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PubMedDate not supplied

Wear resistance of four luting agents as a function of marginal gap distance, cement type, and restorative material.

This study investigated the effect of marginal gap width, luting cement, and restorative material on the wear resistance of the luting cement in areas where no occlusal contact is present. Three types of resin luting cement and one resin-modified glass-ionomer cement were used with two inlay systems, a resin composite, and an all-ceramic system. Bovine enamel represented tooth structure. Toothbrush abrasion was the wear modality. Three predetermined gap widths were selected: 240 +/- 30 microns, 150 +/- 30 microns, and 60 +/- 30 microns. All specimens were thermocycled. Regardless of the luting cement or the restorative material, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in wear resistance of the cement among the three gap distances at both the enamel and restoration interface. Vertical wear of the luting cement at the enamel interface increased linearly with marginal gap distance when all four cements were considered together (r2 > 0.51), regardless of type of restorative material used. The resin-modified glass-ionomer cement showed the least amount of wear for all variables considered. Significant differences in wear were found between the four luting cements at wide gap distances (240 microns) at the enamel interface, regardless of type of restorative material used. No significant differences were found between the two restorative materials at the enamel interface at the three gap distances.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Long-distance axonal regeneration in the transected adult rat spinal cord is promoted by olfactory ensheathing glia transplants.

The lack of axonal regeneration in the injured adult mammalian spinal cord leads to permanent functional impairment. To induce axonal regeneration in the transected adult rat spinal cord, we have used the axonal growth-promoting properties of adult olfactory bulb ensheathing glia (EG). Schwann cell (SC)-filled guidance channels were grafted to bridge both cord stumps, and suspensions of pure (98%) Hoechst-labeled EG were stereotaxically injected into the midline of both stumps, 1 mm from the edges of the channel. In EG-transplanted animals, numerous neurofilament-, GAP-43-, anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, and serotonin-immunoreactive fibers traversed the glial scars formed at both cord-graft interfaces. Supraspinal serotonergic axons crossed the transection gap through connective tissue bridges formed on the exterior of the channels, avoiding the channel interior. Strikingly, after crossing the distal glial scar, these fibers elongated in white and periaqueductal gray matter, reaching the farthest distance analyzed (1.5 cm). Tracer-labeled axons present in SC grafts were found to extend across the distal interface and up to 800 microm beyond in the distal cord. Long-distance regeneration (at least 2.5 cm) of injured ascending propriospinal axons was observed in the rostral spinal cord. Transplanted EG migrated longitudinally and laterally from the injection sites, reaching the farthest distance analyzed (1.5 cm). They moved through white matter tracts, gray matter, and glial scars, overcoming the inhibitory nature of the CNS environment, and invaded SC and connective tissue bridges and the dorsal and ventral roots adjacent to the transection site. Transplanted EG and regenerating axons were found in the same locations. Because EG seem to provide injured spinal axons with appropriate factors for long-distance elongation, these cells offer new possibilities for treatment of CNS conditions that require axonal regeneration.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

[Genetic-demographic processes in the Moscow population in the mid 1990's. Analysis of ethnogeographic migration parameters (isolation by distance)].

Geographic parameters of migration were analyzed on the basis of data on birthplaces of individuals who contracted marriages in Moscow 1955, 1980, and 1994 to 1995. It was shown that the relationship between the migration rate and distance significantly changed in the 1990s. Investigation of ethnic composition of migrants demonstrated that an increase of migration activity of residents of Transcaucasia and North Caucasus recorded in 1990s was associated with an increase in migration to Moscow of representatives of indigenous populations of these regions rather than with repatriation of Russians. Analysis of migration with the use of the Malecot's model of isolation by distance showed that genetically effective migration accounted for 1/7, 1/3, and 1/4 of the total marital migration rate in 1995, 1980, and 1990, respectively. An increase in mean migration distance in 1995 to 1980 is explained mainly by a decrease in the proportion of short-range migration. The level of isolation by distance was extremely low and showed a trend to further decrease during the 40-year time interval. Parameters of the model indicated that at present the population of the central part of the Moscow oblast in the 80-km zone from the city center should be assigned to the Moscow population.

Demography↗
PubMed1998

[A distance ring for stabilization of the lens capsule (a multicenter clinical study)].

Cataract extraction in eyes with a loose suspension apparatus implies always an unconventional method of surgery. An important contribution towards the stabilization of the capsule during surgery and during the postoperative period is implantation of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) ring into the capsular bag during phacoemulsification and implantation of the lens in patients with dialysis of the zonula. Erilens Co. produced three types of distance rings which were tested in 1997 within the framework of a multicentre clinical trial in seven departments in the Czech Republic: the most frequent indication for implantation of a distance ring was subluxation of the lens in 16 eyes, instability of the capsule in patients with myopia in nine eyes, traumatic cataract after contusion in five eyes and after a perforating injury in five eyes. In two patients the ring was used during normal cataract extraction when during aspiration of the lenticular mass the zonula loosened. From the total number of 47 distance rings it proved possible to implant primarily into the capsule only 42, two further rings were implanted primarily into the sulcus and left there. In patients with ectopia of the lens the ring was fixed into the sulcus ciliaris. In two instances the ring was explanted during the operation on account of instability of its position, in one instance the ring was damaged during implantation. The type and frequency of complications during and after surgery corresponded to the patient's pathology before the operation. More than three quarters of the operated eyes had after operation corrected vision better than 6/18. Poorer vision after surgery in nine patients was due to age-related or post-traumatic changes on the fundus. The results of the multicentre clinical trial evaluating the implantation of the distance ring of Erilens Co. conducted in seven departments of the Czech Republic in 1997 provided evidence that the quality of these rings is comparable with types produced abroad and used in complicated surgery of the anterior segmental of the eye.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Longer distance commuting as a substitute for migration in Britain: a review of trends, issues and implications.

"Drawing on analyses of commuting data from secondary sources as well as on selected results from a research project on long-distance commuting in Britain, this article investigates the extent to which, and why, households may choose to substitute longer distance commuting for migration. Reasons for long-distance weekly commuting, and associated advantages and disadvantages from individual, household and employer perspectives, are outlined. The evidence points to increasing complexity in home and working lives, with important implications for housing, transport and human resource management policies, as well as for family life."

Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Social distance towards a person with Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined determinants of behavioral discrimination (i.e. social distance) against persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a total of 206 Jewish Israeli adults (mean age = 59.7) using an experimental vignette methodology, varying in the severity of the disease. METHODS: Information regarding participants' preferences for social distance from a person with AD was elicited. The effects of emotional reactions, perceptions of dangerousness of the person depicted in the vignette, personal experience with the disease, and perceptions about the susceptibility of developing AD were examined. RESULTS: Results of the study provide partial support for an extended version of the attribution model, in that prosocial feelings were found to decrease the behavioral discrimination against the person described, whereas feelings of rejection increased the discrimination. A direct, unmediated effect of the severity of the disease on social distance was found, as well as a direct effect of familiarity with someone with the disease. CONCLUSION: Findings of this study stress the importance of increasing government and advocacy initiatives that would provide the lay public with accurate knowledge about the disease, its symptoms, and treatments. These campaigns should be aimed at clarifying misconceptions and communicating empathetic feelings towards people diagnosed with AD.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Public housing as a barrier to long-distance migration.

The relationship between migration and housing tenure in Britain is explored, with particular reference to those living in subsidized housing provided by local councils. "In this study, data have been extracted from the 1991 Sample of Anonymised Records to assess the impacts of tenure on long-distance migration compared with short-distance migration. Logit models are used to control for the effects of a wide range of socio-economic variables, allowing the independent impact of tenure to be identified. It is shown that long-distance migrants are less likely to move into council housing than other tenures, but it is argued that this does not support the assumption that the sale of council housing will necessarily increase labour mobility."

Demography↗
PubMed2002

Conflicting sources of spatial information in a distance-reproduction task.

Previous research has shown that the reproduction of a criterion distance is biased towards previously coded endpoints. The purpose of this research was to illustrate that, in addition to the retention of endpoint information, the presence of conflicting sources of spatial information within a trial causes systematic response biases in distance reproduction. Three experiments were conducted in which participants performed rapid aiming movements on a digitising tablet that translated to movement of a cursor on a computer monitor. The required movement amplitude in all three experiments was 20 cm. In experiment 1, the location of the home and target positions on the monitor was fixed, but the initial position of the hand was varied randomly from trial to trial. In experiment 2, the change in position of the limb was matched by a corresponding change in the location of the monitor display. In experiment 3, the initial position of the limb was fixed, but the location of the display on the monitor varied from trial to trial. The results of experiments 1 and 2 showed that error varied as a function of the initial position of the limb. However, this effect was greater in experiment 1, where the mapping between the location of the monitor display and limb position varied from trial to trial. There was also an effect of varying the location of the monitor display in experiment 3, but this was smaller than varying initial limb position in experiment 1. These findings suggest that both the retrieval of previously specified endpoints and conflicts in the coding of spatial information contributed to the observed response biases in distance reproduction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Distance art groups for women with breast cancer: guidelines and recommendations.

To overcome barriers that prevent women with breast cancer from attending support groups, innovative formats and modes of delivery both need to be considered. The present study was part of an interdisciplinary program of research in which researchers from counseling psychology, psycho-oncology, nursing, computer science, and fine arts have explored art making as an innovative format and telehealth as a mode of delivery. For this study, we conducted focus groups and interviews with 25 people with expertise about breast cancer, art, art therapy, and distance delivery of mental health services to generate guidelines for distance art-based psychosocial support services to women with breast cancer. A qualitative analysis of the focus group and interview data yielded guidelines for developers and facilitators of distance art groups for women with breast cancer pertaining to (a) emotional expression, (b) emotional support, (c) emotional safety, and (d) accommodating individual differences, plus special considerations for art therapy groups. Further research is needed pertaining to the use of computers, involvement of art therapists, and screening out vulnerable clients.

Art Therapy↗
PubMed2004

The effects of aging on location-based and distance-based processes in memory for time.

Retrieving when an event occurred may depend on an estimation of the age of the event (distance-based processes) or on strategic reconstruction processes based on contextual information associated with the event (location-based processes). Young and older participants performed a list discrimination task that has been designed to dissociate the contribution of both types of processes. An adapted Remember/Know/Guess procedure [Can. J. Exp. Psychol. 50 (1996) 114] was developed to evaluate the processes used by the participants to recognize the stimuli and retrieve their list of occurrence. The results showed that aging disrupts location-based processes more than distance-based processes. In addition, a limitation of speed of processing and working-memory capacities was the main predictor of age-related differences on location-based processes, whereas working-memory capacities mediated partly age differences on distance-based processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Media consumption and desire for social distance towards people with schizophrenia.

There is ample evidence for a distorted presentation of the mentally ill in the media. However, only little is known about its impact on attitudes towards people with mental disorders. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between watching TV and reading the newspaper on the one hand, and the desire for social distance towards people with schizophrenia on the other. In 2001, a representative population survey was conducted in Germany, using a fully structured personal interview. We found that the desire for social distance towards people with schizophrenia increases almost continuously with the amount of TV consumption. The association between reading the newspaper and social distance is less pronounced and depends on the type of newspaper people read. Since, obviously, there is a relationship between media consumption and attitudes towards people with schizophrenia, inaccurate and one-sided messages about mental disorders should be replaced by accurate and more balanced messages.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distance and shape: perception of the 3-dimensional world by weakly electric fish.

Weakly electric fish orient at night in complete darkness by employing their active electrolocation system. They emit short electric signals and perceive the consequences of these emissions with epidermal electroreceptors. Objects are detected by analyzing the electric images which they project onto the animal's electroreceptive skin surface. This process corresponds to similar processes during vision, where visual images are cast onto the retinas of eyes. Behavioral experiments have shown that electric fish can measure the distance of objects during active electrolocation, thus possessing three-dimensional depth perception of their surroundings. The fundamental mechanism for distance determination differs from stereopsis used during vision by two-eyed animals, but resembles some supplementary mechanisms for distance deduction in humans. Weakly electric fish can also perceive the three-dimensional shape of objects. The fish can learn to identify certain objects and discriminate them from all other objects. In addition, they spontaneously categorize objects according to their shapes and not according to object size or material properties. There is good evidence that some fundamental types of perceptional invariances during visual object recognition in humans are also found in electric fish during active electrolocation. These include size invariance (maybe including size constancy), rotational invariance, and translational invariance. The mechanisms of shape detection during electrolocation are still unknown, and their discoveries require additional experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The dependence of motion repulsion and rivalry on the distance between moving elements.

We investigated the extent to which motion repulsion and binocular motion rivalry depend on the distance between moving elements. The stimuli consisted of two sets of spatially intermingled, finite-life random dots that moved across each other. The distance between the dots moving in different directions was manipulated by spatially pairing the dot trajectories with various precisions. Data from experiment 1 indicated that motion repulsion occurred reliably only when the average distance between orthogonally moving elements was at least 21.0 arc min. When the dots were precisely paired, a single global direction intermediate to the two actual directions was perceived. This result suggests that, at a relatively small spatial scale, interaction between different directions favors motion attraction or coherence, while interaction at a somewhat larger scale generates motion repulsion. Similarly, data from experiment 2 indicated that binocular motion rivalry was significantly diminished by spatially pairing the dots, which moved in opposite directions in the two eyes. This supports the recent proposal that rivalry occurs at or after the stage of binocular convergence, since monocular cells could not have directly responded to our interocular pairing manipulation. Together, these findings suggest that the neural mechanisms underlying motion perception are highly sensitive to the fine spatial relationship between moving elements.

Convergence, Ocular↗
PubMed1988

Does nondirectional signalization of target distance contribute to navigation in the Morris water maze?

The possibility that rats can navigate in the Morris water maze by reducing the difference between the memorized platform scene and the current sensory input was tested in nine blind rats. A computerized videosystem monitored the rats' movements in the pool and converted the rat-target distance into tones the frequency of which increased in 64 equal steps from 120 Hz at 128 cm to 7680 Hz at 0 cm. During 15 days of training to find a fixed platform position from different starting points (12 trials per day) average escape latencies decreased from 39.0 to 25.4 s. The performance significantly deteriorated when the acoustic distance signalization was omitted and/or when the target position was changed form trial to trial. It is concluded that blind rats solved the task by simultaneously employing search strategy based on position responses, mapping using acoustic background beacons, and distance reduction navigation. It is argued that the various strategies are additive and that their relative significance depends of the conditions of the experiment.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1998

Community nurses' experiences of distance learning: implications for autonomy and dependence.

This study examines the experience of a group of students studying a range of health modules by distance learning. The sample included qualified community nurses who were studying a distance-learning research-awareness course in order to convert their community qualification to diploma level and nurses who were studying a range of distance-learning courses as access to a BSc(Hons) in Community Health. Modules studied included a range of 15 credit diploma-level modules in health subjects and a 30-credit research-awareness module. One hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed generating an 80% response rate. Results revealed a preference for flexible but highly structured materials with clear assignment guidance and support. The results raise important issues in relation to autonomy and dependence and how this may interact with learning style and approaches to study.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed2003

International distance-learning outreach: the APEC EINet experience.

BACKGROUND: The Emerging Infections Network is a mature electronic network that links Public Health professionals in the Asia Pacific through regular e-mail bulletins and an extensive Web site (http://www.apec.org/infectious). Emerging infections is a new area of study; learning materials help foster education. Our objective is to quantify the response of the network to the introduction of distance-learning materials on the Web site. METHODS: Distance-learning materials, developed by the University of Washington School of Public Health, were field tested and launched on the site. Publicity was carried out prior to the launch of the materials. Access was tracked prospectively using server counts of page downloads. RESULTS: Web access increased substantially during the month after the materials were launched, especially among Asia based computers. The effect was isolated to the distance-learning pages, and not general to the site. CONCLUSIONS: This Web site appears to be responsive to the advertisement and to the materials. Prospective Web-site monitoring proved useful.

Asia↗
PubMed2004

Using a distance-learning program to educate staff on the Joint Commission National Patient Safety.

BACKGROUND: A motion picture expert group (MPEG) distance-learning program was created in 2003 at Brooke Army Medical Center (BAMC; San Antonio, Texas) on the Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals. The 34 2-4-minute scripted video productions addressed the 7 goals and 13 recommendations for 2003 and 2004. For each goal, three MPEGs respectively describe sentinel events pertaining to that goal, root causes and risk-reduction strategies, and Army Medical Department and BAMC recommendations and policies. CREATING THE PROGRAM: The program entailed creating the scripts, narrating video, editing the tapes, and compressing the videos into the MPEG format. LAUNCHING THE PROGRAM: A featured MPEG was emailed weekly to over 3,000 hospital staff with a scripted endorsement and photograph of a key BAMC leader and a link to the MPEG. In addition, the MPEGs were placed on the hospital's intranet site. DISCUSSION: As the National Patient Safety Goal MPEG distance-learning program gained more recognition, different branches of the Army used the program to educate their staff on the Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals. The next step is to update the distance-learning program with new MPEGs that will provide guidance on the current National Patient Safety Goals.

Education, Distance↗
PubMed1991

Communication, conflict, and psychological distance in nondistressed, clinic, and divorcing couples.

This study compared communication patterns and conflicts over psychological distance in 25 nondistressed couples, 15 clinic couples, and 22 divorcing couples. Data consisted of questionnaire reports completed independently by husbands and wives. The two distressed groups, compared with nondistressed couples, had less mutual constructive communication, more avoidance of communication, more demand/withdraw communication, and more conflict over psychological distance in their relationships. In addition, the divorcing group had less mutual constructive communication than the clinic group and evidenced a trend for more conflict over psychological distance than the clinic group. Consistent with past research, wife demand/husband withdraw communication was more likely across all groups than husband demand/wife withdraw communication. Results are discussed in terms of skills deficits and incompatability models of marital discord.

Adult↗