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PubMed1988

Biological characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nude mice.

The characteristics of 50 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from BALB/c nude mice (nu/nu, nu/+) with or without subcutaneous abscesses [13] were examined. All the 50 strains belonged to biotype B according to the classification by Hájek and Marsálek. All of them were phage typable, showing a single phage pattern of 52A/79/47/53/77/83A/85. The coagulase type was classified as VII. All of the 50 strains were highly sensitive to penicillin, methylphenylisoxazolyl penicillin, erythromycin, spiramycin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin, gentamicin and cephaloridine, but were resistant to sulfisoxazole. Two S. aureus strains isolated from the nostril and finger of one person working in the mouse colony were identified as the same biotype as the murine strains but different in phage type, coagulase type and drug resistance pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from 1974 to 1983 in West Germany with respect to the results of lysotyping].

A total of 594 methicillin-resistant (MER) S. aureus strains originating from the Federal Republic of Germany were both tested for their susceptibility to a number of selected antimicrobial agents, and lysotyped with the international set of S. aureus typing phages. Control groups of methicillin-sensitive, but penicillin- (PER) and gentamicin-resistant (GER) strains were tested for comparison. A group of S. aureus strains susceptible to all of the agents tested was included in the statistical evaluation of the lysotyping results. 98% of the MER and 72% of the GER S. aureus strains were cross-resistant towards at least five of the other agents tested. 84 to 97% of the MER strains were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, kanamycin and gentamicin. The in vitro susceptibility towards lincomycin and amikacin was in the range of 50 to 60%. The strongest in vitro efficacy--both against the MER and the GER strains--was shown by vancomycin and fusidic acid. 52.9% of the MER and 47% of the GER strains, but only 12.3% of the non-resistant strains and no more than 15% of the PER strains belonged to phage-group III; a higher proportion of these latter groups reacted with phage-group I, which was rare among the MER and the GER strains (3.2% and 7.8% respectively). The most frequent phage-patterns of the MER strains were as follows: 47/75/77, 47/54/75/77/84/85, 77/84/85, 47/54/75/77/85, 6/47/54/75/77/84/85, and 55/83A. Most of the phage-group III lysotopes occurred at numerous places across the country, while mixed lysotypes were apparently more confined to certain areas. A relatively high percentage of the MER strains, but notably also of the sensitive strains was non-typable (22.1% and 24.1% respectively), whereas the PER and the GER strains had a considerably lower rate of non-typability (9.3% and 4.8% respectively). A correlation between non-typability and multiresistance was not evident.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1977

[Role of B streptococci in perinatal medicine].

Vaginal swabs from 1140 women were investigated for presence of group B-streptococci. In nonpregnant women the carriage rate was 3.3%. During the pregnancy the highest colonisation rate was in the second trimenon. The serotypes were distributed approxmiately the same in both groups of patients, with the exception of types III and R. All strains were sensitive against ampicillin and lincomycin, in 6 cases we found a reduced sensitivity against penicillin. These results are compared with those from other authors and discussed in regard to sepsis and meningitis of the newborn.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro comparison of the activity of various antibiotics and drugs against new Taiwan isolates and standard strains of avian mycoplasma.

Twenty-nine antibiotics or drugs were incorporated individually into mycoplasma agar to evaluate their inhibitory activity against avian mycoplasmas: 100 recent Taiwan isolates of 7 serotypes and 10 standard strains of 7 serotypes were tested. All of the standard strains were very sensitive to erythromycin, chlorotetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, and tetracycline, but the local isolates were highly resistant to these antibiotics. The drugs or antibiotics that possessed an MIC90 of 50 micrograms/ml or less against the local isolates were tiamulin (less than 0.4 micrograms/ml), lincospectin (2.7), josamycin (2.7), lincomycin (3.0), spectinomycin (4.8), tylosin (6.0), kanamycin (6.0), chloramphenicol (6.0), gentamicin (7.5), apramycin (24.5), doxycycline (27.4), minocycline (29.0), spiramycin (30.0), colistin (44.3), leucomycin (45.0), and streptomycin (50.0). The MIC90 of the other antibiotics or drugs was greater than 50 micrograms/ml. None of the isolates or strains were sensitive to nalidixic acid, ronidazole, penicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, carbadox, or four sulfa drugs at a concentration about 5 times the therapeutic level.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of several antibiotics on the neuromuscular junction: Part II.

The effects of various kinds of antibiotics including tetracycline (TC), chloramphenicol (CP), sodium cephalothin (CET), sodium cefazolin (CEZ), colistin sulfate (CL), colistin sodium methanesulfonate (CL-M), bacitracin (BC), gramicidin HCl (GR), rifampicin sulfate (RFP) and lincomycin (LCM), on the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) were studied by in vitro and in vivo experiments. In in vitro experiments, CL and LCM exhibited a blocking effect on the NMJ in rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparations, and GR caused a marked increase in muscle contraction. This effect was not affected by administration of eserine or CaCl2. In in vitro experiments with frog sciatica nerve and musculus sartorius preparations, CL and GR induced the appearance of endplate potentials, suggesting blockade of the NMJ. No blocking effect of other antibiotics was observed. In in vitro experiments with the preparations from Rana catesbiana frogs, TC and LCM induced a decrease in the frequency of miniature endplate potentials. In in vivo experiments with rabbit musculus tibialis anterior preparations, CL, TC and LCM exerted a blocking effect soon after administration, but GR and RFP had a late blocking effect. CL, GR, BC and RFP were found not to compete with eserine or CaCl2 in terms of the blocking effect on the NMJ. From the fact that TC did not compete with eserine but did compete with CaCl2 and with KCl as blockers at the NMJ, this blocking effect of TC seems to be due to inhibition of release of acetylcholine (ACh). The fact that LCM competes with eserine indicates that this antibiotic has the same type of action as curare on ACh receptors of the NMJ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1978

[Antibiotic treatment in acute peritonitis].

The selection depends on several factors and in particular: -the means of transport by which the antibiotic reaches the peritoneum : the aminosides and the betalactamines attain the peritoneum easily while the polymyxins do not; -the causative agent: most often it is a gram negative aerobic or anaerobic bacteria. The entero-bacteria predominate but in the last few years Bacteroides fragilis has been frequently encountered giving rise to numerous studies. The flora is most often polymicrobic. The betalactamines act on gram positive bacteria whether they are aerobic or anaerobic. The aminosides are active against aerobic gram negative bacteria. The same can be said for Colimycine (except for certain Proteus and Providencia). All these antibiotics (other than carbenicillin) are not effective against Bacteroides fragilis which are however very sensitive to lincomycine, to the cyclines and in particular to doxycycline and to the derivatives of imidazole. The laboratory is an important aid in judging therapeutic effectiveness by determining the bacteriacidal strength of the serum and even the serum level of the antibiotic whatever the cause it is imperative: to avoid toxicity and to pay particular attention to the frequent problem of renal insufficiency in these subjects.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

[Lincosamides].

The two main antibiotics that make up the group of lincosamides are lincomycin and its more recent derivative clindamycin; the latter, more active drug is gaining preference over the former. These antibiotics are active primarily against Gram positive cocci (i.e. staphylococci, pneumococci and group A and unclassifiable streptococci) and against most anaerobes (including Bacteroides fragilis). This action originates in binding to the 50S ribosomal fraction. Lincosamides may be given per os, intramuscularly or intravenously. After an oral dose of clindamycin, 90% of the drug is absorbed, and the peak serum level is reached within the first hour. Drug absorption is not modified by meals. Regardless of the route of administration, the serum half life of clindamycin is 2 to 3.8 hours in healthy individuals. Longer half lives are observed in patients with severe renal or hepatic failure, requiring that lower dosages be given by widening the intervals between doses. Diffusion of lincosamides into tissues is of clinical significance except for the central nervous system, especially the cerebrospinal fluid. On the whole, lincosamides are well tolerated. Pseudomembranous colitis is a potential hazard. The main indications of clindamycin are infections due to anaerobes, especially intestinal and vaginal infections. As clindamycin has virtually no effect against Gram negative aerobic pathogens, in most instances another antibiotic, usually an aminoglycoside, is given simultaneously. Other less common indications are some instances of aspiration pneumonia, septicemias due to B. fragilis, and actinomycoses. Because of the risk of pseudomembranous colitis, prophylactic use of clindamycin to prevent postoperative infections following colorectal surgery seems unadvisable.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Current resistance in surgical infections and its development since 1970].

More than 7,000 bacteriological samples were received by the authors and were analysed for the frequency of resistance among pyogenic cocci which are relevant to surgical practice. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 41 per cent and Escherichia coli for 15.3 per cent. These were the most common germs in 1984. Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to ampicillin was as high as 78 per cent. Resistance levels below eight per cent were recorded in the context of lincomycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, and berlocombin. Resistance ratios of Escherichia coli were 55.2 per cent to ampicillin, 4.5 per cent to gentamicin, and 12.6 per cent to berlocombin.

Abscess↗
PubMed1986

[Antibiotic resistance of revertant cultures of Streptococcus group A and of unclassified streptococci isolated from the blood of rheumatism patients].

Sensitivity of one strain of group A Streptococcus, its L-form and revertant was tested to 7 antibiotics and it was observed that the revertant was highly resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and lincomycin, tolerant to ristomycin and had a high value of MBcC/MIC for erythromycin and tetracycline. Testing of other analogous revertant strains showed the same results. In streptococcal strains freshly isolated from blood of patients with rheumatism and resistant to some antibiotics there were recorded by electron microscopy heterogeneity of their population and presence in it of a significant number of cells with altered (unevenly thickened) cell walls and cells with microcapsules on the cell wall surface characteristic of the revertants. In vivo occurrence of streptococcal revertants may be the cause of their antibiotic resistance which obviously requires correction of the rational antibiotic therapy schemes.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

[Sensitivity of Kingella kingae to antibiotics].

Kingella kingae is a small Gram negative rod of the Neisseriaceae family, formerly called Moraxella kingae. This microorganism is found occasionally in the oral cavity and is capable of causing infections. We report three cases of septic arthritis in children due to K. kingae. In vitro susceptibility of the recovered strains was tested using determination of MICs in agar. The strains were susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, cephalothin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and pefloxacin, less susceptible to erythromycin and resistant to lincomycin (MIC 32 mg/l).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

[Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from surgical infections (first report)].

In vitro activities of several antimicrobial agents against bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with primary and postoperative infections were investigated in 1982 and 1983. Antimicrobial agents examined were as follows: sulbenicillin (SBPC), piperacillin (PIPC), cephalothin (CET), cefazolin (CEZ), cefmetazole (CMZ), cefotiam (CTM), cefoperazone (CPZ), cefotaxime (CTX), ceftizoxime (CZX), cefmenoxime (CMX), latamoxef (LMOX), lincomycin (LCM), gentamicin (GM) and amikacin (AMK). Specimens for bacterial isolation included plus, fluid drawn by centesis, or bile. Blood samples of septicemia were excluded. The antimicrobial activities of these drugs were determined by the agar plate dilution method of the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy. There were 123 strains obtained in the 1982 survey and 252 strains in the 1983 survey. Little or no differences were seen in frequencies of isolation between the isolates of principal species in 1982 and those in 1983. Isolation frequencies of pathogens in primary infections were, in an order of decreasing frequency, E. coli (25.6%), anaerobes (21.1%), Streptococcus sp. (14.3%), Staphylococcus sp. (11.3%); in postoperative infections, Streptococcus sp. was most frequent (28.6%), followed by Pseudomonas sp. (17.6%), anaerobes (12.6%), E. coli (10.9%), Staphylococcus (10.1%). Against S. aureus, CEZ, CTM, LCM and GM had similar degree of activity with CET being somewhat more active. CMX was the most active drug among the third generation cephems tested against S. aureus. No strain was CTM, CEZ, and LCM-resistant at the same time. Over 90% of E. coli, were sensitive to CTX, CZX and CMX, inhibited by 0.10 microgram/ml, while E. coli were slightly less susceptible to CPZ and LMOX. Penicillins were not very active against K. pneumoniae, and only 60% of K. pneumoniae were inhibited by PIPC at concentrations of 12.5 micrograms/ml. Third generation cephems, CTX, CMX and CZX, proved highly active against K. pneumoniae; over 90% of K. pneumoniae was inhibited by CTX, CMX and CZX at a concentration of 0.10 microgram/ml. About 60% of P. aeruginosa was inhibited by 3.13 micrograms/ml of PIPC and GM but was resistant to SBPC. This survey should be very useful for the selection of an appropriate drug for prophylaxis if the frequencies of incidences of pathogens in postoperative infections are taken into account in selecting the most active antibiotic agent(s) against the most frequent genus, genera and species of pathogens.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1978

Penetration of antimicrobials into tissue culture cells and leucocytes.

When exposed to HeLa cells in tissue culture for 72 hr., antimicrobials could be categorised into three groups characterised by cell associated concentrations much lower (ampicillin, cephalexin, cloxacillin, flucloxacillin, streptomycin and trimethoprim, all 14% or less), much higher (tetracycline and polymyxins) or approximating to those extracellularly (erythromycin, lincomycin, fusidic acid and gentamicin). For kanamycin, neomycin and sulphonamides, cell associated levels were between 24 and 47% and for penicillin G and cephaloridine were 66% of those extracellularly. With mouse peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral blood leucocytes cell associated levels for representative antibiotics were all lower after 3 hr. exposure than in the tissue culture cells. However, studies on the rate of release of cell associated antibiotic and of the effects of surface active agents indicated that the differences between cell types were due to loss of cell association during washing procedures to remove extracellular antibiotic. The effects of bactericidal antibiotics on survival of bacteria phagocytosed by mouse macrophages suggested that the cell association observed in tissue culture cells represented true intracellular penetration rather than mere binding to the cell surface. Within families of antibiotics, alterations to the molecule change cell penetration and the variations observed can not be explained merely in terms of simple diffusion, molecular size, dissociation constants, lipid solubility or protein binding.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Proposed neotype Streptomyces ruber (Krainsky, 1914) Waksman et Henrici, 1948].

Culture 78 was proposed as a neotype of Streptomyces ruber. It was isolated from the soils of the Baikal region and was closest, in its taxonomic properties, to the original description of the species [13] whose representative had been lost. Cultures from different microbial collections designated as S. ruber were shown to be unlike the original description. The neotype had the following taxononic properties: the cell wall of type I; spiral sporophores with extended spirals having 2-3 coils; oval spores with a smooth envelope; greyish pink aerial and dark-red substrate mycelia; a red pigment not passing into the medium; slow gelatin liquefaction and milk peptonization; weak starch hydrolysis; assimilation of glucose, xylose, rammose, fructose, and inositol; weak growth on arabinose, raffinose and mannitol, but not on sucrose; no formation of melanoid pigments; synthesis of riboflavin and prodigiosin pigments; inhibition of Gram-positive bacterial and acid-resistant mycobacterial growth; no inhibition of yeast and fungal growth. The culture was sensitive to streptomycin, neomycin, gentamycin, monomycin, tetracycline,erythromycin, oleandomycin, lincomycin, ristomycin, levomycetin, polymyxin and fusidin, but resistant in penicillin. The population was composed of six variants [3]: main, faded, asporogenic red, asporogenic yellow, asporogenic white and nocardia-like. The latter two were not capable of riboflavin and prodigiosin formation. The asporogenic yellow variant was a monosynthetic organism: it formed riboflavin, but could not synthesize prodigiosin. The neotype of S. ruber 78 is deposited withthe national Collection of Microorganisms (the reference number is VKM A-611).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

[Experimental study of the antimicrobial effect of lysozyme in combination with antibiotics].

A synergistic effect of the antibacterial action of the lysozyme combination with various antibiotics against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms was found. The intensifying effect of lysozyme on its combination with antibiotics was more evident with respect to gram-positive microbes and less evident with respect to gram-negative organisms. The combinations os lysozyme with methicillin, lincomycin, oleandomycin or erythromycin proved to be most active against staphylococci. A high synergistic effect against streptococci was observed with the use of the lysozyme combination with benzylpenicillin, morphocycline, oleandomycin, ceporin or monomycin. The combination of lysozyme with macrolides had a maximum inhibitory effect on Coli bacteria.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1986

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the German Democratic Republic. Incidence and strain-characteristics.

In GDR methicillin-resistance strains of S. Aureus only occur in connection with nosocomial infections with a comparably low incidence (about 2%). They are not found in outpatients. For the detection of MRSA the test on nutrient medium L4 with addition of 5% NaCl has proved successful. All of the MRSA exhibit a rather unique pattern of strain-characteristics; they are nontypable by the basic-set-phages and show a reaction with the experimental phage A 994. The MRSA are multiple drug-resistant (generally penicillins, cephalosporins, isoxyzolylpenicillins, oxytetracycline, minocycline, streptomycin, erythromycin, lincomycin and additionally chloramphenicol and gentamycin, kanamycin, tobramycin). The genetical characterization and the plasmid-pattern analysis has shown that only resistance to chloramphenicol and in one case also to macrolides are determined by plasmids (MW 2.0 and 1.8 Megadalton). The determinants for the other resistance-characters are obviously located on the chromosome. Altogether these data indicate that the MRSA described are derivatives of a single-strain-clone.

Cross Infection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Undesirable colorectal effects of drugs].

The most severe adverse reactions associated with medicinal treatment of the colon involve pseudomembranous colitis following antibiotic treatment, notably with clindamycin, lincomycin and betalactamine. The frequency of this adverse reaction is poorly defined: 1 per 100 to 1 per 5 000 treatments depending on the study. Lesions are explained by the cytotoxic effect of Clostridium difficile toxin. Necrotizing anorectitis has been seen in cases of abuse of suppositories containing propoxyphene. The mechanism involved is still unknown.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1985

Characteristics of Mycoplasma strains isolated from stallion semen.

Eleven mycoplasma strains were isolated from the semen of 24 stallions. Eight of these strains were identified as Mycoplasma equigenitalium. Three strains which hydrolized arginine could not be identified. The growth inhibition test with immune sera against M. arginini and M. equirhinis was negative. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that all strains were sensitive to four antibiotic of tetracycline group (oxytetracyclin, minocycline, transcycline and vibramycin). Lincomycin and gentamycin appeared to be the most active against all the strains. Comparative analysis of routine semen examination did not reveal any difference between ejaculates infected with mycoplasma and free of these organisms. However, the levels of certain biochemical components of the semen plasma (glycerylphosphorylcholine, ergothioneine, fructose and of the semen plasma (glycerylphosphorylcholine, ergothioneine, fructose and total protein) from mycoplasma-positive ejaculates were significantly lower than in the semen plasma from mycoplasma free ejaculates.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Application of LAL for detection of endotoxin in antibiotic preparations.

The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test has been investigated as an alternative method to the USP pyrogen test for the detection of endotoxin contamination in these antibiotic preparations: clindamycin phosphate, lincomycin hydrochloride, neomycin sulfate, and spectinomycin hydrochloride. The antibiotic preparations were tested at the maximum concentrations that would not inhibit gelation of LAL. The USP pyrogen test was also performed for comparison. The LAL and the USP pyrogen tests correlated extremely well when an acceptance criterion based on the minimum pyrogenic dose (MPD) of endotoxin per human dose of drug was used for the LAL test. Use of this MPD provides a practical and feasible acceptance creiterion for the LAL test and assures that the LAL sensitivity approximates or surpasses that of the USP pyrogen test.

Animals↗