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PubMed2004

Advanced technologies in plastic surgery: how new innovations can improve our training and practice.

Over the last two decades, virtual reality, haptics, simulators, robotics, and other "advanced technologies" have emerged as important innovations in medical learning and practice. Reports on simulator applications in medicine now appear regularly in the medical, computer science, engineering, and popular literature. The goal of this article is to review the emerging intersection between advanced technologies and surgery and how new technology is being utilized in several surgical fields, particularly plastic surgery. The authors also discuss how plastic and reconstructive surgeons can benefit by working to further the development of multimedia and simulated environment technologies in surgical practice and training.

Case Management↗
PubMed2006

Post-genomic science: cross-disciplinary and large-scale collaborative research and its organizational and technological challenges for the scientific research process.

We examine recent developments in cross-disciplinary science and contend that a 'Big Science' approach is increasingly evident in the life sciences-facilitated by a breakdown of the traditional barriers between academic disciplines and the application of technologies across these disciplines. The first fruits of 'Big Biology' are beginning to be seen in, for example, genomics, (bio)-nanotechnology and systems biology. We suggest that this has profound implications for the research process and presents challenges both in technological design, in the provision of infrastructure and training, in the organization of research groups, and in providing suitable research funding mechanisms and reward systems. These challenges need to be addressed if the promise of this approach is to be fully realized. In this paper, we will draw on the work of social scientists to understand how these developments in science and technology relate to organizational culture, organizational change and the context of scientific work. We seek to learn from previous technological developments that seemed to offer similar potential for organizational and social change.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2002

Technologies for the study of gene and protein expression in Plasmodium.

With the imminent completion of the genome sequences of several species of Plasmodium, attention is now turning to the exploitation of these genomic sequence data for vaccine, drug and diagnostic development. Several technologies have been developed over the past decade to assist in the determination of gene and protein expression on a global scale. Of these, DNA microarrays, novel high-throughput proteomic technologies and recombinational cloning technologies are lowering the barrier to functional genomic studies in Plasmodium. Of equal importance is the capacity to manipulate, store, retrieve and analyse the tremendous quantity of data generated from these genomic studies. This paper will address the use of these technologies as well as some of the computational tools that will be ultimately required to adequately study gene and protein expression in Plasmodium.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The possibilities and limitations of nucleic acid amplification technology in diagnostic microbiology.

Nucleic acid amplification technology is examined from the critical viewpoint of a clinical microbiologist working in a routine diagnostic bacteriology laboratory. Widely recognised limitations of amplification technology include those of false-positive and false-negative results, the difficulty of obtaining quantitative results, the problem of using this technology for susceptibility testing, and the difficulty of detecting routinely the wide range of possible pathogens contained in a clinical sample. On the positive side, amplification technology brings welcome new possibilities for rapid detection of specific pathogens in a sample, including viruses, slowly growing bacteria, fastidious or uncultivable bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Other possible applications include screening normally sterile clinical samples for non-specific bacterial contamination and the use of amplification-based DNA fingerprinting methods for identification and typing of microorganisms. Nevertheless, it is predicted that-in contrast to research and reference facilities-routine bacteriology laboratories will continue to rely on culture as the preferred 'amplification method' for most diagnostic applications.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

The assimilation of assistive technology in residential care centers for people with intellectual disabilities.

People with intellectual disability (ID) require special support in order to achieve independence in their daily life. Persons with ID are less exposed to assistive technology, although studies have shown that the availability of aids afford an opportunity to reach independence and cooperation. The aim of this study was to examine the nature of the relationship between involvement of the physiotherapy (PT) team and the degree to which assistive technology was used. A questionnaire was sent to all PTs employed at all 54 residential care centers for persons with ID of the Division for Mental Retardation at the Ministry of Social Affairs in Israel. A significantly positive correlation was found between the degree of involvement of the PT and the utilization of assistive technology. The study results may be summarized by stating that PTs demonstrated a great deal of involvement, particularly in relation to the extent of their work in the residential care centers. PT's awareness of the importance was indicated as the major reason to use assistive technology.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

Hospital organization culture, capacity to innovate and success in technology adoption.

PURPOSE: Absorptive capacity has been defined as an organization's ability to recognize the value of new information, assimilate it, and apply it to productive ends. This study aims to examine the type of organization culture that influences the capacity of hospital organizations to innovate by absorbing new technology and the importance of this absorptive capacity in information technology (IT) implementation success. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Based on previous research, this study proposes a measure of absorptive capacity that includes managerial IT knowledge and communication channels and tests its relationship to the level of success implementing new systems. A sample of 192 hospital administrators shared their opinions about their organizations culture, ability to absorb new technology, and the extent to which their latest IT implementation operational for at least one year has been a success. FINDINGS: The results show the importance of organization culture as an important factor in developing absorptive capacity, and the latter's influence in the implementation of new technologies. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The study provides insights into the types of activities that management should undertake in order to enhance absorptive hospital capacity.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2003

Optical coherence tomography: technology and applications for neuroimaging.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging imaging technology with applications in biology, medicine, and materials investigations. Attractive features include high cellular-level resolution, real-time acquisition rates, and spectroscopic feature extraction in a compact noninvasive instrument. OCT can perform "optical biopsies" of tissue, producing images approaching the resolution of histology without having to resect and histologically process tissue specimens for characterization and diagnosis. This article will review several of the current technological developments in OCT. To illustrate the potential of this technology for neuroimaging, applications for imaging neural development, the neural retina, tumors of the central nervous system, and the microsurgical repair of peripheral nerves will be presented. This technology offers a potential investigative tool for addressing many of the present challenges in neuroimaging.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

DNA microarray experiments: biological and technological aspects.

DNA microarray technologies, such as cDNA and oligonucleotide microarrays, promise to revolutionize biological research and further our understanding of biological processes. Due to the complex nature and sheer amount of data produced from microarray experiments, biologists have sought the collaboration of experts in the analytical sciences, including statisticians, among others. However, the biological and technical intricacies of microarray experiments are not easily accessible to analytical experts. One aim for this review is to provide a bridge to some of the relevant biological and technical aspects involved in microarray experiments. While there is already a large literature on the broad applications of the technology, basic research on the technology itself and studies to understand process variation remain in their infancy. We emphasize the importance of basic research in DNA array technologies to improve the reliability of future experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Rapid combined characterization of microorganism and host genotypes using a single technology.

BACKGROUND: Genetic information is becoming increasingly important in diagnosis and prognosis of infectious diseases. In this study we investigated the possibility of using a single technology, the Pyrosequencing trade mark technology (Biotage AB, Uppsala, Sweden), to gather several kinds of important genetic information from the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori, as well as from the carrier of the H. pylori infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DNA from 87 clinical isolates of H. pylori, 50 isolates from H. pylori-infected transgenic mice and nine gastric biopsies from H. pylori-infected patients was analyzed for targets in the 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA and cytotoxin associated gene A (cagA) genes to determine species identity, clarithromycin susceptibility and virulence level, respectively. In addition, three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human interleukin-1B (IL-1B) gene, reported to affect the risk of developing gastric cancer, were analyzed in the gastric biopsy samples. RESULTS: All DNA targets were processed and analyzed in parallel, enabling convenient genetic characterization of both pathogen and host. All genotypes were easily and accurately assigned. In the 16S rRNA analysis, 99.83% of the bases were correctly called. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that genetic analysis using Pyrosequencing trade mark technology was nonlaborious, and gave highly accurate data for different kinds of target. We therefore believe that this technology has the potential to complement or in the future substitute the time-consuming traditional microbial identification and typing methods, as well as enabling rapid typing of relevant host genetic markers.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular and technological approaches to evaluate strain biodiversity in Hanseniaspora uvarum of wine origin.

AIMS: The characterization by molecular and physiological methods of wild apiculate strains, isolated from 'Aglianico del Vulture' grape must. METHODS AND RESULTS: The restriction analysis of 18S rDNA allowed the identification of strains at the species level, which were predominantly Hanseniaspora uvarum. The RAPD analysis and the evaluation of technological traits, such as the metabolic and enzymatic activities, were useful to evaluate the polymorphism of this species. CONCLUSIONS: The RAPD analysis clustered the wild H. uvarum strains in four main genetic groups and a very high phenotypic variability confirmed this genetic polymorphism. The technological variables, which determined the strain biodiversity differed significantly, demonstrating that these technological traits are strain dependent. A certain correlation was found between the strain behaviour and its isolation zone, indicating the influence of the environment on the genetic patrimony of the population. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The genetic and technological biodiversity recorded among H. uvarum wild strains represents the basis for organizing a collection of apiculate strains exhibiting oenological characteristics at different levels, such as high/low production of secondary compounds, and, therefore, potentially useful for a selection programme.

Biodiversity↗
PubMed2006

FACS technology used in a new rapid bacterial detection method.

Culture methods for bacterial detection (BacT/ALERT or Pall eBDS) are currently implemented in blood donor screening procedures in many countries. Experience in the first years after implementation of these detection assays showed that although the analytical sensitivity was extremely high (about 1 CFU mL(-1)), the majority of these platelets were still transfused before a positive screening result was attained. Rapid technologies were developed to more effectively prevent transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection. In this study, a new rapid bacterial detection method based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) technology was developed. Bacteria were stained with thiazole orange dye for 5 min and measurement was taken immediately after staining. The entire process took only 30 min. Six transfusion-relevant bacteria strains were tested in a spiking study. Without pre-incubation in a special bacteria growth medium, analytical sensitivity ranged between 10(5) CFU mL(-1) (Klebsiella oxytoca and Serratia marcesens) and 10(3) CFU mL(-1) (Escherichia coli). Sensitivity could be improved to 10(1) CFU mL(-1) for all tested bacteria by adding a pre-incubation step (6 h at 37 degrees C). Although preliminary in nature, results of our study suggest that bacterial detection by FACS technology in conjunction with a pre-incubation step offers a sensitive alternative technology to culture methods. Additionally, it provides the benefit of a rapid test time and the opportunity of preventing bacterial transmitted infections more effectively.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1986

Plasmapheresis technology.

Manual plasmapheresis is done worldwide on both paid donors, and to a much smaller extent on volunteer donors in order to generate source plasma to be fractionated into albumin, clotting factor concentrates, and gamma globulin. Automated technology has now been developed utilizing both centrifugal, and membrane separation devices (Haemonetics PCS centrifugal, Organon Teknika PLASMAPUR-membrane, HemaScience Autopheresis-C-spinning membrane) and is much faster and safer than the manual techniques with regard to the donor. The single biggest difficulty with automated technology is the high cost of the software, making the cost of producing source plasma by this type of technology, in general, not cost efficient at this time. However, fresh frozen plasma can be generated by this technology, which is cost efficient and provides a single donor source of 500 ml plasma, making the product safer for those patients that do require fresh frozen plasma by reducing the number of donor exposures to the patient.

Automation↗
PubMed1998

Technology in education: what is appropriate for rural and remote allied health professionals?

Recent technological advances provide exciting opportunities for the delivery of education to rural and remote allied health professionals. Distance education modes can overcome barriers of distance and cost. However, the use of technologies may allow distance education to be more interactive for rural and remote professionals. Technologies that can be used are audioconferencing, videoconferencing, electronic mail (email), CD-ROM and the Internet. Combinations of any of these technologies and traditional forms of educational delivery are possible. The important objective is to create a learning environment that maximises interactivity and develops information literacy.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Nursing in a technological environment: nursing care in the operating room.

Operating room nurses continue to draw criticism regarding the appropriateness of a nursing presence in the operating room. The technological focus of the theatre and the ways in which nurses in the theatre have shaped and reshaped their practice in response to technological change have caused people within and outside the nursing profession to question whether operating room nursing is a technological rather than nursing undertaking. This paper reports findings from an ethnographic study that was conducted in an Australian operating department. The study examined the contribution of nurses to the work of the operating room through intensive observation and ethnographic interviews. This paper uses selected findings from the study to explore the ways in which nurses in theatre interpret their role in terms of caring in a technological environment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

The inevitability of genetic enhancement technologies.

We outline a number of ethical objections to genetic technologies aimed at enhancing human capacities and traits. We then argue that, despite the persuasiveness of some of these objections, they are insufficient to stop the development and use of genetic enhancement technologies. We contend that the inevitability of the technologies results from a particular guiding worldview of humans as masters of the human evolutionary future, and conclude that recognising this worldview points to new directions for ethical thinking about genetic enhancement technologies.

Capitalism↗
PubMed2005

Is there increased monozygotic twinning after assisted reproductive technology?

Over the past two decades there has been an association between assisted reproductive technologies and increased monozygotic twinning. The association is not clear nor are the causes of assisted reproductive technology-related monozygotic twinning understood, although there are several theories as to the possible mechanisms involved. This review looks at some of the assisted reproductive technologies which may be associated with an increased risk of monozygotic twinning such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection, assisted hatching and blastocyst transfers. Determining the true incidence of monozygotic twinning after assisted reproductive technologies is important as there is a well-documented increase in perinatal morbidity and mortality of monozygotic twins compared to singleton and dizygotic pregnancies.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

New reproductive technologies: Equity and access to reproductive health care.

While attention has focused on the promise of new reproductive technologies to provide cures for infertility, efforts aimed at preventing infertility have languished, and the major cause of infant morbidity and morality--lack of prenatal care--has worsened. This article explores the social and ethical issues arising out of the uses of three new reproductive technologies: surrogacy, in vitro fertilization, and prenatal screening. In addition, coerced medical interventions during pregnancy are described. Examination of the social circumstances surrounding the use of these medical technologies supports the conclusion that new reproductive technologies have increased, rather than decreased, inequities in access to and allocation of health care resources.

Coercion↗
PubMed2002

New catheter-based technology for the treatment of restenosis.

Catheter-based vascular interventions have been in development worldwide for several decades, leading to remarkable progress in device technology. Mechanical interventional devices, such as angioplasty balloons, atherectomy devices, and stents, were invented and have contributed greatly to the treatment of atherosclerotic vascular stenosis. However, mechanical approaches do not effectively prevent subsequent intimal growth. Recently, several biological approaches, including radiation therapy and drug-eluting stents, have shown striking inhibition of intimal growth. These significant results are likely to change the treatment strategy in the field of interventional cardiology. Furthermore, additional catheter-based technologies for vascular interventions are presently being evaluated. These latest technologies designed to prevent intimal proliferation include intravascular sonotherapy, cryotherapy, photoangioplasty, and soft X ray. To date, intravascular sonotherapy has proven its efficacy in animal studies and safety in human studies. Cryotherapy, the application of cold thermal energy during angioplasty, enhances the acute effects of conventional dilation while decreasing the likelihood of restenosis. Photoangioplasty has a unique property based on its selective mechanism of action to treat atheromatous plaque. Soft X ray systems provide convenient device handling and well-controlled radiation dose. Some of these technologies may play an important role in vascular interventions in the near future.

Animals↗