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PubMed1993

Effect of ingestion and inhalation of lead on the reproductive system and fertility of adult male rats and their progeny.

Ninety-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were intoxicated for 70 d with lead, given either as 0.3% lead acetate in drinking water or by inhalation as 5 mg m-3 lead oxide. Direct or transmitted lead toxicity for the male reproductive system was assessed in the rats and their offspring from pituitary and genital organ weights after exposure, the numbers of Sertoli and germ cells, the number, motility and morphology of epididymal spermatozoa, the levels of plasma testosterone, LH and FSH and fertility tests. Whole blood lead levels were similar after lead ingestion and after inhalation (58.0 +/- 1.7 micrograms dl-1 vs. 51.1 +/- 1.8 micrograms dl-1). Lead acetate ingestion did not affect the reproductive system or fertility of rats. Inhalation of lead oxide did not affect fertility either, but seminal vesicle weight dropped significantly, which might suggest an alteration in the pattern of testosterone secretion. In the male progeny of sires that inhaled lead, the number of epididymal spermatozoa decreased but this did not interfere with fertility. Our results show that for the doses studied, lead inhalation and lead ingestion do not produce strikingly different effects on the male rat's reproductive system. Differences between the present findings and those of others might be due to difference of rat strain or of age at exposure.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1978

[Progressive myoclonic encephalopathy in dialysis patients. Clinical, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study. Pathogenetic discussion].

Clinical and Neuropathological data on sixteen cases of progressive myoclonic encephalopathy are reported. This neurological syndrome appears after an average duration of thirty two months of haemodialysis and leads to death in four and a half months, and is characterized by myoclonus, speech disorder, epileptic seizures, and mental-status changes. At first, clinical signs and symptoms are related to haemodialysis, later they become permanent. An early diagnosis is based on EEG which is the only useful laboratory test, demonstrating bisynchronous slow-wave bursts. The caracteristic histopathologic findings are neuronal depopulation, lipofuscin accumulation, and appearance of Neurofibrillary degeneration, especially in Motor cortex, red nucleus and dentato-olivary systems. It seems to be justified to attribute P.M.D.E. to aluminium chronic poisonning; the source of the aluminium intoxication is not aluminium containing phosphate-binding gels but intravenously administreted tape-water. The intracellular binding of aluminium is shown from a histochemical study employing fluorescent stain Morin.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effects of synthetic and natural toxicants on livestock.

Synthetic and natural toxicants are constituents of soil, air, water and foodstuffs. Their impact on animal agriculture has resulted from acute and chronic intoxication and residues transferred into meat, dairy and poultry products. Recent advances in analytical chemistry and the sciences associated with toxicology have allowed better assessment of the hazard of toxicants on animals including man. Historically, natural toxicants (phytotoxins, mycotoxins and minerals) that are associated with many common feedstuffs accounted for toxicity episodes of epidemic proportions. Most synthetic chemicals (pesticides, nonpesticidal organic chemicals and drugs) have been introduced in increasing numbers since the 1940's. In the 1960's and '70's, recognition of the need to control their environmental distribution stimulated the introduction of numerous laws and regulations. In the last decade, several problematic synthetic chemicals have been banned, particularly those found to persist in the environment or those confirmed or suspected as carcinogens in humans. At the farm level, the development of various preventative management strategies has decreased the exposure of livestock to natural toxicants. In the future, the impact of natural toxicants on animal agriculture is expected to lessen as their existence, etiology and toxicology are determined. On the other hand, synthetic chemicals will continue to threaten animal health as greater numbers and quantities are released into the environment. These challenges should stimulate a greater involvement of animal scientists in toxicology.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Late manifestation of Indian childhood cirrhosis in a 3-year-old German girl.

UNLABELLED: We report on a 3.8-year-old German girl who presented with signs of subacute liver failure based on a 4-month history. Investigations done before admission excluded infectious, metabolic and immunological diseases. Laboratory findings were increased values of aminotransferases, hyperbilirubinaemia, hyperammonaemia and deteriorated plasmatic coagulation. Caeruloplasmin and serum copper concentrations were normal; however, urinary copper excretion was elevated (80 microg/l). Liver biopsy showed a micronodular liver cirrhosis and an extremely high liver copper concentration (1400 microg/g dry weight). Epidemiological investigations revealed an elevated copper concentration (8645 microg/l, normal: <2000) and a low pH value (6.3) of the drinking water supplied by copper pipes. The girl had been exposed to copper-contaminated drinking water since the age of 2 years. CONCLUSION: Laboratory, histopathological findings and a proven chronic copper intoxication lead to the diagnosis of Indian childhood cirrhosis in a German girl. Whereas this disease is mostly described in patients with increased copper intake in infancy, our patient developed toxic liver cirrhosis with relatively late copper exposure. Indian childhood cirrhosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of early childhood liver cirrhosis.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

[Plasticity of memory in the brain of white rats after long-term exposure to titanium in drinking water].

The experiment was conducted on male white rats from breeding base of the National Institute of Hygiene: WIS own breeding. During sixteen months the drinking water with TiCl3 in concentrations 5 and 25 mg/l, what is equivalent respectively 0.45 and 2.25 mg per 1 kg of daily weight of rats, was given the animals. After 3 and 15 months of exposure the rats were taught to differentiate and remember sight effects. The investigation of each cluster of rats, living previously in the same cage, was going non-stop by 24 hours for 5 days. The training was carried on in the special adopted cages making possible to record all correct and incorrect attempts in day long cycle. Percentage indicator, the ratio of mistakes to all number of the attempts, was used for assessment the training effectiveness in each group and the result in intoxicated group were compared with control group. During the whole time of exposition the supplying drinking water with TiCl3 in concentrations 5 and 25 mg/l has not caused changes in rats confirming possibility to evoke disorders of brain memory plasticity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sanitary standardization of 1-carbamoyl-3(5)-methylpyrazole, N-hydroxymethyl-3(5)-methylpyrazole and 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole in the water of reservoirs].

Since there is a problem in the sanitary protection of water reservoirs, nitrification inhibitors (NI), such as CMP, HMMP, ATG, were tested for their effects on the organoleptic properties and sanitary regimen of model water basins. The threshold concentrations of the inhibitors were found to be 0.49, 230, and 229 mg/l, respectively. The agents were classified as highly stable. They failed to affect on self-clearance. In chronic intoxication, the inactive doses were 0.128 mg/kg for CMP, 0.165 mg/kg for HMMP, and 1.36 mg/kg for ATG (1/1000 of LD50). The maximum allowable water concentrations were 0.01, 0.01, and 0.1 mg/l, respectively (in the context of complex sanitary standardization). The limiting hazard index was sanitarily toxicological (Hazard Class 3).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Future increase in harmful algal blooms in the North Sea due to climate change.

In temperate seas such as the North Sea harmful (toxic) algal blooms will probably increase as a result of climate change. This conclusion was reached after investigating the projected effect of climate change for the year 2100 in Dutch coastal waters (4 degrees C temperature rise and increased water column stratification) on the growth rates of six harmful and two non-harmful phytoplankton species. Micro algae form the basis of the marine food chain. However, toxin-producing species may seriously disrupt the food web and lead to fish kills and human intoxication. Two species with estimated doubled growth rates in 2100, F. japonica and C. antiqua, entered Europe via ship's ballast water or shellfish imports. This stresses the need to legally regulate such invasion routes in order to prevent the import of novel species. Future toxic phytoplankton blooms may further devaluate ecosystem deliverables such as fish production or recreational use. This devaluation can be estimated by monetary value assessments that are needed in cost-benefit analyses for policy guidance. The lack of understanding of future climate, ecosystem functioning and its response to climate change calls for a scientific effort to improve our knowledge on present day coastal ecosystem functioning and its resilience.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

System of accelerating methods of evaluating toxicity and hazardous properties of substances.

By studying a group of organophosphorus compounds (PhOC), system of methods for developing models of chronic intoxication was approved, the purpose of which was to establish safe levels of chemical pollutants in the water. The magnitudes of threshold doses (TD) and ineffective doses (MID) were obtained by using MACrv (maximum admissible concentrations of substances in the air of industrial plants) and TLV [indices of admissible levels of substances in the air of industrial plants (USA standards)]. In compiling estimated and experimentally established MAC for 21 substances, variations were recorded within the range of 2-10 times. Forecasting on the basis of ED50, Elim and other measures during 5-20 day experiments made it possible to estimate threshold and inactive doses of PhOC during chronic intoxication, as well as to determine a cumulative coefficient and distribute these compounds into two series, according to the degree of their hazard. This project made it possible to determine cumulative properties simultaneously and forecast the chronic toxicity of the PhOC group under investigation.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of effects of different antidotes on tabun-induced cognitive impairment in rats using water maze.

In the past, scientists focused on the development of antidotes (mainly anticholinergics in combination with reactivators of inhibited acetylcholinesterase-oximes) to increase the number of surviving nerve agent-intoxicated individuals. Recently, they are interested in antidotes able not only to protect nerve agent-poisoned men from lethal toxic effects but also to improve their life quality by improvement of their central cognitive functions. In our study, the water maze was used to measure spatial working learning and memory in the case of tabun-induced cognitive impairment in albino Wistar rats. Antidotal treatment consisted of atropine alone or a combination of atropine with an oxime (obidoxime, trimedoxime or oxime HI-6). Our results suggest that atropine alone is not sufficient as a treatment for saving cognitive functions impaired by tabun. On the other hand, the addition of oxime to atropine contributes to improvement of cognitive performance in tabun-poisoned rats regardless of type of oxime.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Effect of acute alcoholic intoxication on the antigenic composition of soluble proteins in the rat brain].

Cross immunoelectrophoresis was used to study antigenic composition of the brain of rats preferring water, or 15% ethanol and of intermediate group animals. The rat brain showed 6 antigens, one of them was found to be neurospecific. The intermediate group animals and those preferring ethanol differed from those preferring water in that they demonstrated two antigens which were found to be neuro-nonspecific. The content of the neurospecific protein S-100 in the cerebellum measured by rocket immunoelectrophoresis was demonstrated to be the same in animals preferring water and ethanol. A single intraperitoneal injection of 25% ethanol (2.5 g/kg) to the intermediate group rats brought about a change in the composition of neuro-nonspecific soluble antigens of the brain.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children's environmental health: one year in a pediatric environmental health specialty unit.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: As a result of an increasing desire among physicians and parents for clinical centers that can evaluate children with known or suspected exposures to environmental toxicants, a network of federally funded "pediatric environmental health specialty units" has recently been created. This descriptive study profiles the children seen in one unit of this program. SETTING: A New England, university-affiliated Pediatric Environmental Health Center (PEHC). METHODS: Review and analysis of all children seen in the PEHC in calendar year 1999. RESULTS: Over the course of the year, 281 children made 863 visits to the PEHC. Presenting complaints fell into 4 major categories: new visit for management of lead intoxication (n = 248), return visit for management of lead intoxication (n = 569), new visit for evaluation of exposure to an environmental toxicant other than lead (n = 33), and return visit for the management of exposure to a non-lead toxicant (n = 13). Among those children with new visits for a non-lead toxicant, the most common chief complaints were exposure to solvent-contaminated water (n = 7), pesticide exposure (n = 6), illness associated with proximity to a hazardous waste site (n = 6), autism from suspected mercury intoxication (n = 4), and evaluation of school-induced, building-related illness ("sick school syndrome")(n = 4). Eleven children had autism or pervasive developmental delay. Families traveled distances as great as 450 kilometers for evaluation by a pediatric environmental health clinical specialist. Every child was evaluated by a pediatrician with subspecialty training in medical toxicology. Environmental investigation of air, water, paint, dust, or land was conducted for all except 4 children (all foreign-born adoptees). Therapeutic interventions included chelation therapy, relocation to a safe environment, removal from school, and termination of chelation therapy that had been initiated by another practitioner. Third-party payors provided full reimbursement for all visits. CONCLUSIONS: The chief complaints of the children brought to pediatric environmental health specialty units are diverse, involving exposures to a wide range of toxicants from all environmental media (air, water, soil, and food). Parents desiring such an evaluation must often travel extensive distances, suggesting the need for a broader network of such centers. Third-party payors and health maintenance organizations are willing to provide full reimbursement for these services.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Water intake and brain choline-acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activites in manganese treated rats.

Choline-acetyltransferase activity was not affected in any of the brain regions studied on the first, third and eighth month of treatment with manganese chloride. Acetylcholinesterase activity diminished in the caudate nucleus only on the eighth month of intoxication but was not altered in any other region throughout the study. From the first month, the manganese-loaded rats ingested an amount of water significantly lower than controls.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1985

[Kidney failure patients undergoing hemodialysis with aluminum poisoning after renal transplantation: electro-clinical aspects].

A renal transplantation was performed on 6 dialysis patients using high concentration aluminum water. The post-graft course in 3 patients led to the appearance of worsening or neurological symptoms, with associated deterioration on the EEG. In 3 other patients there was progressive improvement in clinical signs, though with long-term persistance of electrical abnormalities in 1 case. These 6 cases are compared with 10 dialysis patients without aluminum intoxication who underwent renal transplantation in the same conditions. These results are then analyzed with reference to those already published in the literature. Three factors (length of exposure, water aluminum concentration and seizure disorder) seem significant to the prognosis of renal transplantation in patients with aluminum intoxication.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Experimental clioquinol intoxication in rats: abnormalities in optic nerves and small nerve cells of dorsal root ganglia.

Pathological abnormalities in the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) were produced in rats by daily administration of 300-400 mg/kg clioquinol for 7-40 days. The changes comprised axonal degeneration of optic nerve fibers and mitochondrial swellings in small nerve cells of dorsal root ganglia. There were occasional myelin splittings in the spinal nerve roots. No apparent changes were observed in the spinal cord or peripheral nerves. Similar changes were occasionally encountered to a lesser extent in control rats by restricting the diet and water to maintain the body weight comparable to the ranges of experimental animals. It seemed that not only clioquinol intoxication but nutritional deficiency also contributed, in part, to the production of these CNS and PNS abnormalities. The possibility of the presence of peripheral neuropathy in subacute myelooptic neuropathy is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Glutathione metabolism is impaired in vitro by thallium(III) hydroxide.

The possibility that Tl(OH)3, the main Tl3+ specie present in water solutions, could interfere with the normal functioning of the glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense system was investigated. For this purpose, we used both the purified components of this system and rat brain cytosolic fractions. Tl(OH)3 (1-25 microM) significantly decreased the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in both experimental systems, caused by GSH oxidation. In the same range of concentrations Tl(OH)3 inhibited glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in both models, using cumene hydroperoxide as the substrate. No alterations in the capacity of GPx activity to metabolize H2O2 were observed. Both in purified GR as well as in the cytosolic fraction, Tl(OH)3 (1-5 microM) inhibited GR activity, with a partial recovery of the activity at higher concentrations. While Tl(OH)3 inhibited the GR diaphorase activity of purified GR, in a concentration (1-25 microM) dependent manner, this effect was only observed in the cytosolic fractions at the highest concentration assessed (25 microM). Results indicate that, similarly to previous findings for Tl+ and Tl3+, Tl(OH)3 also alters the glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense system. The observed alterations of this important antioxidant protective pathway by the major Tl3+ specie in water solutions could be one mechanism involved in the oxidative stress associated to Tl-intoxication.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Hydrocephalus during central parenteral feeding. Role of vitamin A poisoning].

Five children receiving central parenteral nutrition presented between the 6th and 16th day of renutrition with hydrocephalus unrelated to intercurrent neurologic disorder. Repeated determinations of plasma retinol and of the transport complex components made the proof of vitamin A intoxication in 2 cases. Vitamin A had been provided in the form of a water-soluble vitamin-solution incorporated in the nutrition mixture (doses: 1,500 micrograms and 3,000 micrograms retinol equivalent respectively). These 2 case reports have to be compared with 3 other cases of hydrocephalus occurring during total parenteral nutrition. One child presented with bilateral jugular thrombosis secondary to percutaneous venous approach trials, while the 2 other were probably within the framework of an accelerated weight recovery following nutritional marasmus.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Heparin inactivation, acidosis and copper poisoning due to presumed acid contamination of water in a hemodialysis unit.

An accident in a hemodialysis unit involving 13 patients is reported. Circumstantial evidence suggests that acid contamination of the water supply to the unit resulted in inactivation of heparin with widespread extracorporeal clotting and secondary copper intoxication which proved fatal in one patient. Serum copper concentrations were raised in 6 of the 11 patients and whole blood copper concentrations were raised in 4 patients. Results of serum ceruloplasmin, whole blood lead and zinc analyses are reported together with tissue analyses for copper in the fatal case. The majority of the patients showed evidence of a metabolic acidosis.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1986

Edema and increased endoneurial sodium in galactose neuropathy. Reversal with an aldose reductase inhibitor.

Galactose neuropathy was produced in rats by feeding a diet containing 30% D-galactose. After 12 weeks of galactose ingestion, all rats developed bilateral cataracts, polydypsia and polyuria. These galactose-intoxicated animals were divided into two groups that both continued with the galactose diet: animals that were treated with the aldose reductase inhibitor, ICI 128,436, for 4-6 weeks, and a control group of animals that received just excipient. At the end of the study, endoneurial fluid pressures, nerve water contents and endoneurial fluid electrolyte concentrations were determined from sciatic nerves of treated and untreated animals. The extent of neuropathy in each animal was evaluated by light microscopy. Treatment of galactose-intoxicated rats with ICI 128,436 restored to normal levels the elevated endoneurial sodium concentration, increased water content and interstitial fluid pressure characteristic of galactose neuropathy. These results, obtained with an agent that blocks the sorbitol pathway, associate elevated sodium with an osmotic force contributing to edema and increased endoneurial fluid pressure in galactose neuropathy and suggest that endoneurial sodium levels are linked to blood-sugar concentration.

Animals↗