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PubMed1983

Thermolabile antigens of "Salmonella typhi".

Somatic soluble antigens of S. typhi can be subdivided into three categories. These are: 1. Thermolabile antigens (TL) at 100 degrees C or 121 degrees C. They showed two kind of fractions, by immunoelectrophoresis method, some anodic and others cathodic in migration. 2. Thermostable haptens (Th) at 100 degrees C or 121 degrees C. Demonstrated by their capacity to absorb antibodies after heat treatment (100 degrees C or 121 degrees C) and to precipitate antibodies from antiserum produced with unheated bacterial suspensions. These fractions failed to induce antibody production, after heating in rabbits. Electrophoretically they migrated toward the anode. 3. Thermostable antigens (TS) at 100 degrees C or 121 degrees C. Demonstrated by their capacity to induce antibody formation in rabbits after heat treatment at 100 degrees C or 121 degrees C and to precipitate antibodies after being heated at these temperatures. These antigens revealed only cathodic migration. Using the serum made with S. typhi strain Ty-21a, thermolabile and thermostable antigens were demonstrated in S. typhi 0901 strain.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1982

The effects of varying current levels of electrical stimulation.

An effort has been made to find an experimental delayed union of a long bone that could be used to evaluate the osteogenic effect of different current strengths. It is important that the optimum current strength be determined. Any such model should be able to produce a difference in new bone formation with an active and an inactive stimulator, particularly one using a 20 microA direct current. Attempts to produce a nonunion model in dogs were unsatisfactory, possibly because the defect was too small and surrounded by normal bone, and excessive movement occurred at the cathode plate. The optimum range of electrical stimulation using a titanium cathode has not been established by this work. The changes in serum alkaline phosphatase, serum calcium and serum phosphorus concentrations in response to trauma have been shown to be the same in the bone formation induced by electrical current.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of electric current on chondrogenesis in vitro.

The effect of direct electric current (5 muamp) on mesenchymal cell differentiation into cartilage was investigated in explants of fetal rat muscle and bone matrix gelatin. In this system, chondrogenesis in vitro corresponds in developmental potential to osteogenesis in vivo. Application of electric current inhibited differentiation of muscle derived mesenchymal cells, but enhanced proliferation of differentiated chondrocytes and formation of cartilage at the cathode region, and had no effect on mature hypertrophic chondrocytes. Application of electric current may be contraindicated in fracture at the very early stage of fracture treatment and effective at the cathode region only for preexisting and proliferating cells. Electric current also may not be effective for mature cells having no potential for proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Comparative studies on tree pollen allergens. IV. Evaluation of two commercially available allergen extracts of alder (Alnus incana) and birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen.

Two commercially available extracts of alder and birch pollen usually used in clinical allergy were evaluated and correlated to two corresponding reference extracts 'S' produced at the authors' laboratory. The set of extracts produced by ALK, Denmark are referred to as 'A', while those produced by Nyco, Norway are referred to as 'N'. The results of the CIE analysis demonstrated that, upon using the same antibodies, both the morphology and the intensity of the precipitates of the different extracts differed considerably. In the alder pollen extract, the 'N' preparation contained more immunoprecipitate lines than the two others. Extract 'S' contained the least number of antigenic lines. Only two of the antigenic lines bound specific IgE in CRIE and were represented in variable concentrations in the three extracts. These two allergenic precipitation lines were demonstrated to have an immunological reaction of identity as shown by tandem-CIE and tandem-CRIE systems, respectively. In the birch pollen system variable numbers of reproducible antigenic lines of precipitation were demonstrated. Preparation 'A' contained more antigens than the two other extracts. This extract lacked a cathodic antigen with slow electrophoretic mobility represented in 'N' and 'S'. One dominant antigenic line was commonly present in the three extracts and could bind IgE antibodies in the CRIE system. A minor cathodic allergen was shown by CRIE in extracts 'S' and 'N', but not in extract 'A'. The RAST and RAST-inhibition titration experiments in all extracts showed qualitative and quantitative similarities. The amino acid compositions and the carbohydrate analyses showed that extracts 'S' and 'N' were similar while extract 'A' contained higher concentrations of certain amino acids and carbohydrates. In both alder and birch pollen, the reference extract 'S' contained lower concentrations of the nonallergenic antigens and of the low molecular weight contaminants.

Allergens↗
PubMed1978

Comparison of transcutaneous oxygen tension with arterial oxygen tension in newborn infants with severe respiratory illnesses.

Transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2), measured by two skin electrodes of different design, and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), measured by an intravascular oxygen electrode, were continuously recorded for periods of six hours in 15 newborn infants with serious respiratory illnesses. Ten of the infants needed mechanical ventilation and three needed continuous positive airway pressure. One skin electrode had three microcathodes surrounded by a heated ring-shaped anode, and the other had a large heated cathode. The temperature of both electrodes was set at 44 degrees C and they were calibrated in vitro. The tcPO2 recorded by the electrode with the microcathodes was found to estimate PaO2 reasonably accurately for the whole six-hour duration of the study. The tcPO2 recorded by the electrode with the large cathode gave a similar estimate of PaO2 for three hours, but then tcPO2 often fell relative to PaO2. This fall was probably caused by skin changes at the electrode site. For a variety of reasons, our results suggest that measurement of tcPO2 is unlikely to replace continuous intravascular measurement of PaO2 in infants with severe respiratory illnesses.

Arteries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Oscillographic polarography of the alkaloid dolicotheline and several related imidazole derivatives].

Oscillographic polarography in an alkaline medium has shown that the alkaloid N-isovalerylhistamine appears as an expressive wave of the adsorption character in the cathode portion of the curve. This makes it possible to detect it at concentrations up to 10(-6) g/ml. Histamine, histide, isovaleric acid, N-acetylhistamine and imidazole produce no such an effect. A definite correlation has been noted between the toxic action of the compounds studied and their behavior on a mercuric drip electrode during oscillographic polarography. In the alkaline medium the neurotoxic compounds manifest themselves by an adsorption wave in the cathode portion of the curve, while the structurally related compounds (not toxic) do not produce such an effect.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1981

Silver recovery and fixer management: a new approach.

Existing methods of silver recovery need more attention than can be devoted to them by the staff of radiographic departments if they are to be operated at full efficiency. A study of the problems involved has led to the design of an electrolytic cell having a stainless steel anode and an expendable, carbon-fibre cathode. The fixing bath is recycled through the cell which maintains a low concentration of silver, thus cutting down the volume of replenisher required and the loss of silver to effluent, and improving the washing. The fixer can be run indefinitely without replacement, the tendency to discolour through the oxidation of developing agents being controlled partly by the use of the metal anode and partly by an absorptive resin. The operation of the system is controlled by a microprocessor that recognises the formats of the sheets of film being fed to the processor, maintains an inventory of the films used, and silver recovered, and adjusts the time of electrolysis as required. The microprocessor speaks to the operator, acknowledging the input of work, and will advise of any malfunction, or of the need to replace the cathode when fully loaded. The stored information is available to the holder of a key.

Microcomputers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunoelectrophoretic and functional evidence in various infants of a transient variant of the fibrinogen (fetal fibrinogen?)].

In 21 out of 466 full term newborn babies (4.5%) and in 5 out of 50 prematures (10%) a transient fibrinogen electrophoretic abnormality, anodic and cathodic, was found. The observation that the thrombin time in full term newborn babies is prolonged, compared with the adult levels, was confirmed (p less than 0.0005). The difference between the thrombin time in full term newborn babies without fibrinogen electrophoretic abnormalities and those who had them, was statistically significant (p = 0.005) suggesting that the abnormality is associated with the protein function. The normal electrophoretic component could be the "adult" equivalent of the protein and the cathodic variant, the "fetal" type of fibrinogen. This hypothesis could explained why the thrombin time of plasma in newborn normal babies is enriched with the "fetal" fibrinogen in variable proportion, and is delayed compared with that of the adults.

Electrophoresis↗
PubMed1981

Antigens of Ambrosia elatior (short ragweed) pollen. I. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analyses.

A crude extract of short ragweed pollen was obtained by extraction, centrifugation, dialysis and freeze-drying. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis, with a high-titer purified rabbit antibody fraction, revealed that the extract contained at least 52 antigens, of which 33 migrated toward the anode, 16 toward the cathode, and 3 toward both the anode and cathode. The electrophoretic precipitation pattern indicated a great deal of electrophoretic heterogeneity in several of the antigens. The overall distribution of apparent m.w. for 35 of the 52 antigens and the approximate m.w. for 19 identified antigens were determined by a combination of gel filtration and immunochemical analysis. Among antigens with m.w. weights less than or equal to 10,000, 8 of 10 were basic; on the other hand, all 5 identified antigens with m.w. above 40,000 were acidic. The apparent pI distribution for 30 antigens, and more precise pI values for 20 of 52 antigens, were determined by means of sucrose-gradient isoelectric focusing. The data obtained provide a reproducible reference system of considerable use in ragweed allergen chemistry and enable one to predict conditions for isolation of ragweed antigens.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An experimental validation of hyaluronidase electrophoresis for the prevention of postoperative adhesions].

The experiments on 50 animals were made to evaluate efficacy of electrophoresis of hyaluronidase (from actinohyal solution) against adhesions. Model abdominal adhesions in rats were exposed to hyaluronidase coming from anode and cathode for 20 min. There were altogether 10 daily procedures. The control animals received the solvent from the same poles or were not exposed to electrophoresis. The results demonstrate that hyaluronidase introduction from anode and cathode significantly decreases the occurrence and density of postoperative adhesions compared to controls.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characterization by zymograms of R factor-determined beta-lactamases: plasmids of defined and undefined compatibility groups (author's transl)].

An easy biochemical method is described, discriminating the beta-lacta-mases coded by various R factors. Electrophoretic mobility and substrate affinity of beta-lactamases were studied simultaneously for 7 different penicillins and cephalosporins. They are I like R factors assigned into different compatibility groups (N, P, com6, com7, com8, X and com 9), five R factors isolated from piglets faeces and one R factor, RU1, originated from Enterobacter aerogenes. Three electrophoretic types of beta-lactamases were determinated: 1) beta-lactamase which migrates towards the anode (enzyme coded by Bacillus cereus chromosome); 2) beta-lactamase of weak cathodic mobility (e. g. R6K); 3) beta-lactamase which migrates rapidly towards the cathode (e. g. R46, R71). Escherichia coli K12 strains synthesize a penicillinase of this third type, destroying penicillin G. The enzymatic and physicochemical properties are not modified by host bacteria, suggesting the possibility to study the plasmid in wild bacteria.

Amidohydrolases↗
PubMed1994

Osmium conductive metal coating for SEM specimen using sublimated osmium tetroxide in negative glow phase of DC glow discharge.

A new method of osmium conductive metal coating for scanning electron microscopy specimens using osmium tetroxide in direct current glow discharge and its apparatus have been devised. Anode and cathode plates are placed in a gas reactor, sublimated osmium tetroxide is introduced, and glow discharge is generated. As a result, the gas between the electrodes instantaneously becomes plasma. At the specimen surface, which is placed in the negative glow phase on the cathode plate, positively ionized osmium molecules are directly adhered and deposited, thereby leaving a completely amorphous metal coating of osmium. As a result, the formed coating precisely matched the fine structure of the specimen surface, and even when irradiated with a strong electron beam was free of heat damage, electrification and contamination. The secondary electron emission efficiency of the coating was also good. Furthermore, no granularity of the film surface was observed even when viewed at a high magnification. In this way, a superior osmium conductive metal coating was obtained.

Erythrocytes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of dissimilar metals (galvanic current) on bone tissue status].

Effect of galvanic current of 16-20 microA on bone tissue compactness was studied by ultrasonic osteometry. For this purpose plates of different metal alloys (anode, CPC-250, cathode, an alloy of 9 parts of copper and 1 part of aluminum) were surgically implanted to rabbit tibial periosteum, the implanted plates generating the aforesaid galvanic current parameters. Significant differences in ultrasound propagation rates were observed at the sites of anode and cathode exposure in 3, 7, 15, 30, and 90 days after the onset of the experiments; these changes permitted a conclusion on differentiated effects of galvanic current on bone tissue function and compactness.

Alloys↗
PubMed1975

Mechanisms of activation of the properdin system. Studies on properdin electrophoretic mobility in agarose activation of the alternative pathway.

The electrophoretic mobility of properdin in agarose with and without EDTA examined in sera from normal subjects and from patients with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, mesangial IgG-IgA disease, minimal change glomerulonephritis and partial lipodystrophy. In 'EDTA agarose", the properdin arc of normal serum was always cathodal (gamma), whereas in non-EDTA agarose it was always (beta), indicating that agarose activated properdin with its consequent conversion from a cathodal to an anodal form. Using this change in the mobility of properdin to investigate activation of the properdin system, it was found that the lower the C3 concentration of diseased sera, the less able were they to support properdin conversion by non-EDTA agarose. This relationship we interpret as a manifestation of the requirement of an intact C3b feedback pathway for properdin activation. This view was supported experimentally by (i) decreasing ability of non-EDTA agarose to shift properdin mobility in normal serum as it was progressively depleted of components of the alternative pathway by cobra venom factor, C3 nehritic factor or Mg2+, and (ii) the inability of non-EDTA agarose to shift properdin in sera depleted of C3 or factor B, and in serum deficient in C3. The report of other workers that activated properdin causes generation of C3b, coupled with our finding that properdin activation depends on the C3b feedback, indicates that a system exists in which activation of the C3b feedback cycle allows activation of properdin, allowing in turn further amplification of the C3b feedback. That the anodal form of properdin may be a property of activated properdin was shown by our observations that properdin eluted from zymosan was anodal and activated, and that the properdin in the supernatant normal serum incubated with inulin was anodal.

Complement C3↗
PubMed1993

Modifications in the seminal protein pattern and concentration among infertile men.

Lower concentrations of protein observed in semen of infertile men were mostly due to absence of vesicular proteins with higher isoelectric pH above pH 8.3. Two to four proteins with lower isoelectric pH showing electrophoretic mobility and originating both from seminal vesicle and prostate were absent in infertile semen samples. Concentrations of such proteins among oligozoospermic and azoospermic samples with complete maturation arrest and Sertoli cell only syndrome decreased mainly towards cathode, whereas, in vasectomized azoospermia the number of protein bands decreased both towards cathode and anode, though the concentration decreased mainly in the anodic proteins.

Electrophoresis↗
PubMed1996

Direct comparison of monophasic, biphasic and sequential pulse defibrillation over a single current pathway.

BACKGROUND: Defibrillation waveform and its spatial and temporal distribution are important determinants of its efficacy. Previous comparisons of monophasic, biphasic and sequential waveforms have used one current pathway for monophasic and biphasic defibrillation and two pathways for sequential defibrillation thus confounding a direct comparison of the waveforms. DESIGN: This study compared monophasic, biphasic and sequential pulse defibrillation over a single current pathway using a nonthoracotomy and a thoracotomy lead system in a dog model. MAIN RESULTS: Eight mongrel dogs (mean weight 21.6+/-2.9 kg) first underwent nonthoracotomy defibrillation testing followed by a median sternotomy and implantation of two 13.9 cm2 epicardial patch electrodes posterior = cathode). Nonthoracotomy electrode configuration consisted of a right ventricular catheter (cathode) and a chest wall subcutaneous patch (anode). After 10 s of alternating current induced ventricular fibrillation, defibrillation was attempted with a test shock. Monophasic, biphasic and sequential shocks of 10 ms total duration were compared. Biphasic and sequential shocks consisted of two 5 ms components separated by 0.25 ms switch time constant. Four trials of five leading edge voltages were performed for each waveform and stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to determine 80% probability of successful defibrillation (E80). For epicardial defibrillation, E80s were monophasic 11.3+/-1.5 J; biphasic 7.9+/-1.2 J; and sequential 12.1+/-1.4 J. For nonthoracotomy defibrillation, E80s were monophasic 17.7+/-3.4 J; biphasic 13.8+/-3.3 J; and sequential 18.2+/-3.5 J. The mean E80 for biphasic pulses was significantly lower than monophasic or sequential pulses for either lead system. CONCLUSIONS: Biphasic pulses are superior to monophasic or sequential pulses delivered over a single current pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[100 years of roentgen rays. The contribution of Austrian scientists to discovery and applications].

In January 1896 experiments were made around the world with cathode-tubes to test Röntgen's paper "a new kind of rays". Mostly hands without pathological variations were X-rayed. At the same time in Vienna the clinical applications of X-rays were investigated. Two patients were successfully operated on after X-ray-examination. Remarkable for that time was an X-ray of an arteriogram of the arm of a dead person. It was made on 17th January 1896. The experiments with Lenard's cathode-tube were important for the discovery of X-rays. His experimentation was the inspiration for Röntgen's discovery of X-rays.

Angiography↗
PubMed1979

Effect of iontophoretic and topical application of antiviral agents in treatment of experimental HSV-1 keratitis in rabbits.

Cathodal (-) iontophoresis of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-adenine 5'-monophosphate (vidarabine monophosphate; Ara-AMP) was performed once daily for 3 days for the treatment of experimental herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) keratitis in rabbit eyes, and the therapeutic efficacy was compared with that of topical treatment of Ara-AMP and idoxuridine (IDU) administered five times daily for 4 days. With the treatment initiated 24 hr after viral inoculation, Ara-AMP cathodal iontophoresis resulted in significant suppression of epithelial and anterior segment disease processes. Topical IDU (0.5%) or Ara-AMP (10%) also significantly improved the disease process when compared to the placebo-treated group; however, iontophoresis of Ara-AMP resulted in a more marked improvement. Slit-lamp examination indicated that iontophoresis did not cause any observable pathologic changes in corneal epithelium, stroma, conjunctiva, or iris of rabbit eyes. This experiment suggests that iontophoresis of Ara-AMP is a safe and effective approach for preventing the development of herpes simplex keratitis in rabbits.

Administration, Topical↗