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PubMed1985

Effects of physical fitness on expiratory airflow in exercising asthmatic people.

Maximal expiratory flow-volume maneuvers were performed by self-trained (FIT) and sedentary (UNFIT) asthmatic subjects. Both groups had similar pre-exercise pulmonary function limitations and attained the same exercising heart rate. The FIT group, however, exercised significantly longer than the UNFIT group. Although expiratory airflow increased in both groups during exercise, the FIT group had significantly larger airflow increases than the UNFIT group and maintained them throughout the exercise. In contrast, the UNFIT group's airflow decreased prior to the end of exercise. Tidal volume (VT) expiratory curves surpassed pre-exercise maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) envelopes in subjects whose tidal volume was greater than 55% of vital capacity, the majority of whom were FIT subjects. In no case, however, did the VT curve exceed the enhanced exercise MEFV curve. The increase in airflow reserve during exercise helps to explain why asthmatic athletes, despite their significantly impaired pulmonary function, can compete successfully in sports making high aerobic demands.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Patients with multiple sclerosis among the Lódź population. II. Clinical course of the disease and patient fitness].

The motor fitness was assessed in multiple sclerosis patients remaining in their homes in the City of Lódź. The age of the patients was up to 46 years; 5-6 years earlier they had been registered within one year in neurological health service institutions after variously long periods of the disease. The proportion of those with severe motor impairment was 14%, and it was highest (17%) in the groups with disease duration 10-14 years. Nearly half of the group, independently of the age, sex and disease duration, were patients who could move about and perform household works. The proportion of fully fit and nearly fully fit was highest (83%) among those whose disease began under the age of 20 years, and it was lowest (42%) in those with disease onset at the age of 20-29 years. A tendency was observed for a different development of motor function impairment in both sexes depending on the age, age at disease onset and disease duration. In the light of the obtained results it is estimated that in the population of cities in Poland in the whole group of multiple sclerosis patients or subjects with suspected multiple sclerosis registered within one year after variously long disease duration about 40-50% remain after 5-6 years still completely or nearly completely fit.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

[Physical activity, physical fitness and coronary disease].

The relationship between physical activity on and off the job, physical fitness and coronary artery disease was investigated in a prospective study involving 2 363 men, 40 to 55 years old. Sudden death and myocardial infarction occurred in 31 subjects during a 5-year follow-up. Preliminary data are reported. There was no significant correlation between quartiles of physical activity on and off the job and incidence of coronary events. Physical fitness was significantly inversely correlated with incidence of coronary events (p less than 0.05) and was significantly lower in the 31 new cases (p less than 0.03). Multivariate analysis showed that HDL-cholesterol, smoking and physical fitness significantly and independently discriminate between coronary prone patients and healthy subjects. We conclude that physical fitness is an independent, inverse risk indicator of new coronary events.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Some factors affecting accuracy of Canadian Home Fitness Test scores.

Factors affecting the accuracy of Canadian Home Fitness Test scores have been evaluated in male and female office workers. At a first attempt, the typical subject underestimates his 10 sec post-exercise pulse count by 1 beat, with a superimposed probable error of 2 beats. However, the modest experience of pulse counting gained in an employee fitness programme corrects the systematic error, while the probable random error is reduced to approximately 8 beats/min. Taking account also of variations in the fficiency of stepping, the probable error of an Astrand prediction of V O2(max) is approximately 10.3%. Comparison with directly measured values in a subsample of 22 men shows an actual random discrepancy of 9.5%, plus a systematic error of approximately 19% due to an increase of heart rate with anticipation of the maximum test. The Jetté prediction formula has a random discrepancy of approximately 8%, plus a systematic error of approximately 10.6%. Assuming the latter can be corrected by evaluation of a larger population, the fitness scores should give most people an indication of both their initial fitness and responses to a training regimen.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength of wheelchair users.

The classification of lower-limb disabilities is commonly based on the site of the spinal cord lesion or the amount of functional muscle. Another important variable in assessing wheelchair users is their ability to carry out the activities of daily living. The cardiorespiratory fitness of those with lower-limb disabilities is usually assessed with arm-ergometry and wheelchair tests, each of which has some advantages. Muscle strength and endurance are also important aspects of the disabled person's ability to function. Fitness is often poor in the disabled, and normal wheelchair use does not seem to prove an adequate training stimulus. Exercise with an arm ergometer and with pulleys and participation in vigorous wheelchair sports can improve physical condition. Participation in exercise programs should be based on the results of a fitness assessment and on the level of the spinal cord lesion in those with paraplegia. Progression in such programs should be gradual to ensure that the exerciser does not become discouraged and drop out of classes before fitness is increased. Data on wheelchair athletes suggest that, with persistence, many individuals in wheelchairs can adjust relatively well to their disabilities.

Arm↗
PubMed1984

Aerobic fitness and the hypohydration response to exercise-heat stress.

This study examined the influence that aerobic fitness (VO2 max) had on final heart rate (HR), final rectal temperature (Tre), and total body sweat rate (Msw) when subjects exercised while euhydrated and hypohydrated (-5.0% from baseline body weight). Eight male and six female subjects completed four exercise tests both before and after a 10-d heat acclimation program. The tests were a euhydration and a hypohydration exposure conducted in a comfortable (20 degrees C, 40% rh) and in a hot-dry (49 degrees C, 20% rh) environment. Significant differences were not generally found between the genders for HR, Tre and Msw during the tests. In the comfortable environment, HR, Tre and Msw were not generally significantly correlated (p greater than 0.05) with VO2max. In the hot-dry environment, Tre and VO2max were significantly correlated (r = -0.58) when euhydrated before acclimation. HR was significantly related to VO2max before acclimation when eu- (r = -0.61) and hypohydrated (r = -0.60) as well as after acclimation when eu- (r = -0.57) and hypohydrated (r = -0.67). These data indicate that, when euhydrated in the heat, aerobic fitness provides cardiovascular and thermoregulatory benefits before acclimation, but only cardiovascular benefits after acclimation. However, when hypohydrated in the heat, cardiovascular benefits are present for fit subjects both before and after acclimation, but thermoregulatory benefits are not associated with fitness.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1984

Effects of endurance fitness on responses to cold water immersion.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the changes in selected blood hormones and substrates, metabolic rate, and rectal temperature (Tre) in nine males after immersion in 10 degrees C water, while clad in standard flight suits, were related to the level of aerobic fitness. Fitness was evaluated by the blood lactate response to submaximal exercise. Immersion time (IT) was defined as the time required for a 1 degrees C decrease in Tre and averaged 38.5 (range: 21-62) min. Metabolic rate increased 3.4 times the resting rate. Lactate, free fatty acids, triiodothyronine and thyroxine increased by 81%, 38%, 11%, and 8%, respectively, in contrast to insulin which decreased by 32%, with all changes being statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Glucagon increased slightly but not significantly (p = 0.11) while glucose levels did not change. The IT was correlated directly with a measure of aerobic fitness, with relative body fat, and with the T3 levels postimmersion (p less than 0.05). The results suggest that the aerobic fitness level can significantly influence the cooling rate during water immersion.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Haptoglobin and serum enzymatic response to maximal exercise in relation to physical fitness.

This study investigated the potential value of specific cellular responses to acute and chronic exercise as indices of physical fitness. Muscle enzymatic and hemolytic responses following a progressive cycle-ergometer test to maximal aerobic capacity were studied in 12 women and 12 men, aged 27 to 55 yr, who had been previously assigned to "high" and "low" fitness groups. Venous blood samples were obtained at rest prior to the cycle test, immediately following maximal effort, and 1, 2, 4, 6 and 24 h post exercise. The samples were analyzed for hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), creatine phosphokinase (CK), CK isoenzymes, and haptoglobin (Hapt). Hemoglobin and Hct were the only variables to rise significantly (P less than 0.05) following exercise, and at all sampling times were significantly lower in the women compared with the men; CK was constituted in the MM isoenzyme band at all times; and Hapt levels were significantly lower in high-fitness men and women as compared with low-fitness men and women. These results indicate that one progressive test to maximal aerobic capacity is not sufficient to induce significant muscle enzymatic or hemolytic stress responses. They do suggest, however, that a chronic hemolytic condition exists as a result of aerobic conditioning activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The impact of physical fitness evaluation on behavioural intentions towards regular exercise.

The Fishbein model was used to assess the impact of physical fitness evaluation with subsequent counselling by professional staff on individual intentions to exercise regularly. The subjects for this study were 172 self-selected adults seeking an evaluation of their current physical fitness. Experimental subjects were given a sequence of fitness testing and counselling; however, this did not significantly change the intention to exercise relative to control subjects. The only significant differences in intentions to exercise regularly were found (i) between subjects differing in fitness level (p less than .002), and (ii) between subjects differing in current exercise behaviour (p less than .001). Thirty-five percent (35%) of the variance in intentions to exercise were explained by a combination of (i) the two components of the Fishbein model (attitude and social norm) and (ii) an index of current physical activity. Since most of our subjects reported a positive intention to exercise, the most appropriate tactic for an increase of community activity may be to initiate policy changes facilitating behaviour in accordance with existing attitudes.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Analysis of physical fitness and coronary heart disease risk of Dallas area police officers.

Two hundred thirteen male police officers between 21 and 52 years of age volunteered to participate in a physical evaluation and conditioning program. Information concerning the physical fitness status and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) of police officers were shown. Younger police officers (less than 30 years of age) were average in physical fitness levels and CHD risk compared to the population of the same age. Middle-aged police officers were shown to be lower in physical fitness levels and higher in CHD risk compared to their cohorts. The results from this investigation support the need for physical fitness and preventive medicine programs for police officers.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Physical fitness and incidence of hypertension in healthy normotensive men and women.

We measured physical fitness, assessed by maximal treadmill testing in 4,820 men and 1,219 women aged 20 to 65 years. Participants had no history of cardiovascular disease and were normotensive at baseline. We followed up these persons for one to 12 years (median, four years) for the development of hypertension. Multiple logistic risk analysis was used to estimate the independent contribution of physical fitness to risk of becoming hypertensive. After adjustment for sex, age, follow-up interval, baseline blood pressure, and baseline body-mass index, persons with low levels of physical fitness (72% of the group) had a relative risk of 1.52 for the development of hypertension when compared with highly fit persons. Risk of hypertension developing also increased substantially with increased baseline blood pressure.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Step test predictions of maximum oxygen uptake before and after an employee fitness programme.

The Canadian Home Fitness Test has been administered to two large office populations on three occasions over a 9 month period. At the control company (87M, 89F), there was some improvement of test scores from the initial to the final visit (decrease of heart rate in 6th minute of exercise 5.7 beats X min-1 in men, 9.5 beats X min-1 in women); this may reflect habituation to the test procedure. At the experimental company (180M, 258F), employees were given the opportunity of participation in an Employee Fitness Programme. High adherents to this programme (61M, 97F) showed a substantial decrease of 6 min exercise heart rate (12.8, 16.0 beats X min-1) with an increase of CHFT duration (2.59, 2.33 min) and VO2max (Jetté prediction, 3.8, 2.9 ml X kg-1 min-1). These changes were much larger than in either the control group, or in "non-participants" (54M, 46F) and "drop-outs" (19M, 48F) in the experimental company. Low adherents to the fitness programme (46M, 67F) occupied an intermediate position. Given accurate pulse counting, about a sixth of the high adherents would have detected no change of CHFT score if a single test was carried out after completing 6 months in the fitness programme; however, in some of these subjects there may indeed have been no training response. Because it gives a low weighting to exercise heart rate, the Jetté equation indicates a smaller effect of training than the Astrand nomogram.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Cardio-respiratory fitness and muscular strength in the lower-limb disabled.

The International Year of the Disabled Person has focused increased attention upon the fitness status of the wheelchair-confined. Review of the world literature indicates that cardio-respiratory assessment has been based relatively equally upon forearm cycling or wheelchair ergometry; each of these techniques have particular advantages. The evaluation of muscular strength and endurance has received much less attention, in spite of the importance of these factors to the daily function of the lower-limb impaired. Also neglected in the past has been the psychological correlates of spinal cord trauma and their possible interaction with attitudes concerning physical activity. Fitness is often poor in the disabled, and everyday wheelchair propulsion does not seem to provide a sufficient stimulus for cardio-respiratory adaptation. Additional training in the form of forearm pedalling, exercises with weights or wheelchair sports may provide an effective means of improving cardio-respiratory fitness and muscle function. Indeed, research on disabled athletes has suggested that with persistent sports participation or fitness conditioning many wheelchair-confined individuals can make a relatively good physiological and psychological adaptation.

Hemodynamics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Circannual rhythms of physical fitness and tolerance of hypoxic hypoxia.

Presence of a circannual rhythm of physical fitness and tolerance of hypoxia was demonstrated. The rhythm of physical fitness had two peaks, in April and September. Using cosinor analysis the acrophase of the circannual rhythm was found to be on Aug. 10 with a 95% confidence limit (May 30-October 16), and the amplitude of the rhythm was 1.6 ml O2/kg/min with a 95% confidence limit (0.22-2.96 ml/kg/min). The circannual rhythm of hypoxia tolerance showed a similar pattern of changes. The maximum value of this rhythm was observed also in April and in autumn, its acrophase was calculated to occur on Aug. 26 with a 95% confidence limit (May 10-October 2), and its amplitude was 33.4 sec with a 95% confidence limit (10.4-56.4 sec.). An analysis of the results of physical fitness tests carried out in training camps confirmed these circannual fluctuations of physical fitness.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Factors influencing recruitment to an occupational fitness program.

Factors influencing participation in an employee fitness program have been studied in a group of 535 early recruits for a Health Fitness Center established at the headquarters office of a larger corporation. The overall participation rate (20% of eligible staff with convenient access to the facility) was much as in previous reports. Interest was relatively equal in men and in women. Typical recruits were middle-aged non-smokers who had previously been active elsewhere. Men had an above average maximum oxygen intake and muscle strength, but were also somewhat overweight and fat. Women were closer to their actuarial ideal weight, but had relatively lower levels of cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness than the men. Program acceptability factors (traveling time, hours of work, and cost) had little effect on participation. Subjects perceived that they were active for health, fitness, competition (men), and appearance (women). General and specific health beliefs were well-developed, but bore surprisingly little relationship to health practices and outcomes. It is thus argued that the shaping of attitudes by trial of an exercise program may be a more effective tactic for increasing exercise participation than general campaigns designed to change attitudes and values.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Fitness level and postexercise energy expenditure.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of fitness level on excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in five endurance trained and five sedentary male volunteers. The possible influence of differences in body weight and exercise energy expenditure were controlled by employing a weight-supported (cycle ergometer), 300 kilocalorie exercise. Exercise intensity was equal to 50% of each subject's previously determined peak oxygen uptake (VO2). VO2 was measured for 1 hr prior to exercise to establish the baseline value, and continuously in the postexercise period until the baseline value was achieved. Duration of EPOC was 16.6 +/- 3.1 minutes and 20.4 +/- 7.8 minutes in the fit and unfit groups, respectively (p > 0.05). Magnitude of EPOC, which was not significantly different between the groups, averaged 12.2 +/- 3.1 kcal in the fit and 12.2 +/- 4.3 kcal in the unfit group. The results suggest that EPOC following a weight-supported exercise of an intensity and duration frequently used by individuals who begin an exercise program for weight control is not compromised by differences in body weight or fitness level.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Effect of habitual physical activity on physical fitness and serum cholesterol in middle-aged male workers].

The effects of habitual physical activity on physical fitness parameters and serum cholesterol profile were studied in middle-aged male workers. The subjects were 3376 middle-aged men (age: 30-59 yrs) who worked at two enterprises in HIROSHIMA Prefecture. As for physical fitness parameters, grip strength, vertical jump, side step, and step test scores were measured. Atherogenic index was calculated as (total Chol-HDL Chol)/(HDL Chol). Because daily physical activity mainly consists of physical activities during leisure time and working time, by using a questionnaire, physical activity during leisure time was assessed and categorized by frequency into three categories: 'frequently', 'sometimes', and 'seldom': and physical activity during work was categorized as 'high' or 'low' according to the average walking time per day during work. The effect of these physical activities on physical fitness parameters and serum cholesterol profile was evaluated by analysis of covariance (PC-SAS: GLM procedure) adjusting for several confounding factors such as age, body mass index, type of job, smoking and drinking habits. The main results are summarized as follows: 1) Physical activity during leisure time was positively related to vertical jump, side step, and step test score, independent of physical activity during working time, and 2) physical activity during leisure time was negatively associated to LDL-C and AI in the group with 'low' physical activity during work. These results show that in middle-aged male workers, even moderate or light physical activity during leisure time has some beneficial health promoting effects through changes in physical fitness and serum cholesterol profile.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Do medical students' knowledge and attitudes about health and exercise affect their physical fitness?

This study examined the relationship between unselected first-year medical students' knowledge and attitudes about health or exercise and their personal physical fitness. The 131 subjects performed a maximal exercise test to determine physical fitness by measuring maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), underwent hydrostatic weighing to assess body fat content (percent body fat), and completed a questionnaire to measure their knowledge and attitudes about health promotion/disease prevention and exercise. Many independent variables were significantly associated with VO2max in bivariate analyses, but only percent body fat, resting systolic blood pressure, and perceived barriers to health promotion/disease prevention and to exercise were significant predictors of VO2max (mL x kg-1 x min-1) in the multivariate analyses. The absolute VO2max (L x min-1) can be predicted from percent body fat, weight, and perceived barriers to health promotion/disease prevention. Freshmen medical students' attitudes toward health promotion/disease prevention and exercise constitute one of three strong predictors of physical fitness levels and should be determined, along with percent body fat and resting systolic blood pressure, when estimating fitness levels in a medical student population.

Adult↗