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PubMed1992

The great Chicago flood of 1992.

Despite many years of experience in a chosen field, a systematic response to a disaster situation can only be measured when experiencing such a situation. During the Great Chicago Flood of 1992, our dialysis unit appropriately responded to the various needs of our dialysis population. How each department responded, what steps were taken, and the immediate outcomes in the first critical hour of the disaster are the focus of this article.

Chicago↗
PubMed2004

Coordination learning in stag hunt games with application to emergency management.

Response teams for natural disaster emergencies require coordinated and self-organized efforts for rescue, medical services, damage containment, and evacuation. The unfolding of events depends on initial conditions of specific time, location, and preparedness of the response teams. This study considered a new range of emergency response situations where the perpetrator is a sentient attacker that learns with repeated exchanges. The strategy is conceptualized as a stag hunt coordination game on the part of the defense agents and a strictly competitive game with respect to the attacking adversary. Participants were 28 university students who played an iterative board game (The Creature that Ate Sheboygan) wherein a team of three Humans represented military and civil resources, against one Godzilla-type monster. The Monster gained points by destroying buildings and human combat power. The Humans gained points by wearing down the Monster's defenses and containing damage caused by the Monster. Experimental manipulations and empirical analysis showed the following: Communication outages among the Humans assisted the Monster, but the ability to communicate only equalized the Humans' chances rather than providing them with an advantage. Coordination among Humans was instant, but it fluctuated greatly as a result of the Monster's progress. Nonlinear analysis showed an asymptotic decline in coordination to a non-zero level in response to outcome uncertainty. Learning effects were noted for Humans and Monsters, but there were significant interactions with communication blackout conditions

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Psychosocial care following the firework disaster in Enschede; the lessons from the Bijlmer airline disaster].

When the psychosocial-care scheme for victims of the firework explosion in Enschede, the Netherlands (2000) was set up, lessons learned from the Bijlmer airline disaster (Amsterdam 1992) were put into practice. The aftermath of this incident showed that psychological and physical health problems can still occur many years later. The main failure of the aftercare of the Bijlmer disaster lay in the coordination of aid and the monitoring of health problems. In Enschede steps were taken to redress these problems. An information and advice centre (IAC) was set up to monitor the well-being of the victims, and to provide them with information and, where necessary, assistance. It is responsible for limiting the effects of the disaster. A total of 13,000 people have consulted the IAC. A residents' association was formed. This gave the victims a common voice during the process of attempting to restore normality in their lives. A specialized mental health-care unit was founded to treat disaster-related disorders using evidence-based treatments. So far approximately 1,300 people have consulted this body. A longitudinal study has been set up to map the consequences of the disaster and to advise aid organizations. This will also give information on the extent to which these methods have been able to limit the long-term consequences.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed2004

Natural disasters: responding to the unexpected.

No matter how well-prepared a hospital is for emergencies, when one does occur it invariably poses problems that were unforeseen. In this article, hospital security officials evaluate their response to two major disasters that occurred within two months of each other--the Oklahoma ice storm and the Seattle/Olympia earthquake.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Protecting new health facilities from natural hazards: guidelines for the promotion of disaster mitigation.

The health sector is particularly vulnerable to naturally occurring events. The vulnerability of the health infrastructure (hospitals and clinics) is of particular concern. Not only are such facilities vulnerable structurally, but their ability to continue to provide essential functions may be severely compromised, thus leaving the stricken population without essential services. This paper summarizes a more detailed document, Guidelines for Vulnerability Reduction in the Design of New Health Facilities published by the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO)/ World Health Organization (WHO). The current document summarizes these Guidelines emphasizing how they may be used, by whom, and for what purpose. Potential users of the Guidelines include, but are not limited to: (1) initiators of health facility construction projects; (2) executors and supervisors of health facility construction projects; and (3) financing bodies in charge of funding health facility construction projects. The Guidelines include: (1) implications of natural phenomena upon the health infrastructure; (2) guidelines for vulnerability reduction for incorporation into development project cycles; (3) definitive phases and stages within the phases for development projects including: (I) Projects Assessment (needs assessment; assessment of options, the preliminary project); (II) Investment (project design, construction); and (III) Operational Activities (operations and maintenance). In addition, investment in damage reduction measures, policies and regulations, training and education, and the role of international organizations in the promotion and funding of mitigation strategies are addressed.

Disaster Planning↗