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PubMed1986

Jamestown Canyon virus (California serogroup) is the etiologic agent of widespread infection in Michigan humans.

In a sample population of 780 Michigan residents tested for neutralizing antibodies to California serogroup viruses, 216 (27.7%) had specific neutralizing antibody to Jamestown Canyon virus. An additional eight (1.0%) had specific neutralizing to trivittatus virus; none had specific neutralizing antibody to La Crosse virus. Significantly more male residents than female residents of the Lower Peninsula had antibody to Jamestown Canyon virus. The frequency of neutralizing antibody titers fits the Poisson distribution, suggesting that Jamestown Canyon virus infections occur endemically in residents of Michigan. Among 128 sera with specific neutralizing antibody to Jamestown Canyon virus, only two (1.6%) were found to have significant hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers with La Crosse virus, while 23 of 44 (52%) had significant titers with Jamestown Canyon virus; a single serum had significant antibody by complement fixation tests with both La Crosse and Jamestown Canyon viruses. This study confirms earlier speculation that complement fixation and hemagglutination-inhibition tests with La Crosse virus (the only tests for California serogroup virus infections performed by most state diagnostic laboratories) fail to detect antibody to Jamestown Canyon virus. ASPEX computer-drawn maps demonstrated that the distribution of persons with antibody to Jamestown Canyon virus and residing in Michigan's Lower Peninsula is closely correlated with the estimated distribution of white-tailed deer in that part of the state, further supporting the hypothesis that white-tailed deer are the primary vertebrate host for Jamestown Canyon virus.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Decreasing prevalence of Q fever in Illinois.

There were 858 (37.7 percent) Q fever-infected dairy herds among the 2,277 tested in Illinois in 1963. The percentage decreased to 19.2 percent (380 of 1,975) in 1967. Reaction rates (complement-fixation test titer of 1:8 or greater) in serum samples from veterinarians decreased from 13.3 percent in 1956 to 3.9 percent in 1964 and from 3.6 percent in 1966 to 0 percent in 1968, 1970, 1972. There were 14 (2.7 percent) reactive serum samples among 526 abattoir workers tested in 1966; reaction rates were higher among workers having contact with swine (8.2 percent) than among workers having contact with cattle (1.8 percent). Two (0.1 percent) of 1,432 serum samples collected from 1967 to 1971 during preemployment examinations at another abattoir were reactive. Only two clinical cases of Q fever were reported to the Illinois Department of Public Health in the period 1963-80. All evidence evidence points to a decreasing prevalence of Q fever in Illinois.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1976

Studies on Epstein-Barr virus-related antigens. I. Indirect single radial immunodiffusion as a useful method for detection and assay of soluble antigen.

A useful method for the detection and assay of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related soluble antigen has been developed by the application of the indirect single radial immunodiffusion technique which is frequently used for quantitative measurements of immunoglobulins and other soluble proteins. When the extracts of EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA)-positive non-producer cells (Raji and NC-37) were applied to agar plates containing seropositive human serum, followed by overlay with anti-human IgG serum, ring-shaped precipitates with high specificity were clearly evident. The size of such precipitin rings was proportional to the amount of the antigen. This method is simple and applicable for a quantitative assay of a particular EBV-related soluble antigen and antibody and the sensitivity is equivalent to that seen with the complement fixation test.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1965

SUPPRESSION OF ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS GROWTH IN TISSUE CULTURES BY MYCOPLASMA ORALE.

Somerson, Norman L. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.), and M. K. Cook. Suppression of Rous sarcoma virus growth in tissue cultures by Mycoplasma orale. J. Bacteriol. 90:534-540. 1965.-An agent which produced cell destruction in human diploid and chick-embryo fibroblasts was isolated from WI-26 strain of human diploid fibroblasts and shown to be a mycoplasma. The multiplication of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and Rous associated virus (RAV) was inhibited in WI-26, WI-38, and chick-embryo fibroblasts infected with this mycoplasma. The mycoplasma isolate, designated strain 941, reacted strongly in the complement-fixation test with antiserum to Mycoplasma orale CH19299, an isolate obtained from the human oral cavity. The cytopathic effect of mycoplasma strain 941 could be eliminated by growing the mycoplasma on an artificial agar medium before inoculation into chick-embryo fibroblasts. Serial passage in chick-embryo fibroblasts restored the cytopathogenicity of the agar-grown mycoplasma. However, growth of RSV and RAV was inhibited by both the tissue culture-grown and the agar-grown 941 strain, and also by the CH19299 strain which did not produce any cytopathic effect.

Agar↗
PubMed1994

Reactivity of varicella-zoster virus subunit antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to sera from varicella, zoster, and herpes simplex virus infections.

Serological responses to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) subunit antigens, such as capsid, envelope, and soluble (S) antigens, in patients with VZV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections were studied by comparing with responses to virion (V) antigens using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). S antigen, prepared by concentrating supernatant of VZV or HSV type 1 (HSV-1)-infected cell culture fluid, reacted strongly to sera from patients with secondary infection but reacted poorly to those from patients with a primary infection of VZV or HSV. Antibody titers to VZV-S antigen persisted for a long period in patients with VZV infections. Patients infected with VZV showed antibody increase to HSV-1, when tested by complement fixation or complement-enhanced neutralization test, in cases with a history of prior HSV infection. However, such a cross-reaction was only observed to a minor extent in ELISA test using S antigen. S antigen reaction was stronger in secondary infections in tests with various subunit antigens. Almost no cross-reactivity was observed in an immunoblotting test with S antigen. Differentiation between infections with either varicella or zoster or HSV can be made by comparison of antibody responses to V and S antigens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Antibody titer to Toxoplasma gondii in uveitis of toxoplasmosis and other origin].

The diagnostic value of toxoplasma serology in ocular toxoplasmosis is a controversial issue. Some authors feel that a positive titer indicates nothing more than that the patient had been exposed to Toxoplasma gondii at some stage. Even if in most cases the diagnosis is based on the morphological findings on the fundus, it might sometimes be useful to have an additional serologic evaluation. In a retrospective study we compared the level of antitoxoplasmosis antibodies (measured in a complement fixation test and an immunofluorescence test) in 75 patients with clinically proven ocular toxoplasmosis and 146 patients with uveitis of other origin. In our results we showed that the incidence of positive titers and antibody levels are significantly higher in patient with ocular toxoplasmosis than in other uveitis patient (chi 2-test, Mann-Whitney Willcoxon test, p = 0.05). There was no significant difference between antibody levels in patients with anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis or panuveitis of nontoxoplasmotic origin. No correlation between the antibody levels and amount of retinochorioidal fundus lesions could be found. Based on our results, we conclude that in cases where fundus findings are compatible with ocular toxoplasmosis and a complement fixation or immunefluorescence test is positive, specific antitoxoplasmotic therapy should be started.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of the interaction of leucocytes from Chagas disease patients with trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi.

We developed a method to asses the infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes for cultured Vero cells, after incubation under different conditions with human leucocyte populations. Total leucocytes, polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) cells, from either infected (INF) or cardiomyopathic (CDM) Chagas patients were tested in the presence or absence of autologous serum. Both patient groups had positive complement fixation tests (CFT) for T. cruzi and these were compared with a group of normal controls with negative CFT. Serum alone was found to cause reductions in the infectivity of the trypomastigotes, particularly in the case of CDM. However, in the control and INF groups, a significantly greater effect was observed with combinations of leucocytes and serum. The inhibition caused by cells plus serum was significantly greater in INF and CDM patients than in normal controls. In addition, we evaluated the penetration of trypomastigotes into the different types of leucocytes and found a significantly greater penetration of INF leucocytes at 15 min, compared to the controls, in the presence of both autologous and homologous normal serum. However, after 60 min of incubation the differences were not statistically significant.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Studies of Australia-SH antigen in sporadic viral hepatitis in London.

Sera from 87 patients with acute sporadic viral hepatitis were tested for the presence of the Australia-SH antigen. Forty-three were positive by the complement-fixation test, but only 24 of these reacted in the gel-diffusion test. The antigen was equally distributed in infectious and serum hepatitis. The relationship of naturally occurring antigen-positive hepatitis to the Willow-brook MS-2 type is discussed.

Complement Fixation Tests↗
PubMed1977

Anti-complement immunofluorescence test for antibodies to human cytomegalovirus.

An anti-complement immunofluorescence (ACIF) test that detects human cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen in the nuclei of infected cells was used for assay of CMV antibodies in human sera. Various factors influencing the sensitivity and specificity of the ACIF test system were investigated, and results were applied to the development of a procedure which could be completed in a relatively short length of time and gave reproducible results. Results obtained in the ACIF test were compared with those obtained in complement fixation, indirect hemagglutination, and neutralization tests, and the ACIF test was shown to be suitable for detection of significant antibody titer rises and stationary levels of CMV antibody. Heterotypic antibody responses were not seen with sera from other human herpesvirus infections. The nonspecific cytoplasmic staining that occurs in indirect immunofluorescence tests for CMV did not occur in the ACIF system, and sera that were anti-complementary in complement fixation tests could be examined satisfactorily by ACIF. Thus, the test is a valuable supplemental or back-up procedure for the serodiagnosis of CMV infection.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1964

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF COXIELLA BURNETII IN THE CHICK YOLK SAC.

Anacker, R. L. (Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), K. Fukushi, E. G. Pickens, and D. B. Lackman. Electron microscopic observations of the development of Coxiella burnetii in the chick yolk sac. J. Bacteriol. 88:1130-1138. 1964.-Yolk sac material, obtained daily over a period of 1 week from embryos inoculated with seed of phase I Coxiella burnetii strain Ohio 314 containing 250 units of penicillin, was examined by electron microscopy and other techniques for the presence of rickettsiae. The concentration of rickettsiae in the yolk sac, as determined by electron microscopy, light microscopy, the complement-fixation test, recovery of organisms, and mouse infectivity, was low for the first 3 days, increased rapidly 3 to 5 days after infection, and then remained relatively constant. Rickettsiae in 3- to 7-day cultures, when observed by electron microscopy, had dense fibrillar centers surrounded by less-dense cytoplasmic material containing granules approximately 15 mmu in diameter. The whole was enclosed by multiple external layers. Many appeared to be in various stages of binary fission, and one form which contained a cross-wall was observed. These forms readily combined with ferritin-labeled specific antibody. In rare instances, several kinds of "atypical" forms which did not combine with ferritin-labeled antibody were found in the cytoplasm of yolk-sac cells 4 to 5 days after inoculation; it is not certain whether these forms are artifacts or normal stages in the maturation of C. burnetii. These atypical forms were not observed in subsequent experiments in which embryonated eggs were inoculated with doses of penicillin varying from 0 to 4,000 units per egg.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of different methods for the detection of antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in human sera.

Different methods for the detection of IgG antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis were compared as to their specificity, sensitivity and efficacy. A modified microimmunofluorescence test (MIF) was used as a reference method. Two commercial ELISA tests kits (Chlamyset-antibody EIA, Orion, Finland and Chlamydelisa, Whittacker M.A. Bioproducts, USA), the complement fixation test (CFT) and five self-made ELISA tests with CFT antigens were compared with the reference method and with each other. In comparison to the reference method, the Chlamyset was found to be the most useful method. Three of the ELISA tests with CFT antigens were statistically comparable with the Chlamyset and the CFT, but the two others showed statistically significant differences. The Chlamydelisa and the MIF showed great differences from all other methods. The Chlamydelisa was very sensitive but apparently unspecific. Possible reasons for the different results are discussed.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1977

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for chlamydial antibodies.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected chlamydial antibodies in human sera. The assay antigen produced in cell cultures infected with Chlamydia psittaci was Formalin-fixed to microplates. Single convalescent-phase sera positive for chlamydial antibodies by a complement-fixation test were positive at even higher dilutions by ELISA. Paired sera with diagnostic rises in complement-fixing antibody showed seroconversion by ELISA also. Control sera from persons with no history of chlamydial infection were negative by both tests. Sera from patients with psittacosis or lymphogranuloma venereum were ELISA positive, indicating that the assay with the antigen used in this study is genus specific rather than species specific.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1972

Subclinical Brucella infection in man.

Much subclinical infection with Brucella abortus affects the dairy farming community, slaughterhouse workers, and veterinary surgeons. High titres of antibody to B. abortus by the saline agglutination, antihuman globulin, or complement fixation test may be shown in subjects from the first two groups and generally there are no symptoms or signs of brucella infection whatever. Veterinary surgeons are prone to subclinical infection and young practitioners frequently display high titres against the usual tests at the same time apparently enjoying good health. Repeated reinfection of this group, however, may result in hypersensitivity to B. abortus and bouts of ill health at intervals may be due to this. Infection seems to come more often from contact with infected material than by drinking untreated milk, particularly in the herdsman, slaughterhouse worker, and veterinary surgeon. A doctor investigating illness of a patient from the dairy farming community and allied occupations should not accept a high titre against B. abortus as the only clue to diagnosis of the patient's condition.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1991

Activation of rainbow trout complement by C-reactive protein.

The activation of the complement system of rainbow trout by trout C-reactive protein (CRP) was investigated. Complement fixation tests were performed by using rabbit hemolysin-sensitized sheep erythrocytes and rainbow trout complement. Purified CRP increased the consumption of complement in the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae C-polysaccharide (CPS), indicating the activation of the complement system. In contrast to this, acute phase serum activated the complement in the absence of CPS. Consumption of the complement by acute-phase serum was depressed when CRP was removed from acute-phase serum by CPS-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The acute-phase serum, as well as CRP plus CPS, suppressed in vitro growth of Vibrio anguillarum in the presence of complement, and enhanced the phagocytosis of the bacteria by glass-adherent peritoneal exudate cells. These results indicated that CRP has a role in host defense during acute-phase response through the activation of the complement system, enhancement of phagocytosis, and suppression of bacterial growth.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed1983

Bacteriological characteristics of Histophilus ovis and its relationship to similar bacteria.

Seventeen strains of Histophilus ovis were obtained from a variety of pathological conditions and geographical areas and were examined to determine the bacteriological characteristics of the organism. All were Gram-negative pleomorphic rods which only grew under micro-aerophilic conditions in media enriched with blood, serum or meat particles. All strains were catalase negative, indole positive and nitrate positive while most produced acid from glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, xylose, mannitol and sorbitol. Eight strains were examined serologically and compared with two strains of Actinobacillus seminis. In agglutination and precipitation tests, all strains of H ovis appeared antigenically identical and showed antigenic relationships to A seminis. Results of complement fixation tests confirmed the close, if not identical, antigenic relationship of H ovis and A seminis. It is suggested that H ovis and A seminis are biochemical variants of the same organism.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1972

Yellow fever vaccine. V. Antibody response in maonkeys inoculated with graded doses of the 17D vaccine.

A dosage equal to or greater than approximately 3.4 Dex (decimal exponent, log(10)) weanling mouse intracerebral 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) was sufficient to elicit a yellow fever antibody response, as determined by the plaque neutralization (PN) test, in better than 90% of vaccinated rhesus monkeys. Lower dosages were progressively less effective in terms of PN titers and the PN and hemagglutination-inhibition serological conversion rates observed. A dose of between 3.4 and 4.2 Dex weanling mouse intracerebral LD(50), or one-tenth to one times the dosage recommended for man, provided an optimal antibody response in monkeys. In rhesus monkeys, in contrast to the findings for man, pre-existing yellow fever antibody did not interfere with the antibody response to yellow fever vaccine. The PN test was felt to be a more sensitive and specific indicator of yellow fever antibody in rhesus monkeys after vaccination than the hemagglutination inhibition or complement fixation tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Nonenzymatic glycation of immunoglobulins leads to an impairment of immunoreactivity.

Incubation of purified human and rabbit immunoglobulin G with glucose leads to covalent incorporation of the sugar into the protein, depending on glucose concentration, incubation time and pH. Furthermore, the level of glycated immunoglobulin G from normal and diabetic subjects has been determined using the thiobarbituric acid reaction. The median for glycated immunoglobulin G, expressed as mmol 5-hydroxymethylfurfural per mol IgG, obtained from 20 normal and 29 diabetic subjects was 62 and 107, respectively. Glucose incubation of immunoglobulin G purified from rabbit anti-human-transferrin serum, from human anti-varicella/zoster virus serum and from human anti-lues-spirochete serum, respectively, leads to a marked decrease in biological activity, as determined in a micro complement fixation test. Inactivation of specific antibody was dependent on incubation time and glucose concentration employed. Loss in complement-fixing activity was observed at glycation levels well comparable to those found in diabetics.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Isolation of orbiviruses and uukuviruses from puffin ticks.

Two viruses were isolated from a pool of three female Ixodes uriae ticks found on a dead puffin (Fratercula arctica) on a beach at Arbroath, Scotland. Complement fixation tests showed that one of the viruses was an orbivirus belonging to the Kemerovo serogroup and was related to Cape Wrath virus. Cross-reactions did not occur in neutralisation tests with 4 Kemerovo group viruses previously isolated from I. uriae collected in British seabird colonies. The orbivirus was therefore named Arbroath virus. The other virus was of the Uukuniemi serogroup (family Bunyaviridae) and reacted in complement fixation and neutralisation tests with a virus isolated from I. uriae collected from a seabird colony at St Abb's Head, Scotland. Both the orbi- and the uukuviruses replicated in a tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) cell line, RA-243.

Animals↗