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PubMed2006

Dating violence victimization: associated drinking and sexual risk behaviors of Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Caucasian high school students in Hawaii.

Ethnic minority groups such as Asian/Pacific Islanders (APIs) and native populations in Hawaii are seldom studied in the area of intimate relationships. Using the 1999 Hawaii Youth Risk Behavior Survey, this study examined gender and ethnic differences in experiencing physical dating violence and whether drinking (early initiation, binge drinking), unsafe sexual behaviors (early initiation, multiple partners, use of alcohol and drugs with sex, history of sexual abuse), and suicidality constitute risk for victimization among APIs, Native Hawaiian (NH), and Caucasian high school students in multiethnic state of Hawaii. The final analysis included 559 boys and 683 girls. The overall rate of experiencing physical violence was 7.8% with both genders reporting similar rates (boys 7.6%, girls 8.0%). Although not significantly different, NH students reported a higher rate (11.6%) than Caucasians (7.3%) and APIs (6.5%). Significant bivariate associations were found between victimization and many of the risk factors. Regression analyses indicated that students 16 years or older were nearly 3 times more at risk for experiencing dating violence. The risk was 8-fold if youth were sexually active by age 13 compared to those who abstained. The risk is 3-fold for those who reported prior sexual abuse. Early initiation of drinking (<12 years) and suicidality doubled the risk of being a victim. Clearly, the study highlights the risk of experiencing dating violence when a teen engages in sex very early or uses alcohol. Schools must routinely educate youth about various forms of dating violence, the effects of engaging in early sex, and drinking. Screening adolescents for associated risk factors such as drinking and depression is crucial to identify victimization. Dating violence is an antecedent for adult partner violence. Thus, by reducing youth dating violence, we may consequently reduce the incidence of adult partner violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Ecology of Vibrio mimicus in aquatic environments.

An environmental study was done to examine the prevalence of Vibrio mimicus in some aquatic environments of Dhaka, Bangladesh, and of Okayama, Japan. Water samples from Dhaka environments and water and plankton samples from Okayama environments were quantitatively as well as qualitatively analyzed throughout the seasons for V. mimicus. The organism was isolated from Bangladesh environments throughout the year, whereas it was not isolated in Okayama when the water temperature fell below 10 degrees C. Samples with as many as 9.0 x 10(2) CFU of V. mimicus per 100 ml of water in Dhaka and 1.5 x 10(4) CFU of V. mimicus per 100 ml of water in Okayama were detected during the study period. V. mimicus was not found in any environment with an average salinity of 10% or more. Brackish environments with an average salinity of 4% were observed to be the optimal natural condition for the pathogen. Using the API 20E system with the conventional test methods, we observed variations in biochemical properties within the V. mimicus species. This study reveals the inefficacy of the API 20E system to identify a significant percentage of V. mimicus. Therefore, in addition to the API 20E system, a salt tolerance test and a string test are recommended for identification of this species. Susceptibility testing of strains isolated from Okayama environments showed higher resistance to ampicillin and susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole when compared with environmental isolates of V. mimicus from Bangladesh.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed1992

Routine procedures for isolation and identification of enterococci and fecal streptococci.

Over the past 6 years, a revised classification of the streptococci and enterococci, based primarily on molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA sequencing and DNA-DNA hybridization, emerged. However, little attention was placed on routine physiological tests that could be used in food and clinical laboratories to differentiate between species of a new genus, Enterococcus, and fecal Streptococcus spp. The purpose of this study was to devise a convenient and reliable system to identify enterococci and fecal streptococci by using conventional procedures. Fifty-nine strains of 13 Enterococcus spp., including the type strains and many strains used by previous investigators, were characterized by using conventional tube tests, the API Rapid Strep system, and MicroScan Pos ID panels. Results were compared with each other and with previously published results. A comparison of conventional tube tests versus published tube test results yielded 17 discrepancies. Although not all tests were done with each of the three systems, 28 discrepancies between results obtained with the API system and those obtained with conventional tube tests were found. There were 24 discrepancies between results obtained with the MicroScan Pos ID panel and those obtained with conventional tube tests. There were 12 discrepancies between the results with the API Rapid Strep system and those with the MicroScan Pos ID panels. We devised flow charts of key tests that might be used to identify cultures without resorting to nucleic acid analysis and other labor- and equipment-intensive analyses.

Diagnostic Tests, Routine↗
PubMed2000

Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from milk.

Putative Pseudomonas spp. isolated predominantly from raw and processed milk were characterized by automated ribotyping and by biochemical reactions. Isolates were biochemically profiled using the Biolog system and API 20 NE and by determining the production of proteases, lipases, and lecithinases for each isolate. Isolates grouped into five coherent clusters, predominated by the species P. putida (cluster A), P. fluorescens (cluster B), P. fragi (as identified by Biolog) or P. fluorescens (as identified by API 20 NE) (cluster C), P. fragi (as identified by Biolog) or P. putida (as identified by API 20 NE) (cluster D), and P. fluorescens (cluster E). Isolates within each cluster also displayed similar enzyme activities. Isolates in clusters A, C, and D were generally negative for all three enzyme activities; isolates in cluster B were predominantly positive for all three enzyme activities; and isolates in cluster E were negative for lecithinase but predominantly positive for protease and lipase activities. Thus, only isolates from clusters B and E produced enzyme activities associated with dairy product flavor defects. Thirty-eight ribogroups were differentiated among the 70 isolates. Ribotyping was highly discriminatory for dairy Pseudomonas isolates, with a Simpson's index of discrimination of 0.955. Isolates of the same ribotype were never classified into different clusters, and ribotypes within a given cluster generally showed similar ribotype patterns; thus, specific ribotype fragments may be useful markers for tracking the sources of pseudomonads in dairy production systems. Our results suggest that ribogroups are generally homogeneous with respect to nomenspecies and biovars, confirming the identification potential of ribotyping for Pseudomonas spp.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Identification of bacteria in pasteurized zucchini purées stored at different temperatures and comparison with those found in other pasteurized vegetable purées.

One hundred nineteen isolates from a commercial zucchini purée stored at 4, 10, and 20 to 25 degrees C were fingerprinted using repetitive sequence-based PCR (REP-PCR) and classified into 35 REP types. One representative isolate of each REP type was subsequently identified by API50CHB/20E profile and partial rrs gene sequence analysis. Nine REP types were misidentified by the API system. Strains were misidentified as being in the Bacillus circulans (group 2) API taxon or in taxa with a low number of positive API characters such as Brevibacillus brevis. A phylogenetic analysis pointed to one new species of Bacillus and three new species of Paenibacillus among the misidentified REP types. Bacterial components in zucchini purée were compared phenotypically with those obtained in previous work on broccoli, carrot, leek, potato, and split pea purées, based on simple matching coefficient and unweighted pair group method with averages cluster analysis. Out of 254 strains, 69 strains previously identified as B. circulans (group 2) or B. circulans/B. macerans/B. polymyxa were assigned to a new Paenibacillus taxon phylogenetically related to P. azotofixans. Storage conditions at 4 degrees C favored the development of "B. macroides/B. maroccanus" and Paenibacillus spp. in zucchini purées and Paenibacillus spp. in other purées. Storage conditions at 20 to 25 degrees C favored the development of B. subtilis group (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) and B. cereus group strains. At 10 degrees C, Paenibacillus spp. were always present at high frequencies, whereas the occurrence of B. macroides/B. maroccanus (in zucchini purées), B. cereus, and B. pumilus varied with the experiment.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1979

Identification of Enterobacteriaceae in frozen microdilution trays prepared by Micro-Media Systems.

Frozen microdilution trays, with 20 different biochemical test media for identification of Enterobactericeae, were evaluated. The test panels were those provided by Micro-Media Systems (MMS), who also provided a code book for interpretation of the test results. The interpretations of the MMS test system and of the Analytab API 20E test system were compared with those obtained from tests with conventional media. Tests with 468 Enterobacteriaceae demonstrated nearly comparable results with the two commercial systems. About 6% (API) and 7% (MMS) of the isolates could not be identified without additional tests, and another 3% (MMS) to 4% (API) of the isolates gave test patterns that were not found in the code books. One to three percent of the isolates were misidentified. It was concluded that the MMS Enteric Quad Panels provide an efficient, relatively inexpensive, and reasonably accurate method for identification of the Enterobacteriaceae.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1981

Laboratory evaluation of the AutoMicrobic system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.

The Enterobacteriaceae Biochemical Card used with the AutoMicrobic system (Vitek Systems, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) was compared with the API 20E system (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) for identifying members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 1,401 clinical isolates representing 18 species were identified by the AutoMicrobic and API 20E systems over a 5-month period. Discrepancies between these systems were resolved by conventional methods. Overall, 98.3% of the isolates were identified correctly by the AutoMicrobic system in 8 h, with 94.2% having an AutoMicrobic system confidence level greater than or equal to 90%; 92.9% of the isolates were identified correctly by the 20E system after 24 h of incubation. Discrepancies between the two systems occurred in 3.1% of the isolates. Of these, 40.9 and 59.1% proved to be correct by the AutoMicrobic and API 20E systems, respectively.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1982

New bacteriophage typing system for Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia kristensenii, Yersinia frederiksenii, and Yersinia intermedia: correlation with serotyping, biotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility.

Yersinia enterocolitica is listed as a single species in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, but has recently been split into "true" Y. enterocolitica, Y. kristensenii, Y. intermedia, and Y. frederiksenii. From 48 bacteriophages isolated from raw sewage, 24 were chosen as being the most useful for differentiating strains within the four Yersinia species. The composite set of 24 phages typed 92% of 236 Y. enterocolitica strains, 100% of 16 Y. kristensenii strains, 97% of 29 Y. frederiksenii strains, and 90% of 20 Y. intermedia strains. The most common phage type in any of the groups contained 22% of the strains tested, but most of the phage types contained greater than 5% of the strains. The new typing schema was tested in three outbreaks of Y. enterocolitica, and the results agreed well with serotyping and epidemiological findings. In the same outbreaks, biotyping (API 20E profiles; Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) and antibiograms were less reliable markers and probably should be used only in conjunction with serotyping or phage typing or both. Caution should be used in identifying cultures of Y. frederiksenii and Y. intermedia with the API 20E system, since the tests at 37 degrees C for L-rhamnose and melibiose fermentation are often delayed past 24 h, which is the cut-off point for the final reading in the API system. There were distinct differences in the susceptibilities of Y. enterocolitica and Y. kristensenii to ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin, which adds further support for classifying the latter as a separate species.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of the Sensititre system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae.

The Sensititre identification system (Seward Laboratory/GIBCO Laboratories) consists of a microplate containing a pattern of 24 biochemicals repeated four times together with an automatic inoculation device and a microcomputer-assisted data interpretation component. A total of 1,415 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae plus 6 isolates of other glucose-fermenting gram-negative bacilli were tested in three hospital laboratories in parallel with API 20E (Analytab Products). Discrepancies were resolved by conventional biochemical testing. Sensititre yielded correct identifications at the species level with 94.6% of the isolates and at the genus level with an additional 1.9%. API 20E yielded correct species identification with 91.1% and genus only identification with an additional 6.7% of the isolates. For the routine identification of clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates, the Sensititre system compares favorably with API 20E and offers clinical laboratories the economy of a microtiter plate system as well as the benefit of a microcomputer capable of other microbiological and data management applications.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1983

Interlaboratory variation of antibiograms of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains with conventional and commercial testing systems.

Laboratory-prepared (conventional) and commercial susceptibility testing systems were compared by using a group of methicillin-resistant (MR) and methicillin-susceptible (MS) strains of Staphylococcus aureus. A group of 25 MR and 15 MS S. aureus strains were coded and tested blindly by disk diffusion, agar dilution, broth microdilution, Sensititre, Micro-Media, Sceptor, API 3600S, MicroScan, Autobac I, and MS-2 systems. All systems were incubated at 35 degrees C and read with either a manual or automated reader at the recommended times. Where applicable, systems were also read at 48 h. Among the conventional assays, the broth and agar dilution methods were comparable, both detecting 88% of the MR strains at 24 h and detecting 92 and 96%, respectively, at 48 h. The disk diffusion method was less efficient, detecting only 36 and 72% at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Detection of cephalothin resistance was low for all systems at both time periods, with agar dilution and disk diffusion being the most and least efficient, respectively. Some variability was also seen with detection of resistance to clindamycin and gentamicin. Among the MS strains, variability among the conventional systems occurred with methicillin, gentamicin, ampicillin, and penicillin. Comparison of the commercial systems with manual readers with the broth microdilution method (reference method) showed that for MR strains, the Sceptor system gave identical results at 24 and 48 h. Sensititre detected 68 and 88% of the MR strains, whereas Micro-Media was least effective detecting 12 and 80% at 24 and 48 h, respectively. None of the commercial systems detected cephalothin resistance well, with only one strain being indicated by the Sceptor and Sensititre systems at 48 h. Slight differences were also seen among the systems with clindamycin and gentamicin. With regard to the MS strains, variability among the systems was seen with methicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin, and gentamicin. Among commercial systems with automated readers, the API system detected a greater number of MR strains than did the reference method at 24 and 48 h, 96 and 100%, respectively. The MicroScan method was comparable to the reference method detecting 80 and 88% of the MR strains at both time periods, respectively. Both Autobac I and MS-2 were much less effective in detecting MR strains, noting only 32 and 16%, respectively, at the 3- to 6-h readings. Poor detection of cephalothin resistance among MR strains was evident in all systems. Variability also occurred among the systems with clindamycin, gentamicin, and ampicillin. A single strain of the MR group was reported to be vancomycin resistant by the API system. Among the MS group, the greatest variability was seen with methicillin. Less variability occurred with penicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin, and vancomycin.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of two commercially available test methods with conventional coagulase tests for identification of Staphylococcus aureus.

The API STAPHase (Analytab Products, Inc., Plainview, N.Y.) and SeroSTAT Staph (Scott Laboratories, Fiskville, R.I.) tests were compared to the conventional tube coagulase test and a slide coagulase test by using fresh isolates of members of the family Micrococcaceae. The 4-h, 24-h, and combined readings of the tube coagulase test detected 94.5, 99.5 and 100%, respectively, of 219 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The API STAPHase, SeroSTAT Staph, and slide coagulase tests detected 95.9, 95.4 and 95.9% of the isolates of S. aureus, respectively. There were no false-positive results with any of the systems when tested with 103 strains of members of the family Micrococcaceae other than S. aureus. We concluded that the STAPHase and SeroSTAT Staph tests were equal in accuracy to the slide coagulase and 4-h tube coagulase tests and were suitable for use in the clinical microbiology laboratory. However, SeroSTAT Staph gave faster results than the API STAPHase, and the test was easier to perform. Also, the false-negative rate was high enough with the STAPHase, SeroSTAT Staph, and the slide coagulase tests that all negative reactions should be confirmed with a tube test.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1984

Enzymatic profiles of Enterobacter sakazakii and related species with special reference to the alpha-glucosidase reaction and reproducibility of the test system.

The enzymatic profiles of Enterobacter sakazakii, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Enterobacter agglomerans were determined with the API ZYM system (API System S.A., La Balme Les Grottes, France). Each assay was performed three times. A simple formula was derived and applied to assess the reproducibility of the API ZYM tests. In addition, a separate alpha-glucosidase test was performed. All E. sakazakii isolates produced alpha-glucosidase, in contrast to the other Enterobacter isolates. No phosphoamidase activity was detected in any of the E. sakazakii isolates, whereas it was present in 72% of E. cloacae, 89% of E. agglomerans, and 100% of E. aerogenes isolates. It was concluded that detection of alpha-glucosidase permits rapid and reliable differentiation between E. sakazakii and other Enterobacter species. The reproducibilities of alpha-glucosidase and phosphoamidase reactions were estimated to be 89 and 81%, respectively.

Enterobacter↗
PubMed1984

Evaluation of a rapid method to exclude the presence of certain enteric pathogens in stool specimens.

A new commercial method intended to exclude the presence of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica and to presumptively identify Salmonella isolates within 2 h after primary isolation from stool specimens was evaluated. This system is marketed in Europe as API Z and in the United States as Rapid SST. The strip consists of five pairs of cupules for the screening of five lactose-negative colonies. The first cupule of each pair detects the presence of five enzymatic activities, whereas the second serves to maintain the strain for additional testing if necessary. A total of 197 fresh isolates from stool specimens and 217 stock cultures of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica were tested, with the API 20E system as a reference method. In the stool specimens, 77.3% of the bacteria could be excluded from further workup for the presence of these organisms within 2 h. Over 97% of the stock strains and each of three fresh Salmonella isolates tested produced a reaction pattern corresponding to a correct presumptive identification. This reaction pattern was not produced by any isolate other than the Salmonella isolates. The API Z system can be used as a screen for the presence of Salmonella and Shigella spp. and can provide an accurate presumptive identification of Salmonella isolates within 2 h after primary isolation.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1984

Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by microdilution and disk elution susceptibility systems.

To determine whether methicillin-resistant (MR) Staphylococcus aureus from different geographic areas are detected reliably by various commercially available microdilution broth and disk elution systems, 73 such isolates obtained from hospitals in 13 cities were tested by a reference method (agar dilution) and by the Microscan, API 3600S, Autobac I, and MS-2 systems. Both Eugonic broth and Low Thymidine Eugonic broth were used in the evaluation of the Autobac I, and two versions of the MS-2 were used. The proportions of isolates categorized as MR by the various methods were: agar dilution method, 99%; Microscan, 100% (if the suggested cut-off of the manufacturer was used); API 3600S, 96%; Autobac I, 84 to 93%; and MS-2, 54 to 68%. With the MS-2 system, isolates from Jackson, Miss., were classified as susceptible to methicillin more often than were strains from other cities. With the Autobac I (Eugonic broth), only 55% of isolates from Houston, Tex., were classified as MR, whereas 89% of isolates from all other cities were correctly classified as MR. With the API 3600S, strains from some cities were categorized as nafcillin susceptible, whereas strains from other cities were classified as resistant to nafcillin. The results of this study suggest that future evaluations of antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems should include MR strains of S. aureus from several geographic areas.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Rapid species identification of group C streptococci isolated from horses.

Two commercial systems, the API 20S (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) and the Rapid Strep (API System S.A., Montalieu-Vercieu, France), were evaluated for ease of use and accuracy in the rapid identification of group C streptococci isolated from horses. A total of 85 Streptococcus isolates were tested, including S. equi (67 isolates), S. zooepidemicus (13 isolates), and S. equisimilis (5 isolates). All S. equi and S. zooepidemicus isolates were correctly identified within 24 h by the Rapid Strep system. Specific grouping sera was necessary to distinguish between S. equisimilis and group G or L strains. The API 20S system did not provide species identification of any of these isolates. An identification of randomly selected isolates to species level was performed by conventional methods and confirmed the identification derived through the Rapid Strep system. Our results indicate that the Rapid Strep system is a valuable aid for species identification of equine isolates of group C streptococci.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Evaluation of Abbott Quantum II yeast identification system.

The identity of each of 239 yeasts, encompassing 9 genera and 30 species, was determined with the Quantum II and API 20C identification systems. With API 20C results accepted as being correct, Quantum II proved to be 92% accurate in identification of common isolates, e.g., Candida albicans and Torulopsis glabrata, but only 73% effective with less frequently encountered yeasts, e.g., Trichosporon beigelii and Rhodotorula glutinis. Overall, Quantum II was 86% as accurate as API 20C for the yeast isolates tested. In addition, physical problems were encountered in inoculation of Quantum II cartridges and in the automated reading of some biochemical tests. We conclude that Quantum II is not yet suitable for routine identification of clinical yeast isolates.

Candida↗
PubMed1986

Comparative evaluation of the new Titertek Enterobac Rapid Automated System (TTE-RAS) for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.

The Titertek Enterobac Rapid Automated System (TTE-RAS; Flow Laboratories, SpA, Milan, Italy), a new semiautomated system for the identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, was compared with the API 20E system (API System P.A., Montalieu Vercieu, France) by using 284 clinically isolated strains that were previously identified by conventional methods. Six strains from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.) were included to evaluate the reproducibility of identification by both systems. Correct identifications at the species level were 93.7% with TTE-RAS and 96.1% with API 20E. Although some of the features of the TTE-RAS data base were not satisfactory, we consider this new miniaturized system to be a very valuable tool for the rapid identification of the most frequently isolated opportunistic bacteria.

Enterobacteriaceae↗
PubMed1987

Evaluation of YeastIdent and Uni-Yeast-Tek yeast identification systems.

The accuracy of the new API YeastIdent system and the Flow Laboratories Uni-Yeast-Tek identification kit with an expanded data base was evaluated in comparison to the API 20C yeast identification system by three laboratories. A total of 489 test isolates were used, biased toward yeasts commonly encountered in clinical specimens. Isolates not in a system's data base were not counted in the evaluation of that system. For isolates in their data base, YeastIdent was 55% accurate and Uni-Yeast-Tek was 40% accurate. By the manufacturer's criteria of reliable identification without additional tests, both systems failed to identify many common and uncommon species. The limited number of substrates and difficulties in assessing results obtained with 11 of the API YeastIdent substrates and apparent errors in the expanded Uni-Yeast-Tek data base appeared to be major factors limiting the accuracy of these systems.

Computers↗