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PubMed1978

[Influence of sex and live body mass on the true protein and amino-acid digestibility of various animal feeds in pigs. 1. Comparative studies between barrows and female pigs].

Growing barrows and female pigs of 3 liveweight ranges (20-30 kg, 50-60 kg, 80-90 kg) were used to study the true digestibility of protein and essential amino acids from 4 cereal species and 4 high-protein concentrate using the fecal analysis method and regression techniques. No significant differences were found between the females and the barrows in the true digestibility of the protein and most of the amino acids from the protein carriers under study. In the 3rd liveweight range, the true digestibility of some amino acids of the cereals proved somewhat lower in tendency with female animals. In comparison with the true digestibility of protein, in the cereals under study that of lysine gave significantly lower, and that of cystine, arginine, phenylalanine and histidine significantly higher values. The relative values (protein = 100%) were 85.0, 110.6, 106.8, 106.5 and 105.5 for lysine, cystine, arginine, phenylalanine and histidine, respectively. The true digestibility of the remaining amino acids is comparable to that of protein.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

[Nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization in lactating cows under restricted protein supply and subsequent refeeding].

The effects of a 17% deficiency of crude protein for four weeks on nutrient digestibility and parameters of N metabolism were investigated using four pairs of monozygotic twin cows. During a period of realimentation of three weeks with slight nutrient oversupply and a further period of three weeks with nutrient supply adjusted to the lactation trend it was examined if residual effects remain. Protein restriction enhanced the excretion of fecal dry matter by 7.7%. Total fecal nitrogen was a high in the restricted group as in the control group. Apparent digestion coefficients for dry matter, organic matter and N-free extracts were lowered by 2 to 3 percent points with deficient protein nutrition. Crude fiber and nitrogen digestibilities declined by 4.5 and 9.8 percent points, respectively. The reduction of urine nitrogen excretion amounted to 47% as consequence of a drastically diminished nitrogen content of urine. Total nitrogen retention (milk-N and body-N) was lowered by 14%. The sum of the relative nitrogen losses via faeces and urine was not different between the protein-deficient and the normal diet. The utilization of feed nitrogen for milk nitrogen excretion was 28.2% in protein deficiency and 25.9% in control feeding. After realimentation no relevant residual effects of the previous protein deficiency were found neither with respect to nutrient digestibility nor to parameters of the nitrogen balance. So far the observed permanent effect in reduced milk yield by 6% of the expected performance can not be explained with changes in digestibility or nitrogen balance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of dietary forage proportion on digestive function in maintenance-fed beef cows. Fescue and bermudagrass hays.

Five crossbred beef cows (Hereford x Angus, 428 kg), cannulated in the rumen and duodenum, were used in a Latin square experiment to determine the effects of dietary proportions of fescue (F) and bermudagrass (B) hays (0:1, .25: .75, .5:.5, .75: .25 and 1:0) on digestive function. Feed intake was 85% of ad libitum intake of F alone (1.04% of body weight). Fescue contained 1.19% nitrogen (N), 74.8% neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 6.3% acid detergent lignin (ADL), and B contained 1.99% N, 84.5% NDF and 6.1% ADL. Ruminal ammonia-N decreased and four- and five-carbon fatty acid concentrations increased linearly (P less than .05) with increasing F. Mean particle size of duodenal digesta was not affected by F level, but specific gravity of duodenal particles changed quadratically (P less than .05) as F rose, being greatest with 25 and 50% F. Ruminal fluid volume was constant, but dilution rate increased linearly (P less than .05) as F increased. Passage rate of B was faster than that of F in mixed diets. Organic matter (OM) flow and digestibilities, true ruminal N disappearance and microbial efficiency were not affected (P greater than .10) by F. True ruminal N disappearance and microbial efficiency were not affected (P greater than .10) by F. True ruminal N disappearance ranged from 73 to 78%, and microbial growth efficiency was between 18 and 22 g microbial N/kg OM fermented. Ruminal digestibilities of NDF, acid detergent fibre (ADF), cellulose and hemicellulose decreased linearly (P less than .05) as F increased, being 68.2, 64.9, 65.6, 61.2 and 61.6% for NDF, 58.9, 54.7, 56.2, 53.3 and 53.2% for ADF, 64.7, 61.3, 62.1, 59.0 and 59.1% for cellulose, and 76.1, 74.4, 75.4, 70.1 and 72.2% for hemicellulose for 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% F, respectively. Digestive function in beef cows fed mixed F-B diets at a low level of intake related directly to dietary forage proportions and digestive characteristics when forages were fed alone.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of reduced water supply on the digestibility of nutrients and on some metabolic parameters in sheep].

A digestibility experiment was carried out under conditions of reduced water supply (1/3 in comparison to the control group) and feed supply ad libitum or on maintenance level with 5 wethers of an average body weight of 43.2 kg. They were fed with alfalfa pellets with a Na supplement in the form of NaH2PO4. The water restriction increases the apparent digestibility of the nutrients (except crude fat), significantly so, however, only in the group fed ad libitum as a result of the lower digestibility in ad libitum feed intake. In the group with water restriction the absolute amount of digested nutrients is diminished, however, and in group Ib (feed supply on maintenance level) falls clearly below maintenance requirements. In a comparison of the values of apparent digestibility of the nutrients acquired by various methods (traditional method and indicator method - HCl insoluble remaining ash) the latter method is more susceptible to error. This method is, however, considerably easier in its execution. In comparison to ad libitum water supply the mean retention time of the feed increases due to restricted water supply. The decreased feed intake seems to have a bigger influence on the mean retention time of the marker than water restriction.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of pregnancy and lactation on digestive processes in sheep].

The average passage time, the rumen fluid volume and the digestibility of the organic matter were determined in addition to 3 individual feeding experiments with fertility oriented crossbreed ewes, which received pelleted straw-concentrate mixtures. The average passage time of the feed particles through the digestive tract is shorter in pregnant animals than in lactating ones. It is longest in non-pregnant sheep. High quotas of straw and coarse particles prolong the passage time, increasing feed intake and supplements of long straw shorten it. The volume of rumen fluid is lower in ewes fed ad libitum in the stage of late pregnancy and after lactation than during lactation. The rumen fluid volume is also lower in restrictively fed animals during the stage of late pregnancy than during lactation. In animals in the stage of late pregnancy it correlates negatively with the weight of the litter. On an average of all experiments at maintenance level the digestibility of the organic matter in ewes in the 4th month of pregnancy gravidity amounted to 56.6%, in the 2nd month of lactation to 59.8% and in wethers to 59.5% Due to an increase of energy intake from maintenance to 2. maintenance digestibility of the straw-concentrate mixture with 40% straw decreased by 5.5 units and of that with 60% straw by 17.8 units in the period before delivery. Pregnancy in the 4th month resulted in a digestion depression of between 3.0 and 5.8 units.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The effect of different high doses of field peas on the digestibility of their crude nutrients in colostomized laying hens].

Five groups of five colostomized laying hens each received 0 g, 15 g, 30 g, 45 g and 60 g peas of the variety Grapis per animal and day with Triticum rations. The apparent digestibility of the crude nutrients of the rations and the peas was determined, ascertained according to the difference method in dependence on their quotas in the rations. The digestibility of the N-free extracts of the peas increases by 3 digestion units each under the influence of the increasing intake of peas, so that the digestibility of the organic matter of the peas increases with the growing quota. On an average of the 20 individual values the following digestion values for the pea variety Grapis are indicated: organic matter 66.9%, crude protein 78.5%, crude fat 48.7%, N-free extracts 70.3%. Energy concentration amounts to 572 EFU-hen/kg dry matter.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Influence of virginiamycin on the digestive physiology in precaecal re-entrant cannulated pigs.

The present experiment was set up to study the effect of Virginiamycin, a nutritional growth promoting antibiotic, on the digestive physiology using precaecal cannulated pigs. The semipurified diet used provided 21% protein and 60% of nitrogen free extract (NFE), 2/3 as starch and 1/3 as lactose. Due the older age of the pigs, the lactose induced some degree of malabsorption as precaecal flow rate of digesta was markedly higher (3.2 kg/d) compared with published data obtained with purified diets without lactose. This was also reflected in the rather low ileal digestibility of the nutrients (%): dry matter 68.6, protein 79.6, fat 78.4 and NFE 75.0. Virginiamycin markedly lowered flow rate (2.2 kg/d) and significantly improved apparent precaecal digestibilities (%): dry matter 74.0, protein 81.4, fat 81.9 and NFE 78.7. The faecal apparent digestibility was comparable with published data. There were no treatment differences indicating that precaecal digestibilities are much more sensitive then faecal ones. In order to explain the differences obtained the mean retention time in the upper intestine was measured. Although significant differences were noted (control: 5 h, Virginiamycin: 6 h) a direct cause-effect relationship was not evident. Also the activity of selected pancreatic enzymes in ileal contents was compared. There were no consistent differences between the two treatments, except for a lower lipase activity during Virginiamycin treatment.

Amylases↗
PubMed1992

[The extraction particles from winter rapeseed with different glucosinolate fractions in swine with regard to the iodine supply. 3. Apparent digestibility of crude nutrients with special regard to the carbohydrate and nitrogen balance].

In two digestibility and N-balance experiments the following solvent extracted meals were examined in a grain (barley and wheat in equal parts) or in a starch diet with four female pigs/group fitted with urethra catheters during the 5 days sampling period: 48% soyabean meal (SBM) (1), 24% conventional rapeseed meal (RSM) (2), 24 (3) or 48% (4) RSM from a newly bred low glucosinolate variety, groups 1 to 4 with grain, 48% low glucosinolate RSM (5) or 48% SBM (6) both with starch. In numeric order of the groups 88, 85, 86, 84, 79 and 89% N were digested. Pigs responded to the additional faecal N excretion from RSM diets by a lower urinary N excretion and thus they reached the N-balance of the animals fed on SBM. In numeric order of the groups 86, 79, 80, 73, 73 and 92% of the organic matter of the solvent extracted meals were digested. In comparison with SBM even 48% RSM in the feed significantly lowered the digestibility of organic matter. Using detergents the additional faecal organic matter excretion of RSM versus SBM could quantified as two third lignin. In the case of 24% RSM in the diet--i.e. 15% of the carbohydrates given--the carbohydrate digestibility is estimated with a high error, that an energetic feed value should not calculated. Investigating 48% SBM or RSM respectively in a grain diet the net energy content was 9.8 MJ (666 Energetic Feed Units, EFU pig) or 8.3 MJ (569 EFU pig)/kg dry matter (DM). Based on the starch diet, however, little relevant for estimation of normal pig diets, there were evaluated 10.6 MJ (720 EFU pig) for SBM and 8.3 MJ (567 EFU pig) net energy/kg DM for RSM.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

[The use of the mobile bag technique in swine. Determination of the apparent crude protein digestibility and amino acid absorption of feed and rations].

The mobile bag technique (MBT) was used in two ileorectostomized and two intact pigs with duodenal cannulae, in order to estimate the precaecal and total crude protein digestibility and amino acid (lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan) absorption of ten single feedstuffs (field bean, lupin, rapeseed meal, fish meal, barley, wheat) and three diets. For each feed 36 bags were applied per animal. After a peptic predigestion in vitro, application of the bags through the duodenal cannula into the intestine and their passage through the gut, the residues remaining in the bags were pooled to collective samples and just as the original feed material analysed on dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids. The directly determined MBT-digestibilities (BV) and the values obtained by regressive calculations (BVb) have been compared with apparent digestibilities (sV) conducted from conventional digestion experiments. 74 per cent of all BV data was higher than the corresponding sV values. Similarities of BV with sV showed in 58 per cent, those of BVb with sV only in 17 per cent. In all cases differences of > +/- 4 digestibility units showed. Checking additivity of diet-BV by means of calculations from the BV of their single ingredients did not generally lead to the same results as the directly estimated diet-BV; in some cases the results were contrary. Therefore the use of MBT for mixed feed diets has to be further investigated. For single feedstuffs the MBT can be used successfully as a rapid and simple technique when regressive calculations are employed.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

[The effect of flavomycin on digestion in fattening bulls].

Three friesian bulls (Genotype 31) were fitted with re-entrant cannulas at the duodenum to investigate the influence of a flavomycin supplement of the digestion in the forestomachs and the other parts of the digestive tract. The supplement of flavomycin increased the total digestibility of the organic matter. The digestibility of starch and sugar was between 97% and 98%. The balance of the nutrients in the digestive tract shows, that by flavomycin supplementation the degradation of organic matter and crude protein in the fore stomach was decreased and the amount of the organic matter and crude protein in the gut was increased. The balance of the amino acids in the gut showed that after flavomycin ca. 30 g more amino acids were found in the gut. The synthesis of bacterial protein in the forestomachs was, after flavomycin application, slightly reduced as was the degradation rate of the feed protein.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1994

Voluntary intake and digestibility by mature beef cattle and Holstein steer calves consuming alfalfa or orchardgrass hay supplemented with soybean oil and(or) corn.

Effects and interactions of corn and soybean oil supplementation and forage source on feed intake and digestibility by mature and growing cattle were determined. Eight mature beef cattle (571 +/- 17 kg initial body weight) were used in two simultaneous 4 x 4 Latin squares. Cattle in each square consumed long-stemmed alfalfa (AL; 16% crude protein, 54% neutral detergent fibre and 6.1% acid detergent lignin) or orchardgrass (OR; 11% crude protein, 71% neutral detergent fibre and 9.4% acid detergent lignin) hay ad libitum for 15 d followed by 6 d of restricted consumption (85% of ad libitum). Supplement treatments were Control, ground corn (C; 0.5% body weight), soybean oil (O; 0.125% body weight), or C + O. Total ad libitum dry matter (DM) intake was greater for AL than for OR (P < 0.05) and with than without C (P < 0.05), and a corn x soybean oil interaction occurred (P = 0.07; 11.8, 14.0, 13.6, 14.2, 8.4, 10.7, 9.3 and 10.3 kg/d); total tract neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility was 66.0, 67.7, 65.8, 68.8, 52.5, 50.6, 55.1 and 59.4% for AL, AL - C, AL - O, AL - C + O, OR, OR - C, OR - O, and OR - C + O, respectively (SE 2.46). Eight Holstein steer calves (83 +/- 5 and 131 +/- 11 kg initial and final body weight, respectively) were subjected to the same dietary treatments, except for higher levels of C (1.0% body weight) and O (0.25% body weight) and periods with 21 d of ad libitum forage intake. Total DM intake was greater (P = 0.06) for AL than for OR, increased (P < 0.05) by C, and decreased (P < 0.05) by O (3.92, 4.17, 3.51, 4.00, 2.53, 2.90, 2.09 and 2.51 kg/d), and total tract NDF digestibility was affected by forage source (P < 0.05) and a corn x soybean oil interaction (P = 0.08; 58.8, 56.9, 60.1, 56.0, 41.9, 44.5, 45.8 and 40.1% for AL, AL - C, AL - O, AL - C + O, OR, OR - C, OR - O and OR - C + O, respectively). In conclusion, effects of supplementation with corn and (or) soybean oil on feed intake and digestibility were similar for AL and OR, which differed in voluntary intake and digestibility, and animal characteristics such as stage of maturity may have influenced effects of soybean oil on feed intake.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Effects of dietary fat type, pentosan level and xylanase supplementation on digestibility of nutrients and metabolizability of energy in male broilers.

A complete two by two by four factorial design was used to examine the main effects of dietary fat type (10% soya oil or 10% beef tallow), xylanase supplementation (with or without Avizyme 1300 at 1 g/kg diet) and pentosan level (7.7 g/kg, 11.0 g/kg, 14.3 g/kg and 17.6 g/kg soluble pentosans, respectively, by varying wheat/rye proportions) as well as their interactions on intestinal chyme conditions, nutrient digestibility and nutrient utilization in male broilers. Nutrient digestibilities for the total digestive tract and at various sites of small intestine were measured during the period from day 18 to 20 of age and at day 21 of age, respectively, using a marker technique. Jejunal and ileal supernatant viscosity increased in an exponential manner as dietary pentosan concentration was increased. This increase was more pronounced in tallow fed birds but was also found in enzyme treated groups albeit at a much lower level. Xylanase activity was still detectable in the ileum of birds fed enzyme supplemented diets but its activity was found to decrease as dietary pentosan content increased. Digestibility of crude protein and that of some amino acids at the terminal ileum was decreased as dietary pentosan content was increased and significantly improved by xylanase addition. No fat effect and no interactions were detected at this site. In contrast, measurements made over the whole gastrointestinal tract showed significantly lower protein and amino acid digestibility values for tallow fed birds, and significant higher enzyme effects especially in diets with higher pentosan concentrations. Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) content and net protein utilization decreased with increasing dietary pentosan content and were significantly improved by xylanase addition and were lower in tallow fed birds. Again, xylanase effects were found to be more pronounced for tallow fed birds and at higher pentosan concentrations.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seasonal hyperphagia does not reduce digestive efficiency in an Arctic grazer.

Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) consume fibrous plants that grow rapidly over the short Arctic summer. We studied responses of eight castrated male muskoxen to a diet of grass hay and mineral supplements during spring, autumn, and winter. Animals gained body mass in spring (239+/-39 kg) as body fat content increased from 26% to 38% of ingesta-free mass in winter without changes in lean mass and protein. Intakes of dry matter (DM) increased by 74% between spring and autumn as digestible energy increased from 554 to 923 kJ kg(-0.75) d(-1) during mass gain. Digestibility of cellulose (72%-76%) was not affected by increasing food intake between spring and autumn but was reduced to 65% in winter. Digestibility of nitrogen compounds was 61%-66%, even though intake increased by 134% between spring and autumn. Excess dietary nitrogen from hay and supplements increased urea concentrations in plasma and urine. High loads of solutes such as potassium did not affect plasma or urinary osmolality but were associated with increased rates of glomerular filtration and urinary excretion. Low intakes of sodium from grasses may limit intake and digestion during summer, but high food intakes can support deposition of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc in body tissue even when dietary concentrations are low. Seasonal increases in digestive and metabolic functions allow muskoxen to rapidly accumulate energy and nutrients in body tissue during the short season of plant growth.

Alaska↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Termite digestibility and water and energy contents determine the water economy index of numbats (Myrmecobius fasciatus) and other myrmecophages.

Digestibility by captive numbats for termites was determined by feeding trials to be 81%+/-1.2% for Coptotermes sp. and 64%+/-3.3% for Nasutitermes sp. Water, ash, and energy content of both the Coptotermes (0.96+/-0.099 mg(dry mass) individual(-1), 78.0%+/-0.36% water, 5.8%+/-0.31% ash, 23.1+/-0.19 kJ g-1dry total energy) and Nasutitermes (0.91+/-0.046 mg(dry mass) individual(-1), 76.7%+/-3.09% water, 7.5%+/-1.10% ash, 22.7+/-0.36 kJ g-1dry total energy) were similar to values measured previously for other termites and for ants and insects in general. Numbats have a slow passage time for termites (20-30 h), presumably to enhance the digestion of termites. The water economy index (WEI) was 0.2 for captive numbats feeding on Coptotermes and 0.25 for Nasutitermes, whereas the WEI measured for wild, free-living numbats was 0.29, which corresponds to a digestibility of 58%. The WEI of a myrmecophage diet is determined by the energy and water contents and digestibilities of termites and ants, in the absence of drinking. The WEI for numbats, and other termitivorous mammals as well as reptiles, is higher than would be expected for an animal-based diet because of their relatively low digestibility (58%-81%) for termites. A high WEI preadapts myrmecophages to survival in arid environments without having to drink.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Ontogenetic diet shifts and digestive constraints in the omnivorous freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta.

Many reptiles undergo an ontogenetic diet shift from carnivory to herbivory. In this study, we used the yellow-bellied slider turtle, Trachemys scripta, as a model to evaluate whether juvenile turtles are carnivorous because physiological constraints preclude herbivory. We conducted feeding trials in which we fed juvenile and adult turtles a duckweed plant, Lemna valdiviana, or a freshwater grass shrimp, Palaemontes paludosus, for 5 wk. During the trials, we measured mass-specific intake, digestibility, and digestible intake for both size classes, as well as juvenile growth. At the end of the trials, we measured the nutrient composition of the juvenile turtles. Juveniles fed shrimp grew 3.2 times faster than those fed duckweed and had equivalent lipid stores. Digestive processing in juveniles was extremely efficient on the shrimp diet, with higher mass-specific intakes than adults and very high digestibilities (97%). Juveniles digested duckweed as well as adults did; however, their intake of this diet was limited, possibly by the time required for fermentation. We concluded that although juveniles can process plant material, an animal diet allows for greater juvenile growth, which in turtles is linked to higher survivorship and increased future reproductive success.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of tannins on digestion and detoxification activity in gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis).

Acorn tannins may affect food preferences and foraging strategies of squirrels through effects on acorn palatability and digestibility and squirrel physiology. Captive eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) were fed 100% red oak (Quercus rubra) or white oak (Quercus alba) acorn diets to determine effects on intake, digestion, and detoxification activity. Red oak acorns had higher phenol and tannin levels, which may explain the lower dry matter intakes and apparent protein digestibilities and the higher glucuronidation activities observed in squirrels. Although the white oak acorn diet had lower apparent protein digestibilities than the reference diet, it did not suppress dry matter intake for a prolonged period or stimulate glucuronidation. Negative physiological effects of a 100% red oak acorn diet suggest gray squirrels may require other foods to dilute tannin intake and provide additional nutrients. To distinguish the roles of different tannin types in the observed effects of acorn diets on squirrels, squirrels were fed rat chow containing no tannins, 4% or 8% tannic acid (hydrolyzable tannin), or 3% or 6% quebracho (condensed tannin). Apparent protein digestibilities were reduced by tannic acid and quebracho diets. Only the 8% tannic acid diet tended to increase glucuronidation. Specific effects of tannins may largely depend on tannin type, composition, and source and on other nutritional and physiological factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Protein digestibility and protein quality of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) fed alone and with maize, in adult humans using a short-term nitrogen balance assay.

Various experiments using young human adults were carried out to measure the protein digestibility of common beans, fed alone and in different forms and fed together with maize as tortillas. In all, 36 young men were used. Common bean protein digestibility was significantly lower than that observed from meat, and similar to the digestibility of a textured vegetable protein soy protein product. It was also observed that forms of consumption may affect protein digestibility of beans. Using a short-term multiple intake protein quality assay method, it was found that feeding beans alone, N equilibrium was reached with an intake of 114 mg N/kg/day, while when fed with maize in a 87:13 ratio, N equilibrium was reached with 98 mg N/kg/day. This was attributed to both a complementary protein effect and an increase in protein digestibility.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Slowly digested and absorbed carbohydrate in traditional bushfoods: a protective factor against diabetes?

The aim of this study was to compare the digestibility and metabolic responses of western foods with traditional staples of two populations that show a susceptibility to diabetes, namely Australian Aborigines and Pacific islanders. Rate of starch digestion was studied in vitro in 37 foods (20 Australian Aboriginal bushfoods, 10 Pacific island foods, and 7 western foods), and rate of absorption of 9 foods (8 bushfoods and 1 western food) was studied in human volunteers. In vitro studies showed that 23 of 30 traditional foods were digested more slowly than 7 western foods. Six of 8 bushfoods produced significantly smaller areas under 3-h postprandial plasma glucose curves than potatoes in seven healthy Caucasian volunteers. There was a good correlation between starch digestibility and plasma glucose response. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that carbohydrate in traditional diets is slowly digested and absorbed and may once have been protective against diabetes.

Australia↗