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At least 1,657 records · Page 92Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Behaviorally conditioned modulation of natural killer cell activity: enhancement of baseline and activated natural killer cell activity.

Natural killer (NK) cells comprise a sub-population of lymphocytes functionally defined by their ability to spontaneously lyse select tumor and virally infected cells. NK cell lytic function is sensitive to modulation by cytokines and neuroendocrine mediators. Behavioral conditioning trains an animal to cognitively associate a novel environmental cue (i.e. odor) with a physiologically active agent (i.e. Polylnosinic:PolyCytidilic acid, Poly I:C). Poly I:C induces interferon production resulting in activation of NK cells and enhanced NK cell lytic activity. Subsequent to behavioral conditioning, independent presentation of the odor should elicit similar responses (enhanced NK cell activity). We have shown that animals pre-exposed to the conditioning apparatus or manual restraint prior to behavioral conditioning demonstrate enhanced baseline NK cell activity or no effects respectively. To assess the influence of NK cell activation in conjunction with behavioral conditioning, we have re-presented the odor to animals with activated or baseline NK activity. Lymphocytes were then incubated for five days with IL-2 and cellular cytotoxic activity re-assessed. Behavioral conditioning significantly enhanced baseline and activated NK cell activity in animals previously exposed to the conditioning apparatus. No differences in lytic activity versus NK sensitive targets were observed following IL-2 activation. In contrast, animals manually restrained prior to conditioning showed no differences in baseline or in vivo activated NK activity, but previously non-activated lymphocytes stimulated with IL-2 demonstrated significantly higher lytic activity in conditioned animals re-presented with the odor. These results demonstrate central nervous system (CNS) modulation of NK cell activity and the presence of an interplay between cytokine activation and responsiveness to CNS immunoregulatory signals.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Molecular modelling of CYP1A subfamily members based on an alignment with CYP102: rationalization of CYP1A substrate specificity in terms of active site amino acid residues.

1. Using a novel amino acid sequence alignment, proteins of the CYP1A subfamily have been produced from the CYP102 crystal structure template via residue replacement and energy minimization procedures. 2. Known substrates and inhibitors of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 are shown to fit their respective active sites via key interactions with complementary amino acid residues. Substrates used in the modelling studies include: caffeine, PhIP, oestradiol, 2,4- and 2,5-diaminotoluenes, Glu-P-1, phenacetin, acetanilide, 7-methoxy and 7-ethoxyresorufins, 11-methyl cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one, 7-ethoxycoumarin, aflatoxin B1, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol and 1'-hydroxy 3-methylcholanthrene. 3. A number of aspects relating to CYP1A substrate specificity and metabolism can be explained in terms of the enzyme models, as it is found that key interactions with active site amino acid residues direct CYP1A-mediated metabolism in the known positions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Photopolymerized 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate as a mounting medium preserving immunocytochemical reaction and nuclear counterstain.

Immunocytochemical or cytoenzymological techniques often make use of coupling reactions between a substituted naphtol and a diazonium salt. A positive reaction results in an azo dye precipitate. Unfortunately, this precipitate is easily soluble in alcohols and organic solvents. Thus, usual mounting media are not usable and permanent preparations cannot be obtained. A stable mounting medium such as Apathy's syrup can be used, but nuclear counterstaining disappears in a few days. We tested the hydrophilic monomer 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, containing various photopolymerizing agents, as a permanent mounting medium. 2-2 Dimethoxy 2-phenyl acetophenone proved to be the most useful photopolymerizer. The cytocentrifugation slides must be dried before mounting to avoid recrystallization artifacts. The azo dye precipitate and nuclear counterstaining can be preserved perfectly long-term. The cost of these media is very low.

Acetophenones↗
PubMed1992

A simple, single, trial-learning paradigm for conditioned increase in natural killer cell activity.

A change in natural killer (NK) cell activity can be conditioned with one trial learning when conditioned stimulus (CS) precedes the unconditioned stimulus (US). To avoid the problems associated with two reexposures in our earlier studies, we have developed a reliable and simple conditioning protocol utilizing the one trial learning and one reexposure to the odor CS. The conditioned change in NK cell activity was significantly different (P less than 0.05) from the control groups of mice. The paradigm is short and simple in that the conditioned change could be demonstrated within 3 days. We have also compared the effects of temporal association of CS and US on conditioned increase in NK cell activity. Forward conditioning (CS preceded the US) demonstrated a conditioned change, but the backward conditioning protocol did not. The paradigm provides a reliable approach to the study of mechanisms of the phenomenon of odor-NK conditioning.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1999

Effectiveness of the addition of water-soluble photoinitiator into the self-etching primers on the adhesion of a resin composite to polished dentin and enamel.

The effectiveness of the addition of a photoinitiator into self-etching primer was investigated by measuring the tensile bond strength between a resin composite and dentin or enamel. The addition of camphorquinone to 5 M (5 wt% MDP -35 wt% HEMA aqueous solution) or 30 M (30 wt% MDP -35 wt% HEMA aqueous solution) did not increase the bond strengths of resin composite to dentin or enamel. On the other hand, the bond strength to dentin was increased by the addition of a water-soluble photoinitiator, 2-hydroxy-3-(3,4-dimethyl-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yloxy)-N,N, N-trimethyl-1- propanaminium chloride (QTX) to 5 M or 30 M. The bond strengths to enamel were not influenced by the addition of QTX to 5 M or 30 M.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1999

What determines the van der Waals coefficient beta in the LIE (linear interaction energy) method to estimate binding free energies using molecular dynamics simulations?

Recently a semiempirical method has been proposed by Aqvist et al. to calculate absolute and relative binding free energies. In this method, the absolute binding free energy of a ligand is estimated as deltaGbind = alpha + beta , where Vel(bound) and Vvdw(bound) are the electrostatic and van der Waals interaction energies between the ligand and the solvated protein from an molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory with ligand bound to protein and Vel(free) and Vel(free) and Vvdw(free) are the electrostatic and van der Waals interaction energies between the ligand and the water from an MD trajectory with the ligand in water. A set of values, alpha = 0.5 and beta = 0.16, was found to give results in good agreement with experimental data. Later, however, different optimal values of beta were found in studies of compounds binding to P450cam and avidin. The present work investigates how the optimal value of beta depends on the nature of binding sites for different protein-ligand interactions. By examining seven ligands interacting with five proteins, we have discovered a linear correlation between the value of beta and the weighted non-polar desolvation ratio (WNDR), with a correlation coefficient of 0.96. We have also examined the ability of this correlation to predict optimal values of beta for different ligands binding to a single protein. We studied twelve neutral compounds bound to avidin. In this case, the WNDR approach gave a better estimate of the absolute binding free energies than results obtained using the fixed value of beta found for biotin-avidin. In terms of reproducing the relative binding free energy to biotin, the fixed-beta value gave better results for compounds similar to biotin, but for compounds less similar to biotin, the WNDR approach led to better relative binding free energies.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

[Allergy to sunscreens].

Introduced in the 1930s, the sun filters (chemical screens) are very widely used as they are contained in photo-protective creams and in many other cosmetics. Allergy to sun filters seems to be rare in the general population (< 2%), but more frequent in populations which are suspected of photo-dermatosis (2 to 25%). It is composed of contact allergies, but also photo contact allergies in 45 to 85% of cases. Photo-biological exploration is comprised of application of photopatches and thus is necessary together with epidermotests. Crossed allergies, though rare, may be seen between filters, but also with substances that have a close chemical structure. Treatment such as prevention, if photo-protection is necessary, rest in discarding the causal filter and use of non-allergenic mineral screens.

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of various root canal filling materials for primary teeth.

Four materials viz. zinc oxide-eugenol, iodoform paste, Kri paste, Maisto's paste and Vitapex (Calcium hydroxide + iodoform) were tested for their antibacterial effect against the aerobic and anerobic bacteria, viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus and mixed bacterial culture; obtained from infected non-vital deciduous anterior teeth. The antimicrobial sensitivity was checked on BHI-agar plates using well method. The results showed that all the 4 materials were distinctly different from each other in their antimicrobial activity. Maisto's paste was invariably the superior most in its antibacterial efficacy (in comparison to all the 5 micro-organism strains). Iodoformized zincoxide eugenol appeared to be the second best followed by Kri paste. Vitapex showed the least antibacterial activity.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗