Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “longitudinal changes”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,639 records · Page 91Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Functional disability, disability transitions, and depressive symptoms in late life.

OBJECTIVE: This article addresses how stable functional disability statuses and disability transitions are related to change in depressive symptoms in the elderly. METHOD: The authors estimate longitudinal residual change models using two waves of data, 1986 and 1992, from the National Institute of Aging Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly, Duke University. RESULTS: Both stable disability statuses and transitions in disability statuses are significantly related to change in depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale [CES D]). Stable disability statuses in strength and mobility, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) items and activities of daily living (ADL) items have increasing effects on increment in CES-D scores by the follow-up. The onset of disability has stronger effects on change in CES-D scores than recovery. These effects also differ by types of transitions in disability statuses. DISCUSSION: The authors discuss alternative interpretations of the findings and methodological concerns and also suggest avenues for future research.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Qualifying change: a method for defining clinically meaningful outcomes of change score computation.

OBJECTIVES: To identify clinically meaningful change in longitudinal assessment. DESIGN: A novel approach that qualifies item-level change over time by the degree to which it is clinically meaningful. SETTING: The classification method was tested by applying it to changes over 12 months in the frequency ratings of the items of a behavioral assessment instrument that is used commonly in clinical trials with Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. PARTICIPANTS: Responses from a cohort of 235 well characterized, community-dwelling subjects with AD were analyzed by this method. MEASUREMENTS: The approach allowed us to describe the proportions of items that emerged, ceased, worsened, and improved between the baseline and 12-month visits. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: One-year change in the behavioral symptoms of persons with AD was used to exemplify the methodology. This approach can be used in other populations and with other measurements and was designed for analyses of clinical trial data. This method uses item-level changes to generate global impressions of clinically meaningful change; it also facilitates the definition of change that can be used in the clinical setting.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Changes in sexual function in middle-aged and older men: longitudinal data from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe within-individual change in sexual function over a 9-year period and to determine whether the amount of change differs by age group. DESIGN: Cohort study; participants interviewed at baseline (1987-89) and follow-up (1995-97). SETTING: Population-based; communities surrounding Boston, Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand eighty-five men aged 40 to 70 at baseline (born between 1917 and 1947) with complete baseline and follow-up sexual function data. MEASUREMENTS: Within-person change (follow-up minus baseline) in the following sexual function variables: sexual intercourse, erection frequency, sexual desire, ejaculation with masturbation, satisfaction with sex, and difficulty with orgasm. RESULTS: Unadjusted analyses showed significant longitudinal changes over the 9-year period in all domains of sexual function except frequency of ejaculation with masturbation, which showed no change between baseline and follow-up. Adjusted for baseline sexual function, within-person change in all outcomes was strongly related to age, with decline in sexual function becoming more pronounced with increasing age. For example, over the 9-year study period, sexual intercourse or activity frequency decreased by less than once per month, two times per month, and three times per month in men in their 40s, 50s, and 60s, respectively. Number of erections per month declined by 3, 9, and 13 in men in their 40s, 50s, and 60s, respectively. CONCLUSION: This research fills a major gap in the literature by providing age-specific estimates of change in sexual functioning over a 9-year period in a cohort of unselected men.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Does help help? The adaptive consequences of obtaining help from professionals and social networks.

This study reports on a longitudinal analysis of changes in adaptation associated with seeking help on a representative sample of Chicago area adults who had experienced one of three transitions or four crises during the interval between 1972 and follow-up 1976--77 interviews. For each event, respondents are classified into three groups according to their help-seeking behavior: those who went to professionals, those who went only to their social networks, and those who had the event but sought no help. Nine measures of adaptation are used: symptoms of anxiety and depression and strains and stresses in four role areas. Statistical controls equate the groups on demographic characteristics, perceived stress, personal resources, access to help, and elapsed time since the event. There are no consistent statistical significant differences among the groups. No evidence is found that help-seeking has positive adaptive consequences. The findings are not likely to result from an inadequate sample, outcome measures, or statistical controls, but could result from insufficient information on the kind, quality, and duration of the help provided.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intraindividual variability, change, and aging: conceptual and analytical issues.

BACKGROUND: Developmental researchers use a variety of research designs to examine aging-related changes. Most longitudinal studies of aging are based on research designs that feature successive, widely spaced, assessments to estimate changes in cognitive performance. Such designs assume that short-term variations in cognitive performance are small relative to long-term changes or have modeled such phenomena as nuisance parameters. OBJECTIVE: There is now sufficient empirical evidence to establish intraindividual cognitive variability as a systematic source of individual differences and of important predictive value for aging-relevant outcomes. METHODS: After an overview of types of change, potential underlying processes, and adequate analytic designs, we discuss consequences for lifespan aging research. RESULTS: We emphasize that interpretations of both cross-sectional and longitudinal results need to consider and specify theoretical assumptions about short-term and long-term changes. CONCLUSIONS: Above and beyond the analysis of long-term mean changes, short- term changes are an important aspect of aging-related change, and their analysis may help to explain psychological processes of adaptation.

Aging↗
PubMed1967

Correlative Studies on Plant Growth and Metabolism. III. Metabolic Changes Accompanying Inhibition of the Longitudinal Growth of Stem and Root by Kinetin.

Kinetin-induced expansion of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cotyledons and inhibition of root are accompanied by parallel changes in protein nitrogen. However, during its inhibition of the longitudinal growth and water uptake of hypocotyl and pea (Pisum sativum) epicotyl sections kinetin markedly stimulates protein synthesis. Kinetin seems to separate auxin induced effects on protein synthesis and water uptake and indicates that water uptake and protein synthesis may not necessarily be correlated.In contrast to gibberellic acid, kinetin restricts in lettuce seedlings, the mobilization of nitrogen reserves from the cotyledons, and kinetin induced growth is accompanied by a high protein nitrogen/soluble-nitrogen ratio which is characteristic of growth in light. Growth in light may be under the dominant control of kinins.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

[Comparative roentgenographical study on the incidence of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and other degenerative changes of the cervical spine among Japanese, Koreans, Americans and Germans (author's transl)].

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal liagment (OPLL) of the cervical spine which causes narrowing of the spinal canal has been reported to occur in about three percent of adult Japanese, whereas only sporadical cases have been reported outside Japan. Whether this indicates a real ethnic difference of the disease incidence or simply reflects a difference of attention toward this disease has been one of the questions raised by many workers. In order to clarify this, the author reviewed a large number of roentgenograms of the cervical spine in Japan (Juntendo University Hospital), Korea (Sebrance Hospital and Hanko Sacred Heart Hospital), the United States (Mayo Clinic and Dr. Cloward's Office in Hawaii), and West Germany (Mainz University Hospital). The rate of appearance of OPLL was compared between these ethnic groups. In addition to this, the rate of appearance of calcification of the nuchal ligament and other degenerative changes of the cervical spine such as osteophyte formation and narrowing of the intervertebral disc space was also studied and statistically analysed. Results 1. OPLL: The author found OPLL in 143 out of 6,994 (2.06%) Japanese individuals above 20 years of age. The incidence was lower in Koreans being 0.95%. This was much more pronounced and significant in the United States (Mayo Clinic) and in Germany, where only a few cases were found (Table 6). However, it is interesting to note that six cases found at Dr. Cloward's office in Hawaii included two Japanese. The author concludes that the incidence of OPLL is significantly higher in Japanese than in Caucasians, although the reason for this still remains to be studied. 2. Calcification of the nuchal ligament: This calcification (Barsony) was found in 10.2% among Japanese and in 11.3% among Koreans, whereas in 6.1% among Americans and in 4.5% among GErmans (Table 13). The author proposes that this significantly higher incidence of this calcification among Japanese and Koreans may have something to do with the higher incidence of OPLL in these two countries. 3. Osteophyte: In Japanese and Koreans, the most frequent site of the osteophyte formation was at C-5 between the third and the sixth decades, and then moved to C-6 above 60 years of age, whereas in Americans and Germans, C-6 was the most common site throughout the ages. Although severe osteophytes were found even in younger age group in Japanese and Koreans, the severity of the osteophytes tend to increase comparatively more with age in Americans and Germans. 4. Narrowing of the intervertebral disc space: The narrowing was the most frequent in C-5-6 interspace regardless the age and the ethnic background.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of neonatal treatment with a gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist on developmental changes in circulating lymphocyte subsets: a longitudinal study in male rhesus monkeys.

We have examined changes in circulating lymphocyte subsets from the neonatal period until adulthood (4 months until 5.5 years of age) in male rhesus monkeys, and the impact of neonatal treatment with a GnRH antagonist (Ant) or Ant and androgen (Ant/And) on these parameters. Absolute numbers of lymphocytes, B cells, total T lymphocytes, and CD4+ T cells decreased, neutrophils increased, and CD8+ T cells did not change with age. WBC counts increased between 4 mo and 2 years of age and then fell to neonatal levels over the next two years. The decline of CD4 + T cells in association with stable CD8+ T cell levels resulted in an age-related decrease in the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio. At 4 months of age, WBC's, lymphocytes, total T cells, CD8+ T cells and B cells were lower in Ant- and Ant/And-treated animals compared to controls. With the exception of WBC counts, these values had normalized by 2 years of age. Reduced WBC levels in treated animals persisted through adulthood. CD4+ T cell levels tended to be lower in Ant-treated and higher in Ant/And-treated animals than in controls at 4 months of age. CD4+ T cells remained lower in Ant- than in Ant/And-treated animals at most ages. The higher CD4 + T cell counts in Ant/And-treated animals resulted in an elevated CD4 + /CD8 + T cell ratio that persisted until the onset of year 5. During years 5 and 6, seasonal fluctuations in WBC's and neutrophils were observed with counts being higher in the breeding (fall) than in the nonbreeding (summer) season. The data document that developmental changes in circulating immune cells in the rhesus monkey are qualitatively similar to those reported in humans, and provide further evidence that neonatal treatment of male rhesus monkeys with Ant or Ant/And may alter early programming of the immune system.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fundamentals of power spectra of extracellular potentials produced by a skeletal muscle fibre of finite length. Part II: Effect of parameters altering with functional state.

The reasons for dependence of the power spectra of extracellular potentials (EPs) produced by a skeletal muscle fibre of finite length, on parameters altering with functional state was analysed. The sensitivity of the EP power spectra to alterations in the parameters depends on the distance of the observation point from the fibre. At large distances the sensitivity can change with longitudinal position as well. The differences in the sensitivity are due to the changes in the inter-relations between the power spectra of the input signal (the first temporal derivative of the intracellular action potential) and of the impulse response (IR) of the fibre of finite length as a linear system of EP generation. It was shown that not only the parameters affecting the IR (propagation velocity of the waves of depolarisation), but also the parameters determining the input signal (intracellular action potential duration and after-potential) can affect the characteristic frequencies of the EP power spectra.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2002

Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular risk in young adult African Americans.

BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes have higher rates of cardiovascular events. Among African Americans, there is a higher prevalence of both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Few studies have examined longitudinally the change in glucose tolerance in younger adult African Americans. METHODS: To examine the longitudinal relationship of glucose tolerance with other cardiovascular risk factors, 30 African American men and women aged 20 to 43 years were examined twice at an interval of 4 to 5 years. Cardiovascular risk factors, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity (determined from euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp procedure) were assessed at each examination. Known diabetics were excluded from initial enrollment. The relationship of glucose tolerance status (normal, impaired, or diabetic glucose tolerance) to body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, and insulin sensitivity were further investigated. RESULTS: Initial oral glucose tolerance test identified 24 of 130 (18.5%) subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and 2 of 130 (1.5%) subjects with diabetes. Of the remaining 104 subjects with normal glucose tolerance, subsequent 5-year examination detected 31 (29.8%) with impaired glucose tolerance and 5 (4.8%) with diabetes. Those who later developed diabetes had higher mean systolic blood pressure (133 versus 121, P = 0.037) at exam 1. By exam 2, those with abnormal glucose tolerance had worse cardiovascular risk profiles and increased insulin resistance (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Conversion to abnormal glucose tolerance is relatively frequent in young adult African Americans. Deterioration in glucose tolerance may be preceded by higher systolic blood pressure and is accompanied by worsening of other cardiovascular risk factors and insulin resistance.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The effect of diagnostic regional nerve blocks in the fore limb on the locomotion of clinically sound horses.

The practice of applying diagnostic nerve blocks relies on the assumption that the blocks in themselves do not alter the horse's gait. This assumption has recently been challenged. In the present paper a series of sequential nerve blocks (low palmar digital block, abaxial sesamoid block, high palmar block) was applied to clinically sound horses. Before and after each block the gait was clinically scored and Ground Reaction Forces (GRF) were measured. Clinical scoring did not change after any of the nerve blocks. None of the GRF variables changed significantly except for a slight alteration of the time at which the longitudinal GRF changed from a decelerative to a propulsive force. It is concluded that the basic assumption that diagnostic nerve blocks do not essentially alter the gait of a sound horse is correct.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Longitudinal study of uric acid changes in a constant group from 1968-78].

From 1968 to 1978 in 195 test persons (53 males, 142 females) the longitudinal behaviour of the serum uric acid was examined by regular estimation. Independent on age, sex and body weight the concentration of uric acid significantly increased in the course of 10 years. As causes are discussed influences of nutrition, problems of physical and mental activity, therapeutic measures and medicaments as well as hormonal change. Change of the relative weight and level of uric acid did not correlate together. Developmental tendency of serum cholesterol and uric acid showed a negative correlation in younger men and a positive one in older men.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Predicting improvement in gait after stroke: a longitudinal prospective study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To study the longitudinal relationship of functional change in walking ability and change in time-dependent covariates and to develop a multivariate regression model to predict longitudinal change of walking ability. METHODS: A total of 101 acute stroke patients with first-ever ischemic middle cerebral artery strokes was used as the population. Prospective cohort study based on 18 repeated measurements over time during the first poststroke year. Baseline characteristics as well as longitudinal information from functional ambulation categories (FAC), Fugl-Meyer leg score (FM-leg), Motricity index leg score (MI-leg), letter cancellation task (LCT), Fugl-Meyer balance (FM-balance), and timed balance test (TBT) were obtained. Intervention consisted of a basic rehabilitation program with additional arm, leg, or air splint therapy. Main outcome measure constituted change scores on FAC over time. RESULTS: In total, 1532 of the 1717 change scores were available for regression analysis. The regression model showed that TBT change scores were the most important factor in predicting improvement on FAC (beta=0.094; P<0.001) followed by changes scores on FM-leg (beta=0.014; P<0.001) and reduction in LCT omissions (beta=-0.010; P<0.001) and MI leg test (beta=0.001; P<0.001). In addition, time itself was significantly negatively associated with improvement (beta=-0.002; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Improvement in standing balance control is more important than improvement in leg strength or synergism to achieve improvement in walking ability, whereas reduction in visuospatial inattention is independently related to improvement of gait. Finally, time itself is an independent covariate that is negatively associated with change on FAC, suggesting that most pronounced improvements occur earlier after stroke.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A longitudinal study of histologic and immunohistologic changes in an experimental model of sclerosing cholangitis.

A longitudinal study of intra and extrahepatic bile duct injuries was performed in an animal model of secondary sclerosing cholangitis induced by formalin injection into the common bile duct. Lymphocytic infiltration inside and around the bile ducts occurred seven days after injection. The disease later evolved to a fibrous cholangitis of the small bile ducts. Septal intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct involvement became evident three months after formalin injection. The ductular proliferation led to a progressive biliary cirrhosis with portal to portal fibrous septa. After formalin injection, bile duct cells expressed the Ia antigen in the cytoplasm and/or on the membrane of bile duct cells. The intensity of staining did not correlate with the duration or severity of the disease. Lymphocytes infiltrating into and around the bile duct were mainly T-cells. This study suggests that a local cell-mediated immune response to the injection of a toxic agent induces pathological features similar to those of sclerosing cholangitis in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Longitudinal and vertical ultrastructural lesion of crural muscle in post-thrombotic syndrome.

The vertical and longitudinal ultrastructural changes of the crural muscle (triceps surae) were studied in a selected patient material of 18 patients suffering from post-thrombotic syndrome. The transmission and scanning electron microscopic method helped in revealing that the damage had affected the contractile system, the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum and in addition marked degenerative phenomena occurred. It was shown that vertically the impairments of the fine structure were localized in foci and involved the muscle layers to the same extent. Longitudinally--distally--the muscle changes displayed an increasingly aggravating diffuse appearance. Of the several factors responsible for the development of the pathological ultrastructural picture, tissue hypoxia and metabolic disorder, as well as a decreased microcirculation (hypoperfusion) and chronic inactivity are to be emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Differential aging of the human striatum: longitudinal evidence.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Information about age-related changes in the striatum comes almost exclusively from cross-sectional studies. We examined age-related differences and longitudinal changes in the volume of the striatal nuclei, compared longitudinal measures of changes with their cross-sectional estimates, and addressed the question of differential aging of the basal ganglia. METHODS: We measured the volumes of the caudate nucleus (head), the putamen, and the globus pallidus on MR images of 53 healthy adults whose ages at baseline ranged between 20 and 77 years. The measurements were conducted twice, 5 years apart. RESULTS: On both measurement occasions, the volume of the neostriatal nuclei (caudate and putamen) but not of the globus pallidus correlated negatively with age. However, longitudinal comparison revealed significant declines in the neostriatal volumes and smaller (but statistically significant) shrinkage of the paleostriatum. In 5 years, the striatal components (caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus) shrunk by 1.21, 0.85, and 0.55 standard deviation units, respectively. The average annual shrinkage rate was 0.83% in the caudate nucleus, 0.73% in the putamen, and 0.51% in the globus pallidus. CONCLUSION: Although cross-sectional estimates suggested preservation of some striatal nuclei, longitudinal shrinkage of the whole striatum was evident even in a selected group of healthy adults. Moreover, the magnitude of observed longitudinal change was greater than predicted from cross-sectional studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Change in adult self-esteem: a longitudinal assessment.

This is a longitudinal investigation of self-esteem change in an adult population. The analysis addresses two limitations in earlier studies: the use of convenience samples of children and adolescents, and cross-sectional or short-duration longitudinal studies of self-esteem change. Participants are 97 randomly selected married couples interviewed at two points in time separated by 13 years. Two components of the self were measured: self-esteem and reflected appraisals (perception of others' evaluation). Contrary to previous research on self-esteem change, a significant decline was found in all components of the self for both husbands and wives. The decline in self-esteem was not a function of age, education or income. The decline was more likely to occur for high, rather than low, self-esteem participants. This finding is attributed to the demands on higher self-esteem participants to maintain or enhance self-esteem and the caution of low self-esteem participants to engage in behaviours that would threaten the self.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Changes in and stability of hostile characteristics: results from a 4-year longitudinal study of children.

Changes in and stability of hostility characteristics and their relationship to age, sex, and family support were examined among 108 10-18-year-olds in a 4-year longitudinal study. Clinical ratings of Structured Interview potential for hostility, self-reported Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-derived hostile attitudes, and perceptions of family support were obtained at study entry and at follow-up when subjects were ages 15-21. Results showed relative stability of hostility rankings across 4 years, with males being more hostile than females. Both sexes increased in hostility over time, with the greatest increase in Ss who perceived low family support at follow-up and whose parents perceived high family support at study entry. Results are consistent with notions that early signs of hostility are risk factors for later development of coronary disease and that family environment influences development of hostility.

Adolescent↗