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At least 1,657 records · Page 92Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Enduring effects of nurse home visitation on maternal life course: a 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial.

CONTEXT: A home visitation program using nurses to improve maternal and child outcomes had favorable results in a randomized trial with a primarily white, semirural population. Many of the short-term findings have been replicated with urban blacks, but whether the program will continue to demonstrate effectiveness after its conclusion is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of a prenatal and infancy home visitation program on the maternal life course of women in an urban environment 3 years after the program ended. DESIGN AND SETTING: Three-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of women seen consecutively between June 1990 and August 1991 at an obstetrical clinic in Memphis, Tenn, who were enrolled in a visitation program for 2 years after the birth of their first child. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 743 women who were primarily black, were pregnant for less than 29 weeks, had no previous live births, and had at least 2 sociodemographic risk factors (unmarried, <12 years of education, or unemployed). INTERVENTION: An average of 7 (range, 0-18) home visits during pregnancy and 26 (range, 0-71) from birth to the child's second birthday. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of subsequent pregnancy, mean interval between first and second birth, and mean number of months of welfare use. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, women who received home visits by nurses had fewer subsequent pregnancies (1.15 vs 1.34; P=.03), fewer closely spaced subsequent pregnancies (0.22 vs 0.32; P=.03), longer intervals between the birth of the first and second child (30.25 vs 26.60 months; P=.004), and fewer months of using Aid to Families with Dependent Children (32.55 vs 36.19; P=.01) and food stamps (41.57 vs 45.04; P=.005). Compared with the effect of the program while the program was in operation, the effect after it ended was essentially equal for Aid to Families with Dependent Children, greater for food stamps, greater for rates of closely spaced subsequent pregnancies, and smaller for rates of subsequent pregnancy overall. CONCLUSIONS: We found enduring effects of a home visitation program on the lives of black women living in an urban setting. While these results were smaller in magnitude than those achieved in a previous trial with white women living in a semirural setting, the direction of the effects was consistent across the 2 studies.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1989

[[Proportional hazards model analysis of women's reproductive career in present-day Japan]].

The 1st section of this paper, using a method to decompose a change in the total marital fertility rate into the quantum and tempo effects, confirmed the major effect of birth timing on the 1970s trends in the total marital fertility rate based on the pooled data of the 8th and 9th Japanese National Fertility Surveys of 1982 and 1987, respectively. In the next section, proportional hazards model analyses of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd birth functions for the pooled data made it clear that the 1st and 2nd birth intervals among the marriage cohorts since the end of the 1960s were shorter than those in the early 1960s even after having controlled for other variables. Given that 1 conception or more can occur during a birth interval, proportional hazards model analyses were again utilized to examine the effects of various variables on the time elapsed since marriage and the 1st conception, the time between the end of the 1st pregnancy and the 2nd conception, and the time between the end of the 2nd pregnancy and the 3rd conception. The authors found that the 1st-conception probability of the marriage cohorts since the late 1960s was smaller than that of predecessors, while the 2nd-conception probability was not affected by marriage cohort. In the last section, a logistic regression analysis of the probability of induced abortion showed that the probability of aborting a 2nd pregnancy decreased in the 1970s compared with that in the early 1960s. When a proportional hazards model analysis of the 2nd birth function was applied after omitting those cases where the 1st pregnancy did not result in birth and/or the 2nd pregnancy was aborted, the strong effect of marriage cohort on the 2nd birth probability was substantially diluted. These facts suggest that the shortened 2nd birth interval in the 1970s was partly caused by the shrinking probability of aborting a 2nd pregnancy in this period.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2006

Premarital fertility in Namibia: trends, factors and consequences.

Premarital fertility, defined as fertility before first marriage, was found to be highly prevalent in Namibia. According to data from the 1992 and 2000 DHS surveys, the proportion of premarital births was 43% for all births, and 60% for the first birth. This seemed to be primarily due to a late mean age at first marriage (26.4 years) and low levels of contraception before first marriage. Data were analysed using a variety of demographic methods, including multiple decrement life table and multivariate logistic models. Major variations were found by ethno-linguistic groups: Herero and Nama/Damara had the highest levels of premarital fertility (above 60%); Ovambo and Lozi had intermediate levels of premarital fertility (around 40%); Kavongo and San appeared to have kept a more traditional behaviour of early marriage and low levels of premarital fertility (around 20%). The largest ethno-linguistic group, the Ovambo, were in a special situation, with fast increasing age at marriage and average level of premarital fertility. Whites and mixed races also differed, with Afrikaans-speaking groups having a behaviour closer to the average, whereas other Europeans had less premarital fertility despite an average age at marriage. Ethnic differences remained stable after controlling for various socioeconomic factors, such as urbanization, level of education, wealth, access to mass media, and religion. Results are discussed in light of the population dynamics and political history of Namibia in the 20th century.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Cumulative live birth rates in cohorts of patients treated with in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

OBJECTIVE: Follow-up of IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) patients to obtain accurate information concerning chances of live birth as well as early treatment dropout. Comparison of the cumulative pregnancy rates, established in cohorts, with those estimated with life table analysis to determine which method provides the most accurate data without overestimation. DESIGN: Retrospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Academic medical IVF center. PATIENT(S): All 750 patients from the Leiden IVF center and another 706 patients from cooperating clinics starting IVF/ICSI treatment in the period 1996-2000. INTERVENTION(S): All observations were part of standard IVF/ICSI and cryopreservation protocols. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Endpoints of this study were a first live birth or termination of treatment. Treatment cycles were followed until the end of 2002, pregnancy follow-up through September 2003. RESULT(S): The cumulative live birth rate for the Leiden cohort was 59.1%. In yearly cohorts this varied from 54.8% to 67.1%. Cumulative live birth rates were 61.8%-63.2% for unexplained infertility (n = 229), endometriosis (n = 19), and andrologic indication (n = 223). For tubal (n = 129) and hormonal (n = 46) indications the rates were 55.8% and 45.7%, respectively. The group of egg donation or surrogacy (n = 10) reached 40.0%, and patients with two or more indications (n = 84) 56.0%. For women < or = 35 years of age the cumulative live birth rate was 64.6%, for women 36-39 years of age it was 48.7%, and for women 40-42 years of age 31.0%. CONCLUSION(S): In contrast to estimation of expected cumulative pregnancy rates the cohort measurement does not overestimate success rates. It accurately reflects chances of both live birth as well as early treatment dropout. The cumulative live birth rate was 59.1%. Over time results improved and the contribution of cryopreservation increased.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Relationship between birth order and leadership style for nursery school children.

36 nursery school children were given a revised form of Fiedler's (1967) least preferred co-worker scale designated as the least preferred playmate scale. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between least preferred playmate scores and the birth order of young children. A 2 X 2 contingency table was constructed between birth order (first and later born) and leadership style (high and low). The resulting chi squares were insignificant for the total population and for males. However, for females the results were significant with a higher percentage of firstborns being task-oriented (low score) and a higher percentage of later borns being relation-oriented (high score).

Birth Order↗
PubMed2000

Paternal hamsters mechanically assist the delivery, consume amniotic fluid and placenta, remove fetal membranes, and provide parental care during the birth process.

We report the first description of a male mammal behaviorally participating in the birth of his young. Djungarian hamsters, Phodopus campbelli, are naturally biparental and males contribute to pup survival and growth through direct paternal care and indirect effects on maternal physiology. Males of the closely related Siberian hamster, P. sungorus, have only seasonal opportunities to interact with pups and neither contribute to pup survival and growth nor provide extensive paternal care under laboratory conditions. Male P. campbelli undergo a series of hormonal changes prior to the birth of their first litter which are not shared with P. sungorus males and may "prime" males to express paternal behavior. We hypothesized that P. campbelli males would behave paternally on first contact with pups during the birth process, whereas P. sungorus males would not. In addition to showing paternal behavior toward neonates, male P. campbelli licked amniotic fluid before the birth, mechanically assisted the delivery, opened an airway by clearing the nostrils (so that pups flushed red with oxygenation), licked and sniffed pups in the moments and minutes after birth to clean the pups of membranes, and ate the placenta. None of these behaviors were observed in P. sungorus. We anticipate that P. campbelli will not be the only species with highly developed paternal behavioral repertoires during the birth.

Amnion↗
PubMed1994

Inclusion of semen price of the sire in an animal model to account for preferential treatment.

Histories of semen price for AI bulls used from 1970 to 1991 were collected and merged with first lactation milk and fat records of Ontario Holstein cows calving from 1970 through 1990. Data were analyzed with two animal models, both of which included herd-year-season and animal additive genetic effects. The second model included a fixed effect for semen price group. Cows that did not have a semen price for their sire were assigned to a separate group. Both models were used for milk and fat yields, and the second model was used separately for the semen price group of the sire at the time of daughter's conception, birth, and first calving. Hypothesis testing of group differences for semen price (excluding the group without a price match) resulted in significant effects of price group at first calving for milk and fat yields. The changes in estimated breeding values for cows and sires were summarized for cows by year of calving and for sires by Canadian versus US. Very few animals were affected by the inclusion of semen price groups in the model. Inclusion of effects of semen price group in an animal model did not significantly improve the accuracy of animal evaluations.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2005

The incidence of venous thromboembolism among Factor V Leiden carriers: a community-based cohort study.

While Factor V (FV) Leiden is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE), the incidence of VTE among FV Leiden carriers is uncertain. The objective of the study was to estimate the overall age-specific and pregnancy-related VTE incidence and the relative risk among FV Leiden carriers. In a community-based sample of 3424 south-eastern Minnesota residents, 230 (6.7%) were genotyped as FV Leiden carriers; 220 carriers (mean age = 68 years) could be matched to a non-carrier on age, gender, ethnicity and length of medical history. We performed a retrospective cohort study of carriers and non-carriers by reviewing the complete medical records in the community for demographic and baseline characteristics, pregnancies and live births, and first lifetime VTE. Over 14 722 person-years, 24 (10.9%) carriers developed VTE [overall incidence = 163 (95% CI 104, 242) per 100,000 person-years]. VTE incidence rates for ages 15-29, 30-44, 45-59 and > or = 60 years were 0, 61, 244 and 764 per 100,000 person-years, respectively (cumulative VTE incidence at age 65 years = 6.3%). VTE incidence for carriers did not differ significantly from that for non-carriers except for those > or = 60 years old (relative risk = 3.6; 95% CI 2.0, 6.0). There were 311 live births among 130 women carriers; no VTE events occurred during pregnancy or postpartum [incidence = 0 (95% CI 0, 1186) per 100,000 women-years]. Most FV Leiden carriers do not develop VTE. Among all carriers, those > or = 60 years old are at the highest risk for VTE. The incidence of VTE among asymptomatic women carriers during pregnancy is low and insufficient to warrant prophylaxis.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Association of rotating shiftwork with preterm births and low birth weight among never smoking women textile workers in China.

1035 married women workers in three modern textile mills in Anhui, China were surveyed to investigate the association of rotating shiftwork with low birth weight and preterm birth in 1992. Information on reproductive health, occupational exposure history, and other covariates including age at pregnancy, time and duration of leave from job since pregnancy, and mill location was obtained by trained nurses with a standardised questionnaire. This analysis was limited to 845 women (887 live births), who were middle or high school graduates, never smokers, and non-alcohol drinkers. About 72% of the women worked an eight day cycle with shift changes every two days throughout pregnancy. Mean gestational age was 38.8 and 39.0 weeks for shift and regular schedule workers, respectively. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for confounding factors including maternal age at pregnancy, order of live birth, mill location, job title, occupational exposure to dust/gases/fumes, stress, carrying and lifting of heavy loads, working in a squat position, time and duration of leave from the job since pregnancy, and indoor coal combustion for heating. The adjusted difference in gestational age associated with rotating shifts was statistically significant (beta = -0.44 (SE 0.20) weeks.) Mean birth weights were 3248 g and 3338 g for rotating shift workers and regular schedule workers respectively. The estimated effect of rotating shiftwork on birth weight was -79 (SE 42) g. When the analysis was restricted to first order live births or to production workers, the estimated effects of rotating shiftwork on both gestational age and birth weight were significant. The proportions of preterm birth (<37 weeks) and low birth weight (<2500 g), respectively, were 20% and 9% for shift workers and 15% and 6% for regular schedule workers. The adjusted odds ratio of shiftwork was 2.0 (95% CI) 1.1-3.4) for preterm birth and 2.1 (95% CI 1.1-4.1) for low birth weight. This association remained significant when the analysis was restricted to production workers or first order live births.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Different changes in contractile and histochemical properties of reinnervated and regenerated slow soleus muslces of the guinea-pig.

The changes in contraction time (CT) and histochemical muscle fibre pattern are compared with respect to ATPase activity of the slow soleus muscle of the guniea-pig during regeneration in free grafts and reinnervation after nerve interruption. Interruption of the nerve by crushing at birth results first in prolongation of CT which later returns to normal (control) values. A homogeneous fibre pattern is established related to the homogeneity of the motor units constituting the muscle. In the regenerating muscle CT and muscle fibre pattern of the graft repeat the changes during postnatal development, i.e. CT shows progressive prolongation accompanied by transformation of a heterogeneous (fibres of high and low ATPase activity) to a homogeneous (fibres of low activity only) fibre pattern. However, the regenerating muscle also shows an initial phase with slow CT. Thus the changes in reinnervation and regeneration of the muscle after birth differ, the reinnervated muscle revealing only prolongation, the regenerated muscle a temporary shortening followed by prolongation, i.e. a biphasic development of CT.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗