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PubMed1990

Deep partial skin thickness burns: a reproducible animal model to study burn wound healing.

A reproducible deep partial skin thickness burn model using guinea-pigs to study the healing process of this injury is described. Round aluminium templates heated to 75 degrees C and applied for 5 s to the moistened, clipped and depilated dorsal skin produced the desired depth of injury. This model is applicable for the study of the three main components of the burn wound healing process: epithelialization, contraction and scar formation. It is recommended that the India ink injection technique be used to confirm the depth of the burn wound.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Epidermal lipids and the natural history of hydrofluoric acid (HF) injury.

To explain several fortuitous observations, we hypothesized that there is a naturally occurring lipid 'barrier' to HF injury in guinea-pig skin and sought to characterize both the barrier and its role in the natural history of such injuries. Under anaesthesia, the dorsal trunk skin of groups of guinea-pigs was gently clipped of hair, washed with chloroform, soap and water, acetone or nothing (controls), and examined histologically for the presence of neutral lipid. Thereafter, in animal groups similarly washed, 1.5 in x 1.5 in (38 mm x 38 mm) areas were exposed to 40 per cent HF for up to 50 min and: (a) mean percentages of exposed areas with gross necrosis 5 days postinjury plotted on dose-response curves; or (b) less than 4 h after exposure to HF, intra-aortic India ink was injected and skin specimens examined to discern depth of ischaemia and necrosis. In contrast to controls, washing reduced neutral lipid in epidermis and significantly (at P < 0.001) increased susceptibility to injury by HF. With very rare (but interesting) exceptions, HF injury was found to be full thickness in depth with ischaemia and coagulative necrosis. In this study, development of guinea-pig skin necrosis due to HF was typically an 'all-or-nothing' 'barrier-penetration' phenomenon relating as much to the integrity of an epidermal lipid barrier as to the duration and intensity of noxious exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Vascular and astrocytic reactions during establishment of hippocampal transplants in adult host brain.

Hippocampal primordia were transplanted into the hippocampus or septum of adult rats, and the development of the transplant vasculature studied by light microscopy after India ink perfusion, by immunohistochemistry of collagen type IV (as a marker for basal lamina), and by electron microscopy. From the basal lamina of all vessel types arise streamers of basal lamina which clothe the external plasmalemmal surfaces of adjacent astrocytic processes and invaginate them, suggesting that the astrocytic processess may be involved in directing the assembly of this basal lamina. A few host blood vessels reach the transplants by one day after operation, and probably re-perfuse existing transplant vessels. Two main types of vascular reaction occur over the next week. The first is the formation of wide-diameter reactive vessels with an expanded perivascular space, engorged with mesodermal cells (such as macrophages). The second is the formation of dilated, thin-walled, marginal vessels, from which numerous fine capillaries arise. The formation of astrocyte-apposed basal laminar streamers may be important in the development of channels along which the endothelial cells of the newly growing capillaries later migrate. By one month after operation, the transplant vasculature consists of small capillaries whose size, distribution and density are comparable to those of the host. This paper describes the vascular changes which occur when embryonic central nervous transplants become established in the brain of adult hosts, and indicates that one of the characteristic features is the formation of basal lamina-lined channels invaginating the perivascular astrocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Unilateral naris closure and vascular development in the rat olfactory bulb.

The blood supply to the brain has been linked closely to nervous system function and metabolism, thereby possibly playing a direct role in brain maturation. Previously, we demonstrated that closure of an external naris early in life results in large changes within the olfactory bulb, including reductions in laminar volume and cell number and a rapid decline in metabolism and protein synthesis. To understand the role of the blood supply in the dramatic changes following naris closure, the present study examines the development of olfactory bulb vasculature in unilaterally odor-deprived and control rats. On post-partum day 1 (P1; the day after birth), littermate rat pups underwent either unilateral naris occlusion or sham surgery. On P5, P10, P15, P20, P30 and P60, animals were perfused with an india ink-gelatin mixture to assess blood vessel amount and complexity. Densitometric analyses were performed to obtain values of blood vessel area ratios (vessel area/tissue area), branch point number and branch point density. Considerable vessel development in all bulbs occurred over the first two to three weeks post-partum. By P20, large reductions in vessel area ratios were observed in all constituent laminae of deprived bulbs. While similar reductions in number of vessel branch points/tissue area were seen, few changes were noted in the number of branch points/vessel area. The effects were primarily confined to early developmental periods: bulb vasculature in animals deprived at older ages (P40) appeared normal. The results indicate that the vasculature responds to alterations in sensory stimulation early in life, therefore potentially playing an important regulative role in neural development.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Results of re-excisional biopsy of the primary tumor in preparation for definitive irradiation of patients with early stage breast cancer.

From December 1977 through November 1984, 251 patients underwent a re-excisional biopsy procedure in preparation for definitive radiation therapy because of uncertainty in the extent of the initial biopsy procedure. Analysis of the cases was limited to patients with AJC Clinical Stages I or II breast cancer and whose initial biopsy procedure demonstrated invasive carcinoma. Sixty-three percent (158/251) of the 251 re-excisions were positive for residual tumor, and 37% (93/251) did not show any residual tumor. Of the positive re-excisions, 85% (134/158) revealed an invasive component of tumor; 15% (24/158) revealed only non-invasive disease. For patients whose initial biopsy was described as incisional only, 97% (64/66) had residual tumor; 51% (94/185) of patients with an initial excisional biopsy had residual tumor. Because of the extremely high rate of positive re-excision in patients with an initial incisional biopsy, these cases were excluded from the remainder of the analysis. When the pathologic margin of the initial biopsy specimen was described as positive, 60% (15/25) had residual tumor on re-excision and 49% (79/160) when the pathology margin was unknown. Of the clinical T1 lesions, 45% (57/126) had positive re-excision, and of the clinical T2 lesions, 63% (37/59) were positive. When a post-biopsy mammogram (i.e. following initial biopsy procedure but before re-excision) showed residual microcalcifications, 86% (12/14) had residual tumor found in the re-excision specimen. Based on these findings, indications for re-excisional biopsy of the primary tumor are: initial incisional biopsy, positive or unknown pathologic margin on an initial excisional biopsy specimen, or residual microcalcifications on post-biopsy mammogram. When inked margins were negative on pathological examination of an initial excisional biopsy specimen, re-excision of the primary tumor bed was not recommended. These results suggest that a re-excisional biopsy procedure may be an important component of the overall treatment approach to assure removal of all tumor, and should continue to be used when indicated prior to definitive irradiation of the breast for early stage breast cancer.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1989

Tumor margin assessment as a guide to optimal conservation surgery and irradiation in early stage breast carcinoma.

Between 1982 and 1985, 108 women with AJC Stage I and II invasive mammary carcinoma were treated to 115 breasts with conservative surgery and irradiation. The irradiation dose was adjusted to the histopathological normal tissue margin around the carcinoma in the tumor excision specimens. Margins were arbitrarily determined negative, close, and positive with normal tissue margins in the inked tumor excision specimens of greater than 5 mm, 2-5 mm, and less than 2 mm, respectively. Negative, close, and positive tumor margin patients were treated to radiation doses of 60, 65, and 70 Gy, respectively. The boost in excess of 50 Gy was directed to the tumor bearing quadrant of the breast using interstitial Ir-192 implants for doses greater than or equal to 70 Gy. The draining lymphatics were irradiated to 50 Gy except in patients with tumor in the lateral half of the breast and no axillary lymph node metastases. Histopathological evaluation of re-excision specimens revealed the difficulty of obtaining negative margins for tumors greater than 2 cm. By our criteria, 54% of the patients had a positive resection margin. None of the patients experienced a local recurrence at 60 months median follow-up. Three patients failed regionally, two in un-irradiated lymph node areas, one in the skin of the contralateral breast; five patients failed systemically. Overall and disease-free survival for Stages T1/N0, T1/N1, T2/N0 was 100 and 95%, respectively, and for T2/N1, 90 and 80%, respectively. The cosmesis was excellent in 66% of the patients with minimal treatment related complications. Carefully planned standardized irradiation with assessment of resection margins yields both excellent local control rates and cosmetic results.

Axilla↗
PubMed1996

Does the placement of surgical clips within the excision cavity influence local control for patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and irradiation.

PURPOSE: A number of authors have demonstrated the importance of using surgical clips to define the tumor bed in the treatment planning of early-stage breast cancer. The clips have been useful in delineating the borders of the tangential fields, especially for very medial and very lateral lesions as the boost volume. If surgical clips better define the tumor bed, then a reduction in true or marginal recurrences should be appreciated. We sought to compare the incidence of breast recurrence in women with and without surgical clips, controlling for other recognized prognostic factors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1980 and 1992, 1364 women with clinical Stage I or II invasive breast cancer underwent excisional biopsy, axillary dissection, and definitive irradiation. Median follow-up was 60 months. Median age was 55 years. Seventy-one percent of patients were path NO, 22% had one to three nodes, and 7% had > than four nodes. Sixty-one percent were ER positive and 44% PR positive. Margin status was negative in 62%, positive in 10%, close in 9%, and unknown in 19%. Fifty-seven percent of women underwent a reexcision. Adjuvant chemotherapy + tamoxifen was administered in 29%, and tamoxifen alone in 17%. Surgical clips were placed in the excision cavity in 556 patients, while the other 808 did not have clips placed. All patients had a boost of the tumor bed. Patients had their boost planned with CT scanning or stereo shift radiographs. No significant differences between the two groups were noted for median age, T stage, nodal status, race, ER/PR receptor status, region irradiated, or tumor location. Patients without clips had negative margins less often, a higher rate of unknown or positive margins and more often received no adjuvant therapy compared to patients with surgical clips. RESULTS: Twenty-five and 27 patients with and without surgical clips, respectively, developed a true or marginal recurrence in the treated breast. The actuarial probability of a breast recurrence was 2% at 5 years and 5% at 10 years for patients without clips compared to 5 and 11%, respectively, for patients with clips (p=0.01). Comparing the breast recurrence rates for patients with and without clips there was no significant difference for the following factors: chemotherapy, tamoxifen, negative, positive or close margins, reexcision, N1, and central or inner primary. Increased rates of breast recurrence were noted for patients with clips for the following variables: no adjuvant treatment (p < 0.001), unknown margins (p < 0.001), a single excision (p = 0.003), path NO (p = 0.001), and outer location (p= 0.02). A forward stepwise multivariate analysis for all 1364 patients was performed using the aforementioned variables as well as the presence or absence of surgical clips and the primary surgeon. The surgeon (p = 0.03) and no adjuvant treatment (p = 0.01) significantly influenced breast recurrence. For patients with surgical clips the 10 year isolated breast recurrence rate was 21% for a single surgeon vs. 6% in the remainder of the group (p = 0.01). For patients with clips, this surgeon had unknown margins in 48% of cases compared to 10% overall (p = 0.001). Excluding this surgeon from analysis the isolated breast recurrence for patients with clips was 6 vs. 5% for patients without clips (p = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, there was a significant difference in the 10-year breast recurrence rate favoring women without clips despite more adverse prognostic factors. There was no difference in the breast recurrence rate for patients with or without surgical clips if careful attention to margin status was addressed. Failure to ink the surgical specimen resulting in unknown margins cannot be compensated for with the placement of .

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal↗
PubMed1983

The vascularization of the human cerebellar cortex.

The blood vessels of the cerebellar cortex were studied by two methods of injection: india-ink and low viscosity resin (Mercox). The study is divided into two parts: (a) Pial vessels; few in number at the cerebellar surface, the pial vessels are quite dense, forming vascular laminae, within the sulci. Pial vessels do not frequently anastomose. (b) Intracortical vessels closely resemble those of the cerebral cortex. They may be divided into three categories: short, middle and long. There exist three vascular layers within the cerebellar cortex: superficial, middle and deep. The superficial vascular layer is situated within the molecular layer, the middle within the Purkinje cell layer, and the deep within the granular layer. It is therefore possible to establish a correlation between these vascular layers and the cortical cytoarchitecture. We accorded particular attention to the vascularization of the Purkinje cells. Arteries parallel to the cerebellar surface (parallel arteries) are in close relationship to the Purkinje cells whereas capillaries and veins are scarce. It is highly probable that the majority of Purkinje cells obtain nutritive elements by these parallel arteries. Possible implications in physiology and pathology are subsequently discussed.

Arteries↗
PubMed1996

Uniqueness of bare feet and its use as a possible means of identification.

In order to study the uniqueness of barefoot impressions, a computer database has been constructed using inked barefoot prints from volunteers. The data consists of 19 different measurements and a tracing of the impression of each foot. Searches through the present database of 4000 impressions produce an apparent match only if the margin of measurement error is set at an extremely large value. In these few cases, however, a visual examination of the 'matched' prints is sufficient to show that they are not the same.

Dermatoglyphics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intracranial hypertension and cryptococcal meningitis in a girl with AIDS.

A girl with HIV infection acquired at birth by blood transfusion, was admitted at the age of 10 years for diplopia, vomiting, headache and papilledema. CT scan was negative. A lumbar puncture revealed clear CSF, protein 0.40 g/l, glucose 2 mmol/l, 5 mononuclear cells/mm3. The Indian ink preparation and the latex agglutination antigen test were positive for Cryptococcus n. Treatment with amphotericin B and flucytosine was started. After 10 days, since the in vitro susceptibility testing of the isolates showed resistence to both drugs, fluconazolo (400 mg/day) was started. Acetazolamide, furosemide and spironolactone were then added to the antifungal therapy for the persistence of severe intracranial hypertension. Diuretics were maintained for 10 weeks. The patient returned to school two and half months after the admission to the hospital. After 19 months, she is doing well and she is on maintenance of fluconazole (200 mg/day). We hypothesized that the increased intracranial pressure would be due to an impaired CSF reabsorption probably as a consequence of a direct cryptococcal infiltration of the villi.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Factors influencing the structure and shape of stenotic and regurgitant jets: an in vitro investigation using Doppler color flow mapping and optical flow visualization.

To evaluate factors influencing the structure and shape of stenotic and regurgitant jets, Doppler color flow mapping and optical flow visualization studies were performed with use of a syringe model with a constant rate of ejection to simulate jets of valvular regurgitation and a pulsatile flow model of the right heart chambers to simulate jets of mild, moderate and severe valvular pulmonary stenosis. Ink-(0 to 40%) glycerol-water jets (viscosity 1 to 3.5 centiPoise) were produced by injecting the fluid at a constant rate into a 10 gallon rectangular reservoir of the same still fluid through 1.4 and 3.4 mm needles. The Doppler color flow scanners imaged the laminar jet length within 3 mm of actual jet length (2 to 6 cm) and the jet width within 2 to 3 mm of the actual jet width. Jet flows with Reynolds numbers ranging from 230 to 1,200 injected into still fluid yielded jet length/width ratios that decreased with increasing Reynolds numbers and leveled off to a length/width ratio of 5-6:1 at a Reynolds number near 600. When the fluid reservoir was swirled to better mimic the effect of flow entering the same cardiac chamber from a second source, the jets showed diminution of the jet length/width ratio and a clearly defined zone of turbulence. Studies of the pulsatile flow model were performed at cardiac outputs of 1 to 6 liters/min for the normal and each stenotic valve. Mild stenosis had an orifice area of 2.8 cm2, moderate stenosis an area of 1.0 cm2 and severe stenosis an area of 0.5 cm2. Laminar jet length represented the length of the total jet, which had a symmetric width and was measured from the valve opening to a region where the jet exhibited a spray effect. Laminar jet lengths (0.2 to 1.1 cm) were imaged by Doppler color flow mapping and optical visualization only in the moderate and severely stenotic valves and only at flows less than or equal to 3 liters/min (mean Reynolds numbers less than or equal to 3,470). Beyond this flow rate the jets exhibited a spray effect. Laminar jet length/width ratio approached unity with an increased amount of valvular stenosis and higher flow volumes (cardiac output). Proximal aliasing was present in each valve studied. the length of aliasing (0 to 3.2 cm) proximal to the valve was longer with increased flow rates and increased amounts of stenosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1985

Group art therapy in a methadone clinic lobby.

A weekly group art therapy workshop, held in the waiting room of the Venice (California) Methadone Clinic of the Los Angeles Institute for Studies of Destructive Behavior, is described. In this workshop, the clients project their imagination onto random lines and shapes made by string and ink on paper, drawing out the images they see and writing titles and sometimes stories about them. The artwork is shared, discussed, and displayed in the lobby. Through this art-centered process, the clients learn to communicate feelings and conflicts with each other. They also develop social skills, gain insight, and improve their self-esteem. Group art therapy, when combined with counseling, is an effective therapeutic modality when working with a nonverbal and resistant population such as drug abusers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Was there a retained spinal catheter?

The 28-gauge catheter supplied by Kendall Healthcare Products Company (Mansfield, MA) for continuous spinal anesthesia has two important characteristics. The ink used for the centimeter calibration marks and to identify the tip of the catheter "washes off" while it is inserted in the patient. In addition, the catheter has a tendency to stretch while it is in the patient or being removed. These two characteristics produced a situation in which it was impossible to determine whether a catheter fragment had been left in a patient. This predicament had a serious impact on the postoperative management of the patient. A computerized tomographic scan and spine films were negative, while other evidence suggested that a fragment was left behind. When the patient developed a postdural puncture headache, the authors felt that an epidural blood patch was contraindicated. The patient's headache did resolve with 48 hours of conservative therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A glucose sensor fabricated by the screen printing technique.

A novel glucose sensor employing ferrocene-modified glucose oxidase is fabricated using the screen printing technique. Glucose oxidase is covalently bound to the electron mediator ferrocenecarboxylic acid in order to obtain higher enzyme activity. The ferrocene-glucose oxidase shows an increased catalytic current because the ferrocene acts as an electron transfer relay between the active centre of the enzyme and the gold electrode. Glucose sensors employing enzymes modified with ferrocene in various ways are successfully fabricated using the screen printing technique. The ink component containing the ferrocene-glucose oxidase is specially developed to be applicable to the printing machine. The printed glucose sensor chip offers a stable calibration profile and stable electrochemical properties.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMed2005

A morphometric study and variations on the lumbar arteries of human fetuses.

Lumbar arteries are in series with the posterior intercostal arteries. The aim of this study has been to investigate the morphometric data on the abdominal aorta of the human fetus and define different types of origin variations of the lumbar artery. Initially, the latex solution colored with red ink was injected into the thoracic aorta. The abdominal aorta and its branches were dissected and examined bilaterally in 120 fetuses (ranging between 16 and 32 post-menstrual weeks) and the anatomic variations recorded. Fourteen fetuses with variations were studied and photographed. The origins and morphologic variations of the lumbar arteries were defined and classified. The morphological relationship of the lumbar arteries to the abdominal aorta and the length and width (diameter) of the vessels were investigated by performing measurements using a digital calliper (mm). The frequency and the types of the different variations determined in the present study have been listed. Abdominal aortic branches and Lumbar artery aneurysms are rare lesions with potentially life-threatening consequences and they are difficult to access anatomically and formidable to manage operatively. During the performance of conventional or open surgical replacement of an abdominal aortic aneurysm with prosthetic grafts, the surgeon needs precise knowledge of the anatomy of the abdominal aortic branches and immediate retroperitoneal structures. The variations on the lumbar arteries may have clinical importance. When this region is under diagnostic and/or surgical investigation using computed tomography scan or diagnostic angiography, the possibility of these variations should be take into consideration to avoid complications.

Aorta, Abdominal↗
PubMed2005

Investigation of the bifurcation level of the common carotid artery and variations of the branches of the external carotid artery in human fetuses.

Variations in the position of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the origin or branching pattern of the external carotid artery (ECA) are well known and documented. In this study, the bifurcation levels of the CCA and origin variations of the branches of the ECA have been extensively investigated in human fetuses. Bilaterally, 40 carotid bifurcations and 40 ECA and their branches have been examined. A latex solution, which had been diluted with water at a ratio of 25% and colored with red India ink, was injected into the aortic arch. Fetuses were kept at room temperature for 24 h before the ECA and its branches were dissected under the microsurgery microscope. Cases of variation were determined and photographed. The bifurcation level of the CCA was determined to be 55% at the C3 level, 35% at the C4 level, 10% at the C5 level on the right side and 60% at the C3 level, 40% at the C4 level on left side. The distribution of the ECA trunks was determined as follows: A linguofacial trunk was present in 20% of the cases, a thyrolingual trunk in 2.5%, a thyrolinguofacial trunk in 2.5% and an occipitoauricular trunk in 12.5%. Beyond this the ascending pharyngeal artery (APA) was observed in one fetus to originate from the internal carotid artery (ICA). Knowledge of variations in the origin and course of the ECA and its branches is of great importance in surgery and radiological examinations.

Carotid Artery, Common↗
PubMed2005

An investigation of the origin, location and variations of the renal arteries in human fetuses and their clinical relevance.

We investigated the origin, localizations and anatomic variations of the renal artery (RA) in human fetuses with the aim of determining the distribution of these variations according to lateralization and gender. In total, 90 fetuses of spontaneous abortion (45 males, 45 females) with no congenital malformations were included to the study. The abdominal aorta and its branches were dissected after latex solution colored with red ink had been injected into the vessels from the thoracic aorta. In all, 180 RA dissections were performed bilaterally in 90 cases and the anatomic variations were photographed. Right and left RAs were found to originate from the following levels according to the columna vertebralis, respectively: 3.8% and 1.9% lower T12, 67.3% and 25.0% upper L1, 9.6% and 28.8% mid L1, 15.3% and 40.3 lower L1, 3.8% and 3.8% upper 1/3 part of L2 vertebra. The right RA originated from the lateral part and anterolateral wall of the abdominal aorta in 73.0% and 26.9% of cases while the lateral and anterolateral wall origin percentages of left RA were 90.3% and 9.6%, respectively. The origin site of the right RA from the abdominal aorta was superior to, at the same level with, and inferior to that of the left RA in 53.8%, 34.6% and 11.5% of the cases, respectively. There were no variations in 75% of the cases whereas the remaining 25% had several variation patterns. The presented morphological results are as follows: A single hilar artery in 75% of the cases, double hilar arteries in 11.1%, an inferior polar artery in 10.5%, and a superior polar artery in 3.3% of specimens studied. Anatomical variations were observed more frequently among male fetuses and on the right side. Knowledge of RA variations is important for surgeons in performing many procedures and may help to avoid clinical complications, especially, during radiological examination and/or surgical approaches in the abdominal region.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2006

Sintering and robocasting of beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for orthopaedic applications.

beta-Tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) scaffolds with designed, three-dimensional (3-D) geometry and mesoscale porosity have been fabricated by direct-write assembly (robocasting) techniques. Concentrated beta-TCP inks with suitable viscoelastic properties were developed to enable the fabrication of the complex 3-D structures. A comprehensive study of the sintering behavior of TCP as a function of the calcium content in the starting powder was also carried out, and the optimal heat treatment for fabricating scaffolds with dense beta-TCP rods has been determined. Such analysis provides clues to controlling the microstructure of the fabricated structures and, therefore, enabling the fabrication by robocasting of TCP scaffolds with tailored performance for bone tissue engineering applications.

Biocompatible Materials↗