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PubMedDate not supplied

[Recent history of the news coverage of violence against women in Spain, 1997-2001].

OBJECTIVES: To explore press coverage of violence against women between 1997 and 2001, and to analyze the temporal development of murders due to this cause in Spain and the social context in which these media events take place. METHODS: Quantitative content analyses were performed of 865 news items on violence against women in the Spanish newspapers El País, ABC and El Mundo (1997-2001). Absolute and relative frequencies, and relative risk (RR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), were calculated. Crude mortality rates were calculated for violence against women (1998-2003) based on the Register of the Federation of Separated and Divorced Women. RESULTS: Press coverage of violence against women increased, coinciding with dramatic events and political responses to the problem. In this context, mortality from this cause remained constant. News about incidents (65%) were more frequent than news about interventions (35%). In news items in which sex was identified (35% of the total), women (n = 151) and men (n = 150) shared the role of principle information source. Men from law institutions (RR = 1.77; 95% CI, 1.44-2.17) and women from health institutions (RR = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.14-1.08) and associations (RR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.13-0.81) were more likely to be the main source of information than their counterparts. Men had a higher probability than women of being the main source of information in news about punishment (RR = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.12-1.81). CONCLUSIONS: In a context in which mortality from violence against women remains constant, news about this subject has increased, coinciding with dramatic events and political responses. The main sources of information are politicians of both sexes, men from law institutions, and women from health institutions and associations. Men are the main source of information in news about punishment.

Battered Women↗
PubMed2005

[Flu vaccination in primary care: analysis of the process and proposals for increasing coverage].

INTRODUCTION: Flu vaccination (FV) in elderly patients at risk is linked to a 50%-60% reduction in hospital admissions and up to an 80% drop in deaths from complications arising from the illness. Equally clear benefits have been found for other risk groups, such as patients with chronic cardiovascular or respiratory diseases. The vaccine is cost-effective for both the elderly and other risk groups. Despite this, vaccination rates are low, even among health staff. OBJECTIVES: To update our knowledge of FV by means of a review of the bibliography and to describe a series of interventions that have proved successful in increasing vaccination rates. PROGRAMME: To discover procedures, the following factors were analysed: the environment, patients and health professionals that condition vaccination, the characteristics of the health-care organisation for the vaccination campaign, and the clinical organisation of risk groups required. DISCUSSION: After this analysis, certain communicated strategies that manage to increase vaccination coverage and others that could be introduced into primary care were discussed. We conclude that, given the clinical evidence available and the ease of introducing certain other interventions, improvement of flu vaccination procedures and increased vaccine coverage of patients at risk is not only advisable, but is an ethical imperative. Improvements that are within the possibilities of every primary care clinic could be introduced.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Percutaneous fetoscopic patch coverage of spina bifida aperta in the human--early clinical experience and potential.

OBJECTIVE: The current operative approach for fetal repair of spina bifida aperta requires maternal laparotomy and hysterotomy. Following technical feasibility studies in sheep, we performed percutaneous fetoscopic patch coverage of this lesion in 3 human fetuses between 23 + 4 and 25 + 3 weeks of gestation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Whereas the patch detached in the first case 3 weeks after the procedure, it covered the exposed neural tissue in the 2 other fetuses beyond their delivery. Two of the three children survived, but 1 unexpectedly died from a ventilation problem in its 3rd week of life. In 1 of the 2 survivors, ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion was delayed. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous fetoscopic patch coverage of spina bifida aperta is feasible in human fetuses and offers a substantial reduction of maternal trauma compared to open fetal repair. Further clinical experience is now required before the efficacy of the new approach to protect the exposed neural tissue from mechanical and chemical damage and to improve hindbrain herniation can be evaluated.

Aborted Fetus↗
PubMed1988

Personality disorders in DSM-III and DSM-III-R: convergence, coverage, and internal consistency.

Although many sections of DSM-III-R reflect few changes from DSM-III, the diagnostic criteria for the personality disorders involve more substantial revisions. This study examined the impact of DSM-III-R revisions in terms of convergence with DSM-III, the diagnostic coverage of patients with personality disorders, and the internal consistency of the personality disorder criteria sets. The results demonstrated a substantial divergence between DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses, increased coverage accompanied by a large increase in overlap among personality disorders, and internal consistency estimates of DSM-III-R criterion sets comparable to those in DSM-III.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Inequity in mental health care under Canadian universal health coverage.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research has produced conflicting evidence about socioeconomic disparities in mental health care under universal health coverage in Canada. This study sought to determine equity in the delivery of ambulatory services from psychiatrists and family physicians for mental health problems in this setting. METHODS: Outpatient billing claims and neighborhood socioeconomic status were examined with cross-sectional analysis. The study area consisted of the central southern portion of the city of Toronto, Ontario, including the city's downtown core. This urban setting is an economically and culturally diverse area. A total of 1,221 homogeneous enumeration areas (local neighborhoods) were surveyed, and data were examined for the 746,141 residents of these areas who had had a health visit in 2000. Rates of mental health visits to family physicians and psychiatrists were compared across socioeconomic quintiles. Socioeconomic status was determined according to educational attainment in the enumeration area. RESULTS: Claimants from neighborhoods with the highest socioeconomic status were 1.6 times as likely as those from neighborhoods with the lowest socioeconomic status to use psychiatric care. Among persons who received care from a psychiatrist, claimants from neighborhoods with the highest socioeconomic status had significantly more psychiatric claims than those from neighborhoods with the lowest socioeconomic status. No significant gradients were found for either sex for any use of mental health care provided by family physicians. Among females, service users from the highest socioeconomic areas had more mental health visits to family physicians than those from the lowest socioeconomic areas. CONCLUSIONS: Marked socioeconomic disparities were found in the use of care from a psychiatrist. Unlimited coverage of physician-provided mental health care is insufficient to fairly distribute services to those most in need.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Use of outpatient mental health services by a general population with health insurance coverage.

Characteristics of use of mental health services by 4,254 persons enrolled in the Rand Health Insurance Study were analyzed in an attempt to predict patterns of use by a general population with assigned insurance coverage. Families in the study, whose members ranged in age from birth through 62 years, were randomly assigned to one of 14 insurance plans covering a wide variety of services by all licensed provider groups. During a one-year period less than 4 percent of the enrollees visited a mental health specialist, and only 7.1 percent saw any provider for mental health care. About half of those receiving outpatient mental health care visited general medical providers only. Annual outpatient mental health expenses per enrollee were about $25 (1983 dollars). The authors compare their findings with those of other studies and discuss their implications for insurance coverage of mental health services.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1994

Coverage of mental health and substance abuse services under a single-payer health care system.

Health care reform proposals based on a single-payer system of health care insurance were introduced in the U.S. Congress in 1992 and 1993 but were superseded by the Clinton Administration's health care reform proposal, which was based on managed competition. In a single-payer system, the government collects all health care funding and pays private- and public-sector providers; similar providers are paid the same rate. Other features include consumer choice of providers, distribution of risk of high utilization over the entire nation, and control of health care expenses via an annual national health care budget. Such proposals cover outpatient, inpatient, and long-term care and case management services for mental illness and substance abuse disorders, call for periodic utilization review of continuing mental health care, and eliminate the distinction between public and private services based on limits of coverage. The last provision particularly affects severely or chronically mentally ill persons who are likely to exhaust their private insurance coverage.

Health Care Reform↗
PubMed2003

Factors responsible for coverage and compliance in mass drug administration during the programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in the East Godavari District, South India.

The paper attempts to report the factors responsible for the coverage and compliance of mass diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) administration, during the programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in the East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh, India. The evaluation survey indicates that single dose DEC was received by 77% and taken by 64% of eligible people. Reasons for non-reception and non-consumption of the drug at household level were identified. The factors that influenced the coverage and compliance of treatment are broadly categorized as health services related, community related and drug related factors. The study identified some key factors to be followed for the success of the programme.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Changing coverage of domestic violence murders: a longitudinal experiment in participatory communication.

Stressing relation-building and participatory communication approaches, the Rhode Island Coalition against Domestic Violence worked with journalists to develop a best practices handbook on news coverage of domestic violence murders. This study compares print coverage of domestic violence murders prehandbook (1996-1999) and posthandbook (2000-2002). Significant changes include increased labeling of the murder of intimates as domestic violence and doubled usage of advocates as sources. As a result, domestic violence murders, previously framed as unpredictable private tragedies, are more commonly framed posthandbook as social problems warranting public intervention. The authors conclude that relation-building approaches can affect news cultures and public discourse when conducted in conjunction with comprehensive participatory communications strategies.

Domestic Violence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impact of Urban Basic Services on immunization coverage in a slum area of northern India.

The Urban Basic Services (UBS) programme was launched in some of the urban slums in the major cities of India in the year 1986. The main objective of the Urban Basic Services (UBS) Program is to improve and upgrade the quality of life of the urban poor, particularly the women and children. The major thrust area under the UBS programme includes child survival and development, learning opportunities for women and children, water and sanitation, and community organization. The present study attempts to find out the impact of the UBS Program in terms of the immunization coverage carried out in slums covered by UBS and comparing it with non-UBS slums using the 30-cluster sampling technique as suggested by WHO. The percentage of fully immunized children was higher (16.2%) in the UBS slums compared to 10.9% in non-UBS slums. The immunization coverage of children was slightly better in the UBS slums for BCG, DPT and Oral Polio Vaccines, while for measles it was 18.6% in UBS slums and 11.9% in non-UBS slums. The dropout rates for I to III doses of DPT was much higher (36.4%) in non-UBS slums as compared to 28% in UBS slums. The availability of immunization cards was found to be higher in both mothers (16.7%) and children (22.4%) in UBS slums compared to the non-UBS ones (5.2% and 8.6% respectively). The slums thus covered under the UBS program have done marginally better in immunization but it appears that to assess the overall impact of UBS, all the components of services and not merely immunization should be assessed.

Child↗
PubMed1996

A critical evaluation of methods for root coverage.

Gingival recession is the exposure of root surfaces due to apical migration of the gingival tissue margins. Although it seldom results in tooth loss, marginal tissue recession is associated with thermal and tactile sensitivity, esthetic complaints, and a tendency toward root caries. This article reviews the current surgical procedures for the coverage of exposed root surfaces, including their advantages and disadvantages. Today, the outcome of root coverage procedures is predictable, aesthetically acceptable, and, together with the use of guided tissue regeneration, at the forefront of regenerative procedures.

Citrates↗
PubMed2003

The news on health behavior: coverage of diet, activity, and tobacco in local newspapers.

News media are an important and influential part of the social environment, calling attention to certain issues by the amount and nature of their coverage. To better understand how health behaviors are covered, we examined more than 80,000 stories in 1,354 newspaper issues from four midsize Missouri communities. Health behavior stories were rare. Of 1,373 stories (1.7%) that addressed diet, physical activity, or tobacco, few were prominently located in the paper, and only half had a primary prevention focus. A large majority had no local angle, local quotes, or call to action for individuals or the community, and only 10% were generated by local reporters. Because the local newspaper can be especially influential in smaller communities, strategies are needed to help reporters and editors in these settings provide more and better coverage of health behavior-related stories.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1999

Immunisation coverage at a well-baby clinic in the United Arab Emirates.

The United Arab Emirates Survey of Immunisation Coverage by UNICEF in 1990 showed that the coverage for UAE infants up to one year of age was 60%. The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with attendance and immunisation uptake at a well-baby clinic. A birth cohort of 665 infants were selected and their records examined to determine the factors such as gender, distance of housing area from clinic and access to other primary health care facilities. Only 22% attended all the scheduled visits and 54.3% of the sample completed the immunisation program within the correct time. The distance the infant lived from the clinic was the only factor significantly affecting immunisation uptake. The identification and targeting of groups at high risk of delayed completion of the immunisation program is a necessary risk factor in improving future surveillance.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2005

Pigs in sequence space: a 0.66X coverage pig genome survey based on shotgun sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Comparative whole genome analysis of Mammalia can benefit from the addition of more species. The pig is an obvious choice due to its economic and medical importance as well as its evolutionary position in the artiodactyls. RESULTS: We have generated approximately 3.84 million shotgun sequences (0.66X coverage) from the pig genome. The data are hereby released (NCBI Trace repository with center name "SDJVP", and project name "Sino-Danish Pig Genome Project") together with an initial evolutionary analysis. The non-repetitive fraction of the sequences was aligned to the UCSC human-mouse alignment and the resulting three-species alignments were annotated using the human genome annotation. Ultra-conserved elements and miRNAs were identified. The results show that for each of these types of orthologous data, pig is much closer to human than mouse is. Purifying selection has been more efficient in pig compared to human, but not as efficient as in mouse, and pig seems to have an isochore structure most similar to the structure in human. CONCLUSION: The addition of the pig to the set of species sequenced at low coverage adds to the understanding of selective pressures that have acted on the human genome by bisecting the evolutionary branch between human and mouse with the mouse branch being approximately 3 times as long as the human branch. Additionally, the joint alignment of the shot-gun sequences to the human-mouse alignment offers the investigator a rapid way to defining specific regions for analysis and resequencing.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

DOTS improves treatment outcomes and service coverage for tuberculosis in South Ethiopia: a retrospective trend analysis.

BACKGROUND: DOTS as a strategy was introduced to the tuberculosis control programme in Southern region of Ethiopia in 1996. The impact of the programme on treatment outcomes and the trend in the service coverage for tuberculosis has not been assessed ever since. The aim of the study was to assess trends in the expansion of DOTS and treatment outcomes for tuberculosis in Hadiya zone in Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: 19,971 tuberculosis patients registered for treatment in 41 treatment centres in Hadiya zone between 1994 and 2001 were included in the study. The data were collected from the unit tuberculosis registers. For each patient, we recorded information on demographic characteristics, treatment centre, year of treatment, disease category, treatment given, follow-up and treatment outcomes. We also checked the year when DOTS was introduced to the treatment centre. RESULTS: Population coverage by DOTS reached 75% in 2001, and the proportion of patients treated with short course chemotherapy increased from 7% in 1994 to 97% in 2001. Treatment success for smear-positive tuberculosis rose from 38% to 73% in 2000, default rate declined from 38% to 18%, and treatment failure declined from 5% to 1%. Being female patient, age 15-24 years, smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis, treatment with short course chemotherapy, and treatment at peripheral centres were associated with higher treatment success and lower defaulter rates. CONCLUSION: The introduction and expansion of DOTS in Hadiya has led to a significant increase in treatment success and decrease in default and failure rates. The smaller institutions exhibited better treatment outcomes compared to the larger ones including the zonal hospital. We identified many patients with missing information in the unit registers and this issue needs to be addressed. Further studies are recommended to see the impact of the programme on the prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Is expanding Medicare coverage cost-effective?

BACKGROUND: Proposals to expand Medicare coverage tend to be expensive, but the value of services purchased is not known. This study evaluates the efficiency of the average private supplemental insurance plan for Medicare recipients. METHODS: Data from the National Health Interview Survey, the National Death Index, and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey were analyzed to estimate the costs, changes in life expectancy, and health-related quality of life gains associated with providing private supplemental insurance coverage for Medicare beneficiaries. Model inputs included socio-demographic, health, and health behavior characteristics. Parameter estimates from regression models were used to predict quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs associated with private supplemental insurance relative to Medicare only. Markov decision analysis modeling was then employed to calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS: Medicare supplemental insurance is associated with increased health care utilization, but the additional costs associated with this utilization are offset by gains in quality-adjusted life expectancy. The incremental cost-effectiveness of private supplemental insurance is approximately $24,000 per QALY gained relative to Medicare alone. CONCLUSION: Supplemental insurance for Medicare beneficiaries is a good value, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio comparable to medical interventions commonly deemed worthwhile.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Advantages of larval control for African malaria vectors: low mobility and behavioural responsiveness of immature mosquito stages allow high effective coverage.

BACKGROUND: Based on sensitivity analysis of the MacDonald-Ross model, it has long been argued that the best way to reduce malaria transmission is to target adult female mosquitoes with insecticides that can reduce the longevity and human-feeding frequency of vectors. However, these analyses have ignored a fundamental biological difference between mosquito adults and the immature stages that precede them: adults are highly mobile flying insects that can readily detect and avoid many intervention measures whereas mosquito eggs, larvae and pupae are confined within relatively small aquatic habitats and cannot readily escape control measures. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that the control of adult but not immature mosquitoes is compromised by their ability to avoid interventions such as excito-repellant insecticides. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS: We apply a simple model of intervention avoidance by mosquitoes and demonstrate that this can substantially reduce effective coverage, in terms of the proportion of the vector population that is covered, and overall impact on malaria transmission. We review historical evidence that larval control of African malaria vectors can be effective and conclude that the only limitations to the effective coverage of larval control are practical rather than fundamental. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS: Larval control strategies against the vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa could be highly effective, complementary to adult control interventions, and should be prioritized for further development, evaluation and implementation as an integral part of Rolling Back Malaria.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of coverage with insecticide-treated nets in a Tanzanian town and villages where nets and insecticide are either marketed or provided free of charge.

BACKGROUND: There is much emphasis on social marketing as a means of scaling up coverage with insecticide-treated nets and the question has arisen whether nets provided free-of-charge will be looked after by householders. METHODS: Over several years questionnaires and surveys of usage and condition of nets were carried out throughout a town and 15 villages in north-east Tanzania, where nets and insecticide have to be purchased and in 24 other villages where over 15000 nets had been donated and annual re-treatment is provided free-of-charge. RESULTS: There was very high population coverage in the town but, in the villages where nets have to be purchased, only 9.3% of people used nets which were intact and/or had been insecticide-treated and could, therefore, provide protection. However, where nets had been provided free, over 90% of the nets were still present and were brought for re-treatment several years later. CONCLUSION: In this part of Tanzania, social marketing has performed well in a town but very poorly in villages. However, the study showed that people look after and bring for re-treatment nets which had been provided free-of-charge.

Adolescent↗