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At least 1,657 records · Page 92Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Cytokinin-like activity of N,N'-diphenylureas. N,N'-bis-(2,3-methylenedioxyphenyl)urea and N,N'-bis-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)urea enhance adventitious root formation in apple rootstock M26 (Malus pumila Mill.).

Vegetative propagation of cuttings is a widespread method to multiplicate plants. Adventitious root formation is a key step in vegetative propagation and considerable progress has recently been made in understanding root formation. But, in spite of the efforts made, no new rooting treatments have been developed. Here, we report for the first time, that N,N'-bis-(2,3-methylenedioxyphenyl)urea and N,N'-bis-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)urea enhance adventitious root formation in microcuttings of Malus pumila Mill. rootstock M26. Roots emerge without auxin supplementation in the darkness, transfer in hormone free medium, or callus formation. With the use of different bioassays, we also demonstrate that these two diphenylurea derivatives do not show cytokinin- or auxin-like activity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Of apples and oranges, file drawers and garbage: why validity issues in meta-analysis will not go away.

This paper examines how threats to the validity of meta-analysis have been dealt with by clinical researchers employing this approach to literature review. Three validity threats were identified--mixing of dissimilar studies, publication bias, and inclusion of poor quality studies. Approaches to addressing these threats were evaluated for their effectiveness and popularity by surveying 32 published meta-analyses in clinical psychology. Distrust of meta-analysis, however, was found to transcend these validity threats. Other explanations for why this popular research strategy continues to receive widespread criticism were considered. Suggestions were made for how meta-analysis might better address these concerns.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Cervical lymph node metastases from occult squamous cell carcinoma: cut down a tree to get an apple?

PURPOSE: To review the value of extended diagnostic work-up procedures and to compare the results of comprehensive or volume-restricted radiotherapy in patients presenting with cervical lymph node metastases from clinically undetectable squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A systematic review was undertaken of published papers up to May 2000. RESULTS: Positron emission tomography (PET) has an overall staging accuracy of 69%, with a positive predictive value of 56% and negative predictive value of 86%. With negative routine clinical examination and computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), PET detected primary tumors in 5-25% of patients, whereas ipsilateral tonsillectomy discovered carcinoma in about 25% of patients. Laser-induced fluorescence imaging with panendoscopy and directed biopsies showed some encouraging preliminary results and warrants further study. All together, the reported mucosal carcinoma emergence rates were 2-13% (median, 9.5%) after comprehensive radiotherapy and 5-44% (median, 8%) after unilateral neck irradiation. The corresponding nodal relapse rates were 8-45% (median, 19%) and 31-63% (median, 51.5%), and 5-year survival rates were 34-63% (median, 50%) and 22-41% (median, 36.5%), respectively. Retrospective single-institution comparisons between comprehensive and unilateral neck radiotherapy did not show apparent differences in outcome. Prognostic determinants for survival are the N stage, number of nodes, extracapsular extension, and histologic grade. No data were found to support the benefit of chemotherapy in this disease. CONCLUSION: Physical examination, CT or MRI, and panendoscopy with biopsies remain the standard work-up for these patients. Routine use of PET or laser-induced fluorescence imaging cannot be firmly advocated based on presently available data. Although combination of nodal dissection with comprehensive radiotherapy yielded most favorable results, its impact on the quality of life should be recognized, and the confounding effects of patient selection for various treatment modalities on therapeutic outcome cannot be ruled out. A randomized trial comparing the therapeutic value of comprehensive vs. volume-limited radiotherapy is being considered.

Biopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Apple core lesion.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Calotropis procera (Sodom apple)--a potential material for enzyme purification.

A simple method based on precipitation with Calotropis procera latex was developed for the purification of crude enzyme from fermentation broth. C. procera latex (10(-2) dilution) clarified and concentrated the crude amylase of Aspergillus oryzae 4-fold with 97% recovery of the initial amylase activity in the filtrate in a single step operation. The latex was stable at pH < or = 4.5 and there was no significant difference (P < or = 0.05) in the purification potential of the latex at 4 and 28 degrees C. This method could prove useful to developing economies of the tropics where ambient temperature is around 28 degrees C.

Amylases↗
PubMed1997

Kinetic and spectroscopic investigations of wild-type and mutant forms of apple 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase.

Two catalytically inactive mutant forms of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase, Y85A and K273A, were mixed in low concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl). About 15% of the wild-type activity was recovered (theoretical 25% for a binomial distribution), proving that the functional unit of the enzyme is a dimer, or theoretically, a higher order oligomer. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to ACC. The value of kcat/KM is 1.2 x 10(6) M-1 s-1 at pH 8.3. Viscosity variation experiments with glycerol and sucrose as viscosogenic reagents showed that this reaction is nearly 100% diffusion controlled. The sensitivity to viscosity for the corresponding reaction of the less reactive Y233F mutant is much reduced, thus the latter reaction serves as a control for that of the wild-type enzyme. The kcat/KM vs pH profile for wild-type enzyme exhibits pKa values of 7.5 and 8.9. The former is assigned to the pKa of the alpha-amino group of SAM, while the latter corresponds to the independently determined spectrophotometric pKa of the internal aldimine. The kcat vs pH profile exhibits similar pKas, which means that the above pKa values are not perturbed in the Michaelis complex. The phenolic hydroxyl group of Tyr233 forms a hydrogen bond to the 3'-O- of PLP. The spectral and kinetic pKa (kcat/KM) values of the Y233F mutant are not identical (spectral 10.2, kinetic 8.7). A model that accounts quantitatively for these data posits two parallel pathways to the external aldimine for this mutant, the minor one has the alpha-amino group free base form of SAM reacting with the protonated imine form of the enzyme with kcat/KM approximately 6.0 x 10(3) M-1 s-1, while the major pathway involves reaction of the aldehyde form of PLP with SAM with kcat/KM approximately 7.0 x 10(5) M-1 s-1. The spectral pKa is defined only by the less reactive species.

Binding Sites↗