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PubMed2006

Multiple socio-economic circumstances and healthy food habits.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between seven indicators of socio-economic circumstances and healthy food habits, while taking into account assumed temporal order between these socio-economic indicators. DESIGN AND SETTING: Data were derived from cross-sectional postal questionnaires in 2000-2002. Socio-economic circumstances were assessed by parental education, childhood economic difficulties, own education, occupational class, household income, home ownership and current economic difficulties. Healthy food habits were measured by an index consisting of consumption of fresh vegetables, fruit or berries, rye bread, fish and choosing vegetable fats on bread and oil in cooking. Sequential logistic regression models were used, adjusting for age and marital status. PARTICIPANTS: Employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland (n=8960, aged 40-60 years). RESULTS: Healthy food habits were reported by 28% of women and by 17% of men. Own education, occupational class, household income, home ownership and current economic difficulties were associated with healthy food habits. These associations were attenuated but mainly remained after mutual adjustments for the socio-economic indicators. Among women, a pathway was found suggesting that part of the effects of education on food habits were mediated through occupational class. CONCLUSIONS: Employees in higher and lower socio-economic positions differ in their food habits, and those in lower positions and economically disadvantaged are less likely to report healthy food habits. Health promotion programmes and food policies should encourage healthier food choices among those in lower socio-economic positions and among those with economic difficulties in particular.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

The regulation of triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid synthesis in rat epididymal adipose tissue. Effects of altered dietary and hormonal conditions.

1. Epididymal adipose tissues obtained from rats that had been previously starved, starved and refed a high fat diet for 72h, starved and refed bread for 144h or fed a normal diet were incubated in the presence of insulin+glucose or insulin+glucose+acetate. 2. Measurements were made of the whole-tissue concentrations of hexose phosphates, triose phosphates, glycerol 1-phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, 6-phosphogluconate, adenine nucleotides, acid-soluble CoA, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, malate and citrate after 1h of incubation. The release of lactate, pyruvate and glycerol into the incubation medium during this period was also determined. 3. The rates of metabolism of glucose in the hexose monophosphate pathway, the glycolytic pathway, the citric acid cycle and into glyceride glycerol, fatty acids and lactate+pyruvate were also determined over a 2h period in similarly treated tissues. The metabolism of acetate to CO(2) and fatty acids in the presence of glucose was also measured. 4. The activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were determined in adipose tissues from starved, starved and fat-refed, and alloxan-diabetic animals and also in tissues from animals that had been starved and refed bread for up to 96h. Changes in these activities were compared with the ability of similar tissues to incorporate [(14)C]glucose into fatty acids in vitro. 5. The activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase roughly paralleled the ability of tissues to incorporate glucose into fatty acids. 6. Rates of triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid synthesis could not be correlated with tissue concentrations of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, citrate or glycerol 1-phosphate. In some cases changes in phosphofructokinase flux rates could be correlated with changes in citrate concentration. 7. The main lesion in fatty acid synthesis in tissues from starved, starved and fat-refed, and alloxan-diabetic rats appeared to reside at the level of pyruvate utilization and to be related to the rate of endogenous lipolysis. 8. It is suggested that pyruvate utilization by the tissue may be regulated by the metabolism of fatty acids within the tissue. The significance of this in directing glucose utilization away from fatty acid synthesis and into glyceride-glycerol synthesis is discussed.

Acetates↗
PubMed1982

Effects of high-carbohydrate diets on lipogenesis in rat interscapular brown adipose tissue.

Cycloplasmic preparations from brown and white adipose tissues were assayed for three lipogenic enzymes throughout a programme of starvation followed by refeeding on either a normal or a white-bread diet. In the brown adipose tissue of rats fed on a white-bread diet the three enzymes were elevated to levels significantly higher than those in white adipose tissue.

ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase↗
PubMed1984

Slowly digested carbohydrate food improves impaired carbohydrate tolerance in patients with cirrhosis.

To test whether impaired carbohydrate tolerance in cirrhosis could be modified by dietary means ten cirrhotic patients, five of them taking insulin, took as breakfast either lentils or wholemeal bread and cottage cheese containing the same amount of carbohydrate and protein. Lentils resulted in significantly diminished blood glucose, insulin (in those not on insulin) and gastric inhibitory peptide responses. Enteroglucagon and neutrotensin levels were high with lentils, suggesting that absorption of lentil carbohydrate continued into the ileum with perhaps some malabsorption, so confirming the results of earlier studies in vitro. However, breath hydrogen studies on a separate group of eight healthy volunteers indicated that the difference in carbohydrate malabsorption between lentil, and wholemeal bread was insignificant. It is suggested that slowly digested carbohydrate foods, such as leguminous seeds, may minimize carbohydrate intolerance in patients with cirrhosis.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2002

Is there a relationship between the food intakes of Scottish 5(1/2)-8(1/2)-year-olds and those of their mothers?

BACKGROUND: Recent reports have highlighted certain aspects of the diets of children and adults in Scotland today that are a cause for concern. If there are significant associations between family members in food choice and thus in nutrient intakes, this may be important in the aetiology and prevention of diseases relating to dietary risk factors. AIM: To compare the food intake of Scottish children aged 5(1/2)-8(1/2) years with that of their mothers. METHODS: As part of a larger study, data on food intakes were obtained from 4-day weighed food records for 36 Scottish children (12 boys and 24 girls), aged 5(1/2)-8(1/2) years, who had participated in the 1992/1993 National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS), and their mothers. RESULTS: Compared with their mothers, children had higher median densities [weight (g) of foods per 4.2 MJ (1000 kcal)] of snack foods including fruit, bread and confectionery and lower median densities of meat and meat products, fish, potatoes and vegetables. Positive, significant correlations between children and mothers were found for median densities of bread (r = 0.360, P < 0.05), fruit (r = 0.735, P < 0.001) and potatoes (r = 0.572, P < 0.001) and also for chips (r = 0.651, P < 0.001) and chocolate confectionery (r = 0.368, P < 0.05), the latter two being foods that should be reduced in the average Scottish diet. CONCLUSIONS: Children's intakes of snack foods were correlated with that of their mothers emphasizing the need for change at a family level if current guidelines on diet are to be implemented.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Genome analysis at different ploidy levels allows cloning of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm3b from hexaploid wheat.

In wheat, race-specific resistance to the fungal pathogen powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) is controlled by the Pm genes. There are 10 alleles conferring resistance at the Pm3 locus (Pm3a to Pm3j) on chromosome 1AS of hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The genome of hexaploid wheat has a size of 1.6 x 1010 bp and contains more than 80% of repetitive sequences, making positional cloning difficult. Here, we demonstrate that the combined analysis of genomes from wheat species with different ploidy levels can be exploited for positional cloning in bread wheat. We have mapped the Pm3b gene in hexaploid wheat to a genetic interval of 0.97 centimorgan (cM). The diploid T. monococcum and the tetraploid T. turgidum ssp. durum provided models for the A genome of hexaploid wheat and allowed to establish a physical contig spanning the Pm3 locus. Although the haplotypes at the Pm3 locus differed markedly between the three species, a large resistance gene-like family specific to wheat group 1 chromosomes was consistently found at the Pm3 locus. A candidate gene for Pm3b was identified using partial sequence conservation between resistant line Chul and T. monococcum cv. DV92. A susceptible Pm3b mutant, carrying a single-base pair deletion in the coding region of the candidate gene was isolated. When tested in a single cell transformation assay, the Pm3b candidate gene conferred race-specific resistance to powdery mildew. These results demonstrate that the candidate gene, a member of the coiled-coil nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) type of disease resistance genes, is the Pm3b gene.

Alleles↗
PubMed2002

Morbidity mortality paradox of 1st generation Greek Australians.

There is evidence in Australia that 1st generation Greek Australians (GA), despite their high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (e.g. obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, smoking, hypertension, sedentary lifestyles) continue to display more than 35% lower mortality from CVD and overall mortality compared with the Australian-born after at least 30 years in Australia. This has been called a 'morbidity mortality paradox' or 'Greek-migrant paradox'. Retrospective data from elderly Greek migrants participating in the International Union of Nutrition Sciences Food Habits in Later Life (FHILL) study suggests that diets changed on migration due to the: (i) lack of familiar foods in the new environment; (ii) abundant and cheap animal foods (iii) memories of hunger before migration; and (iv) status ascribed to energy dense foods (animal foods, white bread and sweets) and 'plumpness' as a sign of affluence and plant foods (legumes, vegetable dishes, grainy bread) and 'thinness' as a sign of poverty. This apparently resulted in traditional foods (e.g. olive oil) being replaced with 'new' foods (e.g. butter), 'traditional' plant dishes being made more energy dense, larger serves of animal foods, sweets and fats being consumed, and increased frequency of celebratory feasts. This shift in food pattern contributed to significant weight gain in GA. Despite these potentially adverse changes, data from Greece in the 1960s (seven countries study) and from Australia in the 1990s (FHILL study) has shown that Greek migrants have continued to eat large serves of putatively protective foods (leafy vegetables, onions, garlic, tomatoes, capsicum, lemon juice, herbs, legumes, fish) prepared according to Greek cuisine (e.g. vegetables stewed in oil). Furthermore, GA were found to return to the traditional Greek food pattern with advancing years. We suspect that these factors may explain why GA have recently been found to have over double the circulating concentrations of antioxidant carotenoids, especially lutein, compared with Australians of Anglo-Celtic ancestry. This in turn may have helped to make the CVD risk factors 'benign' and reduce the risk of death. This raises the question whether specific dietary guidelines need to be developed for recent migrants to Australia, encouraging them to retain the best of their traditional cultures and include the best of the mainstream culture.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2002

Glycaemic glucose equivalent: combining carbohydrate content, quantity and glycaemic index of foods for precision in glycaemia management.

The glycaemic index (GI) is the blood glucose response to carbohydrate in a food as a percentage of the response to an equal weight of glucose. Because GI is a percentage, it is not related quantitatively to food intakes, and because it is based on equi-carbohydrate comparisons, GI-based exchanges for control of glycaemia should be restricted to foods providing equal carbohydrate doses. To overcome these limitations of GI, the glycaemic glucose equivalent (GGE), the weight of glucose having the same glycaemic impact as a given weight of food, is proposed as a practical measure of relative glycaemic impact. To illustrate the differences between GGE and GI in quantitative management of postprandial glycaemia, published values for carbohydrate content, GI and serving size of foods in the food groupings, breads, breakfast cereals, pulses, fruit and vegetables, were used to determine the GGE content per equal weight and per serving of foods. Food rankings and classifications for exchanges based on GGE content were compared with those based on GI. In all of the food groupings analysed, values for relative glycaemic impact (as GGE per 100 g food and per serving) within each of the categories, low, medium and high GI were too scattered for GI to be a reliable indicator of the glycaemic impact of any given food. Correlations between GI and GGE content per serving were highest in food groupings of similar carbohydrate content and serving size, including breads (r = 0.73) and breakfast cereals (r = 0.8), but low in more varied groups including pulses (r = 0.66), fruit (r = 0.48) and vegetables (r = 0.28). Because of the non-correspondence of GI and GGE content, food rankings by GI did not agree with rankings by GGE content, and placement of foods in GI-based food exchange categories was often not appropriate for managing glycaemia. Effects of meal composition and food intake on relative glycaemic impact could be represented by GGE content, but not by GI. Because GGE is not restricted to equicarbohydrate comparisons, and is a function of food quantity, GGE may be applied, irrespective of food or meal composition and weight, and in a number of approaches to the management of glycaemia. Accurate control of postprandial glycaemia should therefore be achievable using GGE because they address the need to combine GI with carbohydrate dose in diets of varying composition and intake, to obtain a realistic indication of relative glycaemic impact.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2003

The association of diet and other lifestyle factors with overactive bladder and stress incontinence: a longitudinal study in women.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of diet and other lifestyle factors in the incidence of overactive bladder and stress incontinence in women. Studies have suggested relationships between different aspects of lifestyle and symptoms of urinary incontinence, but there is a lack of firm evidence about their role in its cause. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A random sample of women aged >or= 40 years living at home took part in a prospective cohort study. Baseline data on urinary symptoms, diet and lifestyle were collected from 7046 women using a postal survey and food-frequency questionnaire. Follow-up data on urinary symptoms were collected from 6424 of the women in a postal survey 1 year later. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association of food and drink consumption and other lifestyle factors with the incidence of overactive bladder and stress incontinence. RESULTS: In the multivariate model for the onset of an overactive bladder, there were significantly increased risks associated with obesity, smoking and consumption of carbonated drinks, and reduced risks with higher consumption of vegetables, bread and chicken. Obesity and carbonated drinks were also significant risk factors for the onset of stress incontinence, while consumption of bread was associated with a reduced risk. CONCLUSIONS: Causal associations with obesity, smoking and carbonated drinks are confirmed for bladder disorders associated with incontinence, and additional associations with diet are suggested. Behavioural modification of lifestyle may be important for preventing and treating these disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Wheat or rye supplemented diets do not affect faecal mucus concentration or the adhesion of probiotic micro-organisms to faecal mucus.

In a crossover study, volunteers consumed a diet supplemented with either wheat or rye bread. Levels of faecal mucus were determined and the adhesion of five selected probiotics to immobilized intestinal mucus, was assessed. No significant difference in the concentration of faecal mucus or adhesion of the probiotics to the mucus was observed during the two dietary periods. However, male subjects were observed to excrete significantly more mucus during the rye bread supplemented diet. From these observations it was concluded that these two diets, with a low or high fibre content, did not change the potential binding sites for the tested probiotics or affect the level of mucus excreted in the faeces, however, on a high fibre diet men excrete more faecal mucus.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2003

Reproducibility and validity of the secondary level School-Based Nutrition Monitoring student questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reproducibility and validity of the School-Based Nutrition Monitoring (SBNM) secondary level student questionnaire. DESIGN: Reproducibility was evaluated using a test-retest study design by administering the questionnaire on the same day (morning and afternoon, n=254) and, when appropriate, 9 to 14 days apart (n=259). Validity was assessed by comparing foods selected on the questionnaire with foods reported from a single 24-hour recall covering the same referent period (yesterday) in 209 students. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Eighth grade students in middle schools from central Texas were used: male and female, approximately 75% white, for the reproducibility study, with 15% Hispanic, 6% African American; for the validation study, approximately 38% white, 41% Hispanic, and 17% African American. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Spearman rank order correlation, kappa statistic, and percentage agreement were used for both reproducibility and the validation. RESULTS: For the reproducibility study, agreement for questions about food intake "yesterday" were 70% to 98%, with kappa statistics ranging from 0.54 to 0.93 and correlations between 0.66 and 0.97. Questions on recent physical activity had high agreement (66% to 89%) as did "usual" physical activity items, weight loss, and food selection behaviors. Nutrition knowledge items showed relatively weaker reliability: agreements ranged from 47% to 92%, with kappa statistics between 0.30 and 0.56. Attitude questions had weaker agreement (50% to 87%), kappa statistics (0.27 to 0.52), and correlations (0.33 to 0.63). For the validation study, correlation coefficients ranged from 0.32 for breads to 0.68 for milk and beans. Percentage agreement ranged from 38% for breads to 89% for gravy. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Most questions on the SBNM secondary questionnaire were found to have acceptable reproducibility, whereas validation of food choice behaviors showed results similar to or better than other dietary assessment instruments for this age group. This questionnaire is a useful epidemiologic tool for surveillance, assessing broad intervention effects among groups or providing needs assessment data on selected nutrition and physical activity-related constructs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The role of type and structure of complex carbohydrates response to physical exercise.

To examine the level of oxidation between different carbohydrate foodstuffs ingested one hour before exercise, three experiments were conducted in men. They performed a series of exercise tests of two hours duration at 60% VO2max preceded in experiment I by ingestion of one of five isocaloric (836 kJ) successive meals of bread, potatoes, rice, spaghetti, or glucose; in experiment II, by either spaghetti or glucose, both naturally 13C enriched; in experiment III, by one of four 13C labelled meals containing starches differing in their proportion of amylose and amylopectin and in their culinary preparation. Results show: 1) The following glucose and insulin response from the highest to the lowest was: glucose > potatoes > bread > rice > spaghetti and after 30 min of exercise a significantly lower blood glucose concentration observed after glucose and potato diets compared to the rice and spaghetti meals. The level of 13CO2 production from the food ingested in experiments II and III was expressed in terms of Atom Percent Excess (APE). Data suggests that spaghetti is oxidized to a lesser degree than glucose. The comparison between starches shows that gelatinized amylopectin is metabolized to the same extent as glucose when there is a progressive decline in the level of oxidation from gelantinized amylose and crude amylopectin to crude amylose.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Effect of fructose and sorbitol on insulin-induced hypoglycemia].

Twelve metabolically normal subjects were given 0.325 g/kg fructose or glucose dissolved in water 30 minutes after intravenous infusion of insulin, 0.05 U/kg. Blood glucose concentration was then measured for up to 60 minutes or until the onset of hypoglycaemia (study I). In study II two bread units (BU) were given to six subjects in the form of dark bread, as well as 12 g of butter and water. In two other groups, of six subjects each, 1 BU was substituted either by fructose or sorbitol. Seven subjects who had been given insulin but only water to drink afterwards served as the control group. In study I, both glucose and fructose achieved a clear slowing in the blood-sugar drop compared with the control group. But with glucose there was initially a slight rerise and the final hypoglycaemic level was somewhat delayed. This minor difference between glucose and fructose was not demonstrable in study II with the addition of fat and carbohydrate substitution. Each carbohydrate combination similarly influenced the course of blood sugar concentration. The results indicate that diabetics should continue to be given glucose rather than fructose or sorbitol if hypoglycaemia occurs. On the other hand, both fructose and sorbitol, although acutely less effective in raising blood glucose concentration, do counteract as carbohydrates the development of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Fat consumption, communal meals and the use of suppositories in patients with Crohn disease].

Contact with chemically modified, especially hardened, fats was found in all of 90 patients with Crohn's disease of the small or large intestine. These fats (margarine, frying or cooking fat) had been encountered before or at commencement of the disease and were used exclusively for cooking in 42 cases, additionally as bread spreads in 46 cases and as bread spread only in 2 cases. Communal meals were taken by 89 patients, in 55 of these at least once per week. 13 patients with anorectal manifestation of Crohn's disease had contact with hardened fats as rectal suppositories prior to or at commencement of the disease. These findings are compatible with the concept that chemically processed fats may play a role in the development of Crohn's disease in susceptible individuals.

Crohn Disease↗
PubMed2003

MADS box genes control vernalization-induced flowering in cereals.

By comparing expression levels of MADS box transcription factor genes between near-isogenic winter and spring lines of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, we have identified WAP1 as the probable candidate for the Vrn-1 gene, the major locus controlling the vernalization flowering response in wheat. WAP1 is strongly expressed in spring wheats and moderately expressed in semispring wheats, but is not expressed in winter wheat plants that have not been exposed to vernalization treatment. Vernalization promotes flowering in winter wheats and strongly induces expression of WAP1. WAP1 is located on chromosome 5 in wheat and, by synteny with other cereal genomes, is likely to be collocated with Vrn-1. These results in hexaploid bread wheat cultivars extend the conclusion made by Yan et al. [Yan, L., Loukoianov, A., Tranquilli, G., Helguera, M., Fahima, T. & Dubcovsky, J. (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 6263-6268] in the diploid wheat progenitor Triticum monococcum that WAP1 (TmAP1) corresponds to the Vrn-1 gene. The barley homologue of WAP1, BM5, shows a similar pattern of expression to WAP1 and TmAP1. BM5 is not expressed in winter barleys that have not been vernalized, but as with WAP1, expression of BM5 is strongly induced by vernalization treatment. In spring barleys, the level of BM5 expression is determined by interactions between the Vrn-H1 locus and a second locus for spring habit, Vrn-H2. There is now evidence that AP1-like genes determine the time of flowering in a range of cereal and grass species.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed2003

Map-based isolation of the leaf rust disease resistance gene Lr10 from the hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome.

More than 50 leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes against the fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina have been identified in the wheat gene pool, and a large number of them have been extensively used in breeding. Of the 50 Lr genes, all are known only from their phenotype and/or map position except for Lr21, which was cloned recently. For many years, the problems of molecular work in the large (1.6 x 10(10) bp), highly repetitive (80%), and hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome have hampered map-based cloning. Here, we report the isolation of the Lr gene Lr10 from hexaploid wheat by using a combination of subgenome map-based cloning and haplotype studies in the genus Triticum. Lr10 is a single-copy gene on chromosome 1AS. It encodes a CC-NBS-LRR type of protein with an N-terminal domain, which is under diversifying selection. When overexpressed in transgenic wheat plants, Lr10 confers enhanced resistance to leaf rust. Lr10 has similarities to RPM1 in Arabidopsis thaliana and to resistance gene analogs in rice and barley, but is not closely related to other wheat Lr genes based on Southern analysis. We conclude that map-based cloning of genes of agronomic importance in hexaploid wheat is now feasible, opening perspectives for molecular bread wheat improvement trough transgenic strategies and diagnostic allele detection.

Alleles↗
PubMed1997

A recombinant protein of two high molecular weight glutenins alters gluten polymer formation in transgenic wheat.

Wheat high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) are the most important determinants of its superiority for making leavened bread. Following synthesis, these proteins are sequestered into the endoplasmic reticulum and assemble into extremely large elastic polymers, linked by noncovalent and intermolecular disulfide bonds. To study the structural requirements for the assembly of HMW-GS, we have expressed in transgenic wheat a recombinant protein between two cognate x- and y-type subunits. In contrast to the natural polymerized x- and y-type HMW-GS, a significant amount of the recombinant subunit remained monomeric. Nonreducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, coupled with limited proteolysis, showed that the monomeric form of the recombinant subunit contained an unusual intramolecular disulfide bond, linking an N-terminal cysteine to the single C-terminal cysteine residue. In addition, sucrose gradient analysis revealed that this intramolecular disulfide bond impeded the ability of the recombinant subunit to assemble into polymers. Despite of its altered assembly, a notable amount of the overexpressed recombinant subunit was also present in glutenin polymers. Moreover, its presence significantly altered the subunit composition of the polymer. Our results show that it is possible to modify gluten assembly and properties by expressing recombinant HMW-GS in transgenic wheat, and have a major implication for the improvement of wheat bread-making quality.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

The effect of wheat fibre on plasma lipids and faecal steroid excretion in man.

1. The effect of isoenergetic substitution of bran and wholemeal bread for white flour and white bread was investigated in six healthy volunteers in a metabolic unit. 2. A 21 d high-fibre experimental period was preceded and followed by a 14 d control period, so that each experiment lasted 7 weeks. Blood samples were taken on each of the last 3 d and faeces collected (using carmine markers) for the last 6 d of each diet period. 3. Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides and serum calcium concentrations were not altered by the addition of wheat fibre. 4. Wheat fibre caused a significant increase in faecal bulk and frequency. Faecal steroid excretion was the same in the last week of the first control and the high-fibre periods but increased in the subsequent control period.

Adult↗