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PubMed1987

Evaluating the aggregate spatial structure of Canadian metropolitan areas.

"Few attempts have been made to develop and test a conceptual framework for the comparative analysis of urban spatial structure and growth. This paper offers one aggregate approach as well as a series of empirical tests based on Canada's 27 largest urban areas. Six composite indices are introduced: population densities, rates of change, intraurban population redistribution, mobility rates, incidence of low-income populations, and degree of social polarization. Regression analyses reveal that differences among urban areas in spatial patterning and structural change are consistent with the hypothesized effects of city size, age, transport usage, social heterogeneity, production base, and physical setting. Yet immense regional and intraurban diversity remains. No single model of urban structure is sufficient to capture this diversity." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Urbanization and apartheid in South Africa: influx controls and their abolition.

"This study will take up the particular aspects and characteristics of urbanization [in South Africa] from the standpoint of the effects exerted by the apartheid system. It will then examine the trends which have taken place since abolition of the pass laws and restrictions on the influx of blacks into urban areas....[The author considers] the relationship between restrictions on the movement of blacks into urban areas on the one hand and the maintenance of low-wage migrant labor and retention of farmland in home districts on the other."

Africa↗
PubMed2005

Factors associated with spousal physical violence in Albania: cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors among married women in Albania. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. SETTING: Tirana, the capital city of Albania. PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of 1039 married women aged 25-65 living in Tirana and recorded in the 2001 census. METHODS: Questionnaire on intimate partner violence and social and demographic characteristics of the women and their husbands. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Women's experience within the past year of being hit, slapped, kicked, or otherwise physically hurt by the husband. RESULTS: More than a third (37%, 384/1039) of women had experienced violence. Risk was greatest among women aged 25-34 (odds ratio 1.47, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.09), women with tertiary education (3.70, 2.04 to 6.67), women in white collar jobs (4.0, 1.59 to 10.0), women with least educated husbands (5.01, 2.91 to 8.64), and women married to men raised in rural areas (3.31, 2.29 to 4.80). Women were at higher risk if they were more educated than their husbands (4.76, 2.56 to 9.09). CONCLUSIONS: In transitional Albania, the risk of spousal violence is high, and more empowered women are at greater risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Impact on contraceptive practice of making emergency hormonal contraception available over the counter in Great Britain: repeated cross sectional surveys.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact on contraceptive practice of making emergency hormonal contraception available over the counter. DESIGN: Analysis of data on contraceptive practice for women aged 16-49 years in the period 2000-2 from the Omnibus Survey, a multipurpose survey in which around 7600 adults living in private households are interviewed each year. SETTING: Private households in Great Britain. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Use of different types of contraception and rates of unprotected sex. RESULTS: After emergency hormonal contraception was made available over the counter, levels of use of different types of contraception by women aged 16-49 remained similar. No significant change occurred in the proportion of women using emergency hormonal contraception (8.4% in 2000, 7.9% in 2001, 7.2% in 2002) or having unprotected sex. A change did, however, occur in where women obtained emergency hormonal contraception; a smaller proportion of women obtained emergency hormonal contraception from physicians and a greater proportion bought it over the counter. No significant change occurred in the proportion of women using more reliable methods of contraception, such as the oral contraceptive pill, or in the proportion of women using emergency hormonal contraception more than once during a year. CONCLUSIONS: Making emergency hormonal contraception available over the counter does not seem to have led to an increase in its use, to an increase in unprotected sex, or to a decrease in the use of more reliable methods of contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Children in single-father families in demographic perspective.

The purpose of this article is to examine single-parent families headed by fathers. "We use specially constructed child files from the 1960-1990 Public Use Microdata Samples data from the Census of Population to address two general questions: (a) To what extent has both the likelihood and the demographic characteristics of these families changed over time? (b) What are the consequences for children of living in different kinds of father-only families? We find that single-father families are comparatively rare, but increasing rapidly, especially since 1980. Increasingly, these families are formed by fathers who are young, never married, with low incomes, and fewer children. Analysis of the 1990 data reveals wide diversity in living arrangements among children in single-father families. Furthermore, the social capital of children's fathers, the availability of adults, and children's economic well-being vary markedly across these types of families."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Obesity in Bahraini adults.

In this study the prevalence of obesity and the demographic factors associated with it were analysed on 290 adult Bahraini individuals, of whom 137 were males and 153 were females. The overweight and obesity prevalence rates, using the Body Mass Index (BMI) as a criterion, were 26% and 16% in males and 29% and 31% in females, respectively. The prevalence of underweight (BMI < 20) was 16.8% and 11.8% in the males and females respectively. The mean body fat percentage of females, calculated from the skinfold measurements, was 35%; the fat percentage of males was 18.6%. Bahraini women had greater fat deposition in the subscapular region than the amount reported for American women. Females and males living in urban areas had a greater tendency to be obese than those residing in rural areas. Marriage, ownership of a car as well as a large family ( > 7 members) were positively associated with obesity; unmarried women were more likely to be underweight than married women. The educational level was not associated with obesity in either the males or females. The age of adult females was not found to be associated with obesity, whereas in males the incidence of obesity was more frequent among those who were 50 years of age and above than under 50 years of age. Family monthly income was not associated with the incidence of obesity. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in the women reported in this study and the difference in the distribution of body fat suggest that genetics may be a determinant factor of this disorder in Bahrainis but certainly social factors are also important.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Demographics of dumping. II: A national environmental equity survey and the distribution of hazardous materials handlers.

Using a national survey of facilities governed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), we examine the sociospatial distribution of a much larger group of hazardous materials handlers than did previous environmental equity studies. Overall we find that RCRA-governed facilities are more likely to be sited in working-class neighborhoods with lower percentages of minority residents. We do not find evidence of stark environmental inequities. RCRA facilities, however, are close to neighborhoods with a higher percentage of minority residents. And in nonmetropolitan areas, they are slightly more likely to be located in neighborhoods with a higher percentage of black residents.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1993

How socioeconomic status affects birth and death rates in rural Kerala, India: results of a health study.

Data relating to birth and death were collected from throughout the state of Kerala, India, in a health survey conducted by the Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad, a voluntary organization. In this study, the authors analyze birth and death rates as calculated from the sample of 9,940 households (57,665 persons), with respect to other variables such as region, religion, and socioeconomic status. In order to study the effect of socioeconomic factors on birth and death rates, a socioeconomic status rating (SES rating) was developed, taking into account such factors as income, education, housing conditions, and land ownership. Socioeconomic status was found to have a definite influence on birth and death rates, with higher socioeconomic status resulting in lower birth and death rates. This effect was independent of such confounding variables as age structure of the population, religion, and region. The higher risk of mortality among the poorer households can partly be explained by the material deprivation: the higher birth rates could be the result of poorer educational attainments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of controlled feeding programs for maximizing returns of white Leghorn layers.

Three controlled feeding programs initiated after peak egg production and a full feeding program were evaluated for their effects on production and income performance of White Leghorn layers. Program 1 consisted of full feeding from 20 to 64 weeks of age. Controlled feeding programs were initiated at 36 weeks and consisted of feeding approximately 105 g/bird/day to 64 weeks (Program 2), a phase reduction feeding program consisting of feeding approximately 105 g/bird/day to 53 weeks of age followed by feeding approximately 95 g/bird/day to 64 weeks (Program 3), and feeding approximately 95 g/bird/day continuously from 36 weeks (Program 4). Controlled feeding programs resulted in significant (P less than .05) reductions in total feed usage compared to full fed birds. Eggs per hen, however, were significantly (P less than .05) reduced only for feeding Programs 3 and 4, and egg weights were reduced only with feeding Program 4. Egg mass production and body weights were significantly affected by controlled feeding programs. Egg grade distributions were not significantly (P greater than .05) different among Programs 1, 2, or 3; however, Program 4 produced a significant (P less than .05) increase in the percentage of medium grade eggs obtained. Egg incomes over pullet and feed costs favored all controlled feeding programs, demonstrating that maximum production levels do not always mean maximum returns.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Kids and condoms.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2002

Differences in income between male and female primary care physicians.

OBJECTIVES: to determine whether sex differences in income persist among primary care physicians in light of the increasing proportion of women entering the field. METHODS: We obtained sex- and age-specific self-reported data from the American Medical Association's annual survey of physicians to determine the annual income, annual income per hours worked, proportion of time in direct patient care, and outpatient productivity for family practice physicians, general internists, and pediatricians between 1989 and 1998. We compared female to male results for respondents in the 36- to 45-year-old age group as well as for the age-weighted gender aggregate. RESULTS: Female primary care physicians reported lower annual incomes (between 60% and 85% of those of their male counterparts) and lower incomes per hours worked (between 71% and 98% of those of their male counterparts). The income disparities decreased during the 10 years, at a rate of about 1% per year on average. Although the proportion of time female physicians spent in direct patient care activities was similar to that of their male counterparts, female physicians saw substantially more patients per office hour (about 17% more, on average, over time). CONCLUSIONS: Gender inequities persist in the incomes of primary care physicians. Although the disparities appear to be decreasing, female primary care physicians' increased productivity compared with men's suggests that these inequities are perpetuated in more subtle ways and warrant immediate examination and remediation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The descriptive profile of low back pain patients of field practicing chiropractors contrasted with those treated in the clinics of west coast chiropractic colleges.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of low back pain patients from chiropractic college clinics and private practice settings on the west coast of the United States. DESIGN AND SETTING: A survey analysis of consecutive new patients in a specified time frame from multiple private office settings contrasted with a previous survey of consecutive new patients in a similar time frame from chiropractic college clinics. PATIENTS: In the private practice setting, new patients were selected on a consecutive basis as subjects for the study. Selection was limited to low back pain patients. INTERVENTIONS: None. This was a self-report survey only. MAIN OUTCOME: There is a strong similarity of the two low back pain patient groups, with the exception of higher levels of income, work time loss, severity and functional disability reported in the private practice setting. RESULTS: Similarities between the two low back pain patient groups were found in the distribution of gender, age, job description and education. Statistical significances were not determined due to variations in data collection. CONCLUSIONS: The two patient populations are reasonably comparable in sociodemographic variables, but clinical variation does exist. These results suggest the need to consider clinical findings when extrapolating research findings in a college clinic setting to the chiropractic profession in general.

Adult↗