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PubMed1979

O antigen grouping of Morganella morganii (Proteus morganii) by slide agglutination.

Antisera were prepared against Morganella morganii (Proteus morganii) type strains from the scheme described by Rauss et al. (Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 22:315--321, 1975) and Raus and Vörös (Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 6:233--248, 1959; Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 14:195--198, 1967). The specificities of the somatic (O) antigens were studied using the passive hemagglutination and slide agglutination techniques. Previously unreported interstrain relations were observed, and O groups were provisionally defined on the basis of related strains. Of 143 isolates, collected mostly from two hospitals, 96% could be placed in one or another of the O groups. Forty-eight percent belonged to O group 1 and most of these were of two serotypes O1ab, 2 (20%) and O1ad, 2 (12%).

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1980

Direct agglutination test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma infection: method for increasing sensitivity and specificity.

A method that increases the sensitivity and specificity of the direct agglutination (AG) test for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection is described. Qualitative results in the Sabin-Feldman dye test (DT) and AG test were in excellent agreement (98%). Differences in titers between these two tests often related to the length of time the individual was infected. The AG test titer was most often lower than the DT titer during acute (recent) infection; the AG test titer was most often higher than the DT titer in older or chronic infection. If the AG test antigen described here can be made available, the AG test would be ideal for use as a screening test and would provide a simple and inexpensive means for the surveillance of seronegative women during pregnancy and for detection of seroconversions.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of slide agglutination methods for identifying group D streptococci.

Three commercial reagents for the rapid identification of group D streptococci by slide agglutination were evaluated. These included SeroSTAT (Scott Laboratories, Fiskeville, R.I.), Streptex (Wellcome Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, N.C.), and Phadebact (Pharmacia Diagnostics, Piscataway, N.J.). The methods included direct colony testing, enzyme extraction with pronase, and broth culture. A total of 72 strains of group D streptococci were tested. The SeroSTAT and Streptex reagents with pronase extraction each identified 65 (90%) of the strains. The SeroSTAT reagent was somewhat more specific since it did not cross-react with other streptococci of the viridans group. The Phadebact reagent was nonreactive. We conclude that the latex reagents can be very useful for the quick recognition of group D streptococci in the clinical laboratory.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1985

Detection of group A streptococcal antigen directly from throat swabs with a ten-minute latex agglutination test.

Results obtained with the Culturette brand 10-Minute Group A Strep ID system were compared with culture results to measure the ability of this system to detect group A streptococci directly from more than 800 throat swabs. Our study showed a sensitivity of 92.4% and a specificity of 92.8% for this acid extraction, latex agglutination method when compared with anaerobic culturing for group A streptococci. The results suggest that the 10-Minute Group A Strep ID method may prove to be a useful, very rapid and easy method for diagnosing group A streptococcal pharyngitis directly from throat swabs. Further studies are suggested to determine whether this diagnostic method could stand alone or would have to be used in conjunction with culture.

Agglutination↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of a yellow latex reagent with other agglutination methods for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus.

A new commercial yellow latex agglutination reagent (Bacto-Staph) was compared with the slide and tube coagulase tests and three other commercial reagents for the identification of 283 Staphylococcus aureus and 54 non-S. aureus staphylococcal strains. Test sensitivities for the identification of S. aureus were as follows: tube coagulase, 99.6%; slide coagulase, 98.6%; Bacto-Staph, 99.6%; Staphylatex, 98.6%; Sero STAT Staph, 98.2%; and Staphyloslide, 97.5%. No false-positive reactions were observed with any of the commercial reagents.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1986

Microscopic agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of oral anaerobic spirochetes.

Microscopic agglutination (MA) analysis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were used to determine strain and species similarities and dissimilarities among three species of oral anaerobic spirochetes, Treponema denticola, Treponema pectinovorum, and Treponema vincentii. The MA analysis revealed a diversity of serologic reactivity or sharing of common antigens within each species. However, there was no cross-reactivity or sharing of common antigens among the three species. Distinct SDS-PAGE whole-cell electrophoretograms for each species were obtained. The banding patterns for 16 T. denticola strains revealed 30 distinct proteins, while the banding patterns for 5 strains of T. pectinovorum and 2 strains of T. vincentii revealed 26 and 35 distinct proteins, respectively. Analysis of the electrophoretograms showed that their respective banding patterns could be used to distinguish the three species from one another. In addition, strain differences within each species could be detected. There was a correlation between MA analysis and SDS-PAGE analysis. It is thus suggested that both MA and SDS-PAGE analysis be included in classification schemes for the identification of oral spirochetes.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1987

Performance of four slide agglutination methods for identification of Staphylococcus aureus when testing methicillin-resistant staphylococci.

Four commercially available slide agglutination systems for identifying Staphylococcus aureus were compared with the conventional slide (clumping factor) and tube coagulase tests. The systems evaluated included Bacto Staph Latex (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), Staphyloslide (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.), Mini ID Accu-Staph (Carr-Scarborough Microbiologicals, Inc., Decatur, Ga.), and Staphaurex (Wellcome Diagnostics, Research Triangle Park, N.C.). A total of 338 clinical isolates, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (n = 149), methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (n = 78), methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 45), and methicillin-susceptible, coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 66), were tested by each method. The slide test for clumping factor, the 4-h tube coagulase test, Bacto Staph Latex, Staphyloslide, Mini ID Accu-Staph, and Staphaurex detected 212 (93.4%), 218 (96%), 223 (98.2%), 223 (98.2%), 221 (97.4%), and 224 (98.7%) of the S. aureus (44% methicillin-resistant) isolates, respectively. There were no false-positive results with any of the methods when the 111 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci were tested. The results of this evaluation suggest that the four slide identification methods tested can provide rapid and accurate identification of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1988

Comparative studies of commercially available particle agglutination assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of human T-cell leukemia virus type I antibodies in blood donors.

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) transmission during blood transfusion can be prevented by screening for and eliminating blood containing anti-HTLV-I antibodies. For this purpose, we evaluated two commercial test kits for HTLV-I antibodies, Serodia-ATLA (particle agglutination assay [PA]) and Eitest-ATL (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]), by using serum samples from Japanese blood donors. Of 2,316 serum samples, 39 (1.7%), 34 (1.5%), and 28 (1.2%) were positive for the antibody by PA, ELISA, and immunofluorescence (IF), respectively. The coincidence rate for antibody-positive and antibody-negative results was 99.5% between PA and IF, whereas it was 99.6% between ELISA and IF. The serum samples which were positive by IF were also positive by PA, whereas 2 of 26 IF-positive samples were negative by ELISA. All the samples positive by both PA and ELISA were shown to be positive by IF unequivocally. The samples positive by only one of the two methods (PA or ELISA) were different. Eleven and eight serum samples that were negative by IF but positive by PA and ELISA, respectively, were further studied for HTLV-I antibody by radioimmunoprecipitation. Three of the former but none of the latter were found to be positive for antibody. Moreover, a PA-positive but IF-negative serum sample was shown to have significantly decreased PA titers after 2-mercaptoethanol treatment. The PA was further shown to detect not only IgG antibody but also IgM antibody to HTLV-I after separation of this serum sample by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1988

Efficacies of rapid agglutination tests for identification of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal strains as Staphylococcus aureus.

Four commercially available rapid agglutination tests for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus were compared with the tube coagulase test for the identification of 300 methicillin-resistant isolates of staphylococci. Isolates tested included 207 methicillin-resistant S. aureus and 93 coagulase-negative staphylococci, collected from five medical centers. Strain variability was documented by phage typing and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Results of rapid identification tests ranged between 82 and 86% sensitivity, significantly poorer than the 98% sensitivity which the tube coagulase test provided.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1989

Application of a direct agglutination test for detection of specific anti-Leishmania antibodies in the canine reservoir.

A direct agglutination test (DAT) for detection of visceral leishmaniasis in humans has been developed. In this study, it was evaluated for applicability to detection of infections in dogs, a reservoir species. The reliability of the test was improved by treating the test sera with 0.2 M 2-mercaptoethanol and incubating them at 37 degrees C. Sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 98.9% when the test was used on serum samples from 220 dogs, including 26 with parasitologically confirmed canine leishmaniasis, 12 with suspected but unconfirmed leishmaniasis, and 182 with other conditions. The DAT detected specific antibodies in 10 dogs with canine leishmaniasis diagnosed by case history, clinical signs of leishmaniasis, and seropositivity in an immunofluorescence test using either promastigotes or amastigotes, as well as in 2 dogs suspected of having leishmaniasis. The performance of an antigen prepared from a homologous isolate of Leishmania infantum in the DAT was compared with that of an antigen from a laboratory-adapted strain of L. donovani (sensu lato). The homologous antigen compared favorably with the standard antigen, and the results provided further evidence of the potential of the DAT for detection of Leishmania infection in the canine reservoir host. The results of this study, together with those of our previous studies in human visceral leishmaniasis, demonstrate that the DAT is highly suitable for wide-scale epidemiological and ecological field work. This technique could also facilitate diagnosis of leishmaniasis in dogs in veterinary health services.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1990

Novel gelatin particle agglutination test for serodiagnosis of leprosy in the field.

We developed a novel gelatin particle agglutination test (MLPA) for the serodiagnosis of leprosy; this test is especially useful for clinical practice and epidemiological surveys of leprosy in countries in which the disease is endemic. The antigen used in the test is the chemically synthesized trisaccharide moiety of Mycobacterium leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid I. MLPA is a simple and easy technique having sensitivity and specificity comparable to those of the conventional indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The new technique was found to be useful for monitoring of chemotherapy and predictive diagnosis of high-risk individuals in contact with persons with leprosy and may be useful for the prediction of relapse. We are now preparing to supply a quality-controlled ready-to-use MLPA kit for leprosy control in countries in which leprosy is endemic.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1990

Differential agglutination test for diagnosis of recently acquired infection with Toxoplasma gondii.

We evaluated the recently described differential agglutination test (HS/AC test) to differentiate recently acquired toxoplasma infections from those acquired in the more distant past in sera obtained from 38 patients with carefully defined symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. AC antigens detect acute-phase-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites that are formed only during the acute stage of infection in humans. The HS/AC test correctly identified recently acquired infections in patients with toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy or asymptomatic infections (including infections in 7 women who seroconverted during gestation) in 31 of 33 patients. We also studied 15 individuals who had been infected for at least 2 years. In that group, only 13% had an acute pattern in the HS/AC test. However, the wide range in times from infection (from 2 to 14 years) did not allow for an estimate of when the pattern in the HS/AC test changed from acute to not acute. These results reveal that in the appropriate clinical situation, when both IgG and IgM tests are positive and a question still remains about the acuteness of infection, the HS/AC test may be useful for differentiating between toxoplasma infections acquired recently and those acquired in the more distant past.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1976

Serogrouping of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis by the agglutination test.

The agglutination technique was used to establish a serological classification scheme for 98 strains of Bacteroides fragilis subsp. fragilis isolated from clinical specimens and normal human feces. Absorbed antisera were prepared to seven strains of B. fragilis subsp. fragilis. These seven absorbed antisera were species as well as subspecies specific and provided the basis of the serological classification scheme. This scheme was composed of 21 serogroups; seven of these serogroups contained only one group component. There was a total of 45 serological patterns. This serological scheme may be used for the serological classification of strains of B. fragilis subsp. fragilis and to study the epidemiology of this organism.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1992

Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using a disk of phenanthroline and 9-chloro-9-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]-9,10-dihydro-10-phenylacridine hydrochloride and by cell agglutination testing with monoclonal antibodies.

To establish a simple identification procedure for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we developed a disk consisting of phenanthroline and 9-chloro-9-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]-9,10-dihydro-10- phenylacridine hydrochloride (PC disk). Nine of 248 P. aeruginosa isolates and all other oxidase-positive gram-negative isolates (143 isolates) had clear inhibition zones around the PC disk. Of these nine P. aeruginosa isolates, seven produced a blue, blue-green, or green pigment on Mueller-Hinton agar after 24 h of incubation. The sensitivity and specificity of the PC disk susceptibility test in combination with pyocyanin production were 99 and 100%, respectively. Ten P. aeruginosa isolates showed no agglutination reactions with monoclonal antibodies against P. aeruginosa (96% sensitivity and 100% specificity).

Acridines↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation and optimization of a latex agglutination assay for detection of cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin.

The effectiveness of a latex agglutination assay kit for the detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin and cholera toxin was determined for the identification of natural isolates of the corresponding enteric pathogens in Southeast Asia. By selection of the appropriate culture media, the sensitivity of the assay was improved from 90.6% (for the detection of heat-labile toxin) and 75% (for the detection of cholera toxin) to 100%, and the results were confirmed with bioassays and DNA hybridization assays for both clinical and environmental isolates.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of the Seradyn Color Vue passive agglutination test and complement fixation for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies.

We compared traditional complement fixation (CF) with a new passive agglutination method, the Seradyn Color Vue (SCV) test (Seradyn, Indianapolis, Ind.), for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies in 170 stored serum samples. The SCV test was 90% sensitive in identifying as positive 27 of 30 CF high-titer (> or = 1:64) serum samples and 100% specific in identifying as negative 134 of 134 CF low-titer (< or = 1:32) or negative (< 1:8) serum samples. The SCV test was technically undemanding, and it required no expensive equipment.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1993

Comparative assessment of the leprosy antibody absorption test, Mycobacterium leprae extract enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and gelatin particle agglutination test for serodiagnosis of lepromatous leprosy.

A comparative assessment of three serological methods for leprosy diagnosis (the fluorescent leprosy antibody absorption [FLA-ABS] test, the Mycobacterium leprae soluble-extract enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], and the M. leprae particle agglutination [MLPA] test) was carried out. The objective was to identify their performance in clinical and epidemiological diagnosis of leprosy. The study group included 45 lepromatous leprosy patients under treatment. Specificity was > 95% for all three assays, and sensitivity was 95, 58, and 74% for the FLA-ABS test, the MLPA test, and the ELISA, respectively. The only cross-reactivity for M. tuberculosis-infected patients was with the soluble-extract ELISA. Although the FLA-ABS test displayed the highest specificity and sensitivity values, it can only be used in well-developed laboratories, and the patient's clinical and epidemiological background must be considered when results are interpreted because the test remains positive after therapeutic success and could be positive for some household contacts. The MLPA test is easier to perform and interpret, and it is adequate for small laboratories and epidemiological studies intended to detect active untreated or irregularly treated leprosy cases. Therefore, the FLA-ABS and MLPA tests are complementary, and both should be used for serodiagnosis of leprosy.

Agglutination Tests↗