together with the means of obviating them. The review could be a guidebook for newcomers into this quite labor-consuming field.

Animals↗