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PubMed1979

Glycogen synthase of Hymenolepis diminuta. II. Nutritional state, interconversion of forms, and primer glycogen molecular weight as control factors.

Glycogen synthase I (UDP glucose: glycogen alpha-4-glycosyltransferase, EC2.4.1.11) of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is the form of the enzyme which is active in vivo, while the D-form represents an inactive "storage form." Utilizing the differential effect of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on the I and D-forms, the ratio of the 2 forms in vivo has been determined under conditions of starvation of the host and refeeding of the parasite with glucose. This procedure reveals that conversion of the inactive D-form to the active I-form takes place when glycogen-depleted worms are incubated in glucose. The activity of glycogen synthase I also is affected by the molecular weight of the primer glycogen. With certain molecular weight fractions, enzymatic activity is higher than with others. This specificity of the glycogen primer could explain the relatively low concentrations of those molecular weight fractions which confer the highest synthase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Echinococcus multifocal. Epidemiology, clinical findings and treatment].

Infection with the fox dwarf tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis, has for the first time been found in a fox in Denmark, and E. multilocularis infection is therefore now a possible diagnosis in Danish patients. This paper reviews the life cycle, epidemiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of E. multilocularis infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Dogs and intestinal parasites: a public health problem.

The stools of 239 stray dogs were examined for intestinal parasites. Of the helminths found, Toxocara canis (43.5%), tapeworms (25.5%), Ascaris species (21.3%) and hookworms (12.5%) were the commonest. Of the protozoans found, Isospora species and Entamoeba coli were the most prevalent. An unusual feature of the present study was the finding of Ascaris species. The importance of the high prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs, the close contact of humans with dogs' excreta and the possible role of this environmental pollution in the spread of human disease are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Pulmonary sparganosis: a case report with five years follow-up.

Sparganosis has a world wide distribution, but only a few patients have pulmonary involvement. The term sparganosis is defined as an infection by the larva of parasitic tapeworms of Spirometra species. We present here-in a patient, who was infected by this parasite and had pulmonary symptoms. The chest roentgenography revealed diffuse multiple nodular infiltration with cavitations. Bronchoscopy with a transbronchial lung biopsy was nondiagnostic. Finally, open lung biopsy was performed, and the histologic examination revealed plerocercoid larva of sparganum. The patient was treated with mebendazole 40 mg/kg/day for 6 months and his symptoms and pulmonary function improved. In the 5th year of follow-up, he presented with more progressive dyspnea and developed cor pulmonale, and finally died from pneumonia with sepsis. The objective of this report was to present a rare manifestation of sparganosis and it's clinical course. Currently, there is no known effective treatment for this disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Cysticercosis in laboratory rabbits.

There are no data on the current incidence of Taenia pisiformis in laboratory rabbits. Two cases of cysticercosis most likely due to T. pisiformis in laboratory rabbits (intermediate host) are presented. Both rabbits had no contact with dogs (final host); their caretakers did not work with dogs, and these caretakers changed into facility scrubs and wore gloves when working with the rabbits. Rabbit 1 may have been infected after being fed hay at our facility. In light of the life cycle of the parasite and the history of rabbit 2, it potentially could have been infected prior to arrival at our facility. There have been only three cases of tapeworm cysts in rabbits in our facility (average daily census, 250) during the last 10 years (incidence, < 1%). This report indicates that although cysticercosis is rare in laboratory rabbits, one should always be aware of such incidental findings. Although it may not produce overt illness in the rabbit, hepatic migration could adversely affect the outcome of some experimental procedures

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Soft tissue echinococcosis: a report of two cases and review of the literature.

Echinococcosis (hydatid cyst disease) is a zoonotic infection caused by the parasitic tapeworm Echinococcus. The larval stage of this parasite can implant in many organs of the body, most commonly the liver, and create internal budding cystic masses. Echinococcal cysts also can implant in soft tissues; however, a review of the literature revealed no published case with the patient initially presenting with a soft tissue mass. Two such cases are reported in the current study. Physicians who evaluate soft tissue masses, particularly in patients from Echinococcus-endemic areas, need to include echinococcosis in their differential diagnoses. The current treatment of choice for soft tissue echinococcosis is wide resection combined with perioperative medical therapy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Frequency of Diphyllobothrium sp. infection in Argentine wild carnivores].

With the aims to determine the infection frequency by tapeworms of Diphyllobothrium genus 30 samples from captive wild carnivores were analyzed. A 30% of the animal analyzed was positive to the infection. Whereas the family Procionidae has a high percentage of positivity (60%), Canidae have lower infection ratio (20-25%). The accuracy for the diagnosis of Diphylobothrium was made by the morphology of scolex, proglottids and eggs. This is the first report of the parasite presence in Argentine wild carnivores.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The establishment, composition and severity of infection of gastro-intestinal parasites and their impact on productivity of Tswana kids in southern Botswana.

The presence of gastro-intestinal parasites in Tswana kids (n = 7) aged 1-3 weeks was studied for a period of 6 months at the Botswana College of Agriculture. The aims of this study were to find the time when they first contracted internal parasite infections, as well as to determine the severity of the infections and also its relation to production indicators (body mass and packed cell volume) of the kids as they grew older. The results indicate that they contracted coccidial and roundworm infections at approximately one month of age or immediately thereafter. The most prevalent internal parasite was coccidia, which occurred throughout the study period followed by roundworms and the least was the tapeworm, Moniezia expansa. Generally, the infection levels of all internal parasites were lower than the critical mean log (faecal oocyst/egg count + 1) of 3.3 inferred to cause reduced production in small stock. The correlation coefficients were all positive; 0.4-0.9 for individual internal parasites and production indicators, indicating that these internal parasites did not have any adverse effects on production. It was concluded that there was no need to treat kids of this age group for internal parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Increase in the prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in red foxes in Lower Saxony].

Echinococcus multilocularis is a tapeworm having carnivores as final hosts, the red fox in particular, dog and cat less frequent. Its two host life cycle consists of a larval cycle which predominantly takes place in the liver of rodents such as mice but it can also develop in musk rats as intermediate hosts. Man can also be infected and serves as a wrong intermediate host. He develops an alveolar echinococcosis which usually ends lethal without medical treatment. The prevalence of E. multilocularis among 5.365 red foxes in Lower Saxony was monitored from 1991 to 1997. The data were analysed using spatial epidemiological methods. This evaluation is based on a significance test which was applied to the parameters of spatial autoregressive regression models (CAR) fitting to the data of two successive sampling periods from 1991-1994 and 1994-1997. The mean prevalence (spatial median) increased from 6% to 11%. The results of this epidemiological study which was restricted to Lower Saxony support for the first time the earlier reported assumption that the prevalence of foxes infected with E. multilocularis has risen in Europe in the last decade. The reasons for this development are still unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Current principles for diagnosis and treatment of hydatid disease].

Hydatid disease is a parasitic disease caused by one of two species of Echinococcus: Echinococcus granulosus (cystic hydatid disease) or Echinococcus multilocularis (alveolar hydatid disease). Widely accepted criteria of diagnosis of hydatid disease are based on the result of ultrasonography suggesting the presence of hydatid cyst and positive results of serologic tests. The serologic tests should begin with a screening test (ELISA or haemagglutination), and then should be verified using a western-blot method in order to detect the reaction with 8 kDa fraction of Echinococcus antigen. Further differentiation of the infecting species may be accomplished with the aid of Em2 plus or Em-18 ELISA tests which detect antibodies specific for E. multilocularis. The final diagnosis is based on the histologic examination of hydatid lesion or detected protoscolex of tapeworm in cystic liquid. Treatment of cystic hydatid disease consist of surgical therapy, percutaneous drainage (PAIR), chemotherapy and long-term observation. Treatment of alveolar hydatid disease is based on radical surgical resection of parasitic lesion and many years of chemotherapy. In case of chronic liver failure the transplantation is necessary.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Would not the Taenia be folium?].

The name of Taenia solium is a problem for the latinists because solium cannot mean solitary. In some incunabula, appears the word folium. Because they studied latin and parasitology and because they know the possibility to confuse the s and the f in the gothic types, the authors are convinced, that the segment of the tapeworm, in the Breviarium attributed to Arnau de Vilanova, from which is originated the name of this worm was compared to a leaf (folium).

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Changes in the blood pictureof the red goat of Maradi as a function of its gastrointestinal parasitism].

Numerous "chèvres de Maradi" are bred in Republique du Niger (cap. Niamey), 2 - 10(+6) numbered in 1973. This rustic ruminant is often very parasitized by intestinal nematodes and sporozoa. The most frequent genera are Bunostomum (55%), Trichostrongylus (40%), Strongyloides (27%), Oesophagostomum and Haemonchus (20%), sometimes Moniezia or Stilesia, coccidiosis being endemic and very pathogenic, Eimeria (70%). Polyparasitism is a "modus vivendi" between the host and these various parasites. All modification of the number or the kind of parasites (prevalence of one or two genera) involves a variation of the differential leucocyte count (anthelmintic cure for example). When the normal leucocyte count is 18 to 22 - 10(+3) per mm3, whose neutrophils: 40.73%; acidophils: 2%; basophils: 0.28%; monocytes: 11.28%; lymphocytes (small and big forms): 45.71%, a tapeworm parasitism by adults (Moniezia or Stilesia) or by peritoneal larvae (Cysticercus sp.) involves a light eosinophilia (8%), in morbid cases of coccidiosis, neutrophilia prevails (70%), and a polyparasitism with nematodes and Eimeria is characterized by monocytosis and neutrophilia, the polynuclear eosinophils being very rare. These observations show the necessity to elaborate simultaneously two cures: the first with an anthelmintic product, the second against coccidia, to avoid an uncertain Eimeria proliferation after the nematode destruction. In African breeding conditions, where polyparasitism is very frequent, such a therapeutic schedule is recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The cytoskeleton of hydatid cyst cultured cells and its sensitivity to inhibitors.

Cell cultures obtained from the germinal layer of hydatid cysts of the parasitic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus were characterized with respect to their microtubule and microfilament systems. These were stained using monospecific antibodies against tubulin from sea urchin spermatozoa or sheep brain and against Dictyostelium discoideum actin as well as rhodamine conjugated phalloidin. The results show that the distribution of microtubules nad actin containing fibres of these cells is remarkably similar to that of mammalian cells both during interphase and mitosis. Hydatid cells, however, could not be stained with a specific antivimentin antibody. Indirect immunofluorescence with antitubulin antibodies of inhibitor treated cells shows that hydatid cell microtubules are sensitive to several antimicrotubular drugs including benzimidazole derivatives, colchicine, vinblastine, and griseofulvin.

Actins↗
PubMed1975

Efficacy of bunamidine hydrochloride against immature and mature stages of Echinococcus granulosus.

The efficacy of bunamidine hydrochloride (given at dose levels of 25 and 50 mg/kg of body wt) against immature and mature Echinococcus granulosus tapeworms was studied in experimentally infected dogs. The compound had average efficacies of 85.9 to 98.8 percent against the immature stages and was completely efficacious (100 percent clearance) against the mature worms. These data indicate that bunamidine HCl at the given doses can be used as a control measure against hydatid disease in the United States.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1975

[Spontaneous infection of Hymenolepis nana in hamsters (author's transl)].

Hymenolepis nana (von Siebold, 1852), the dwarf tapeworm causing hymenolepiasis, has been reported to be the common intestinal cestode of rodents and man throughout the world. The authors found spontaneously occurred hymenolepiasis in conventional laboratory hamsters with mass and heavy infections. Some individuals were infected with as many as 188 to 290 worms and in addition, numerous cysticercoids were found in the intestinal villi from the same hamsters. According to the early investigations it is said that there are two ways of infection to rodents. In this study the authors considered a natural autoinfection is to be the case because cysticercoids and immature worms were abundant in the intestines of hamsters. The infection rate of the hamsters was 15% as 6 hamsters were found infected out of 40. All the cases of the heavily infected hamsters showed showed loss of weight and some of them died. Particular damage of the intestinal mucosa was not seen by post-mortem examinations, however, chronic inflammation and destruction of intestinal mucosa caused by the worms observed microscopically (the given pictures). Heavy infection of Hymenolepis nana occurred spontaneously in hamsters has rarely been found in Japan. The case reported here seems to be very peculiar one.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Occurrence of parasites in indigenous birds of prey and owls].

In the present paper a general overview on parasites in birds of prey and owls is given. This part is followed by a study investigating the prevalences and species of parasites in free-ranging birds of prey and owls in Berlin and Brandenburg State, Germany. Over a one year period, 84 birds of prey and owls of the following species were examined for the presence of endo- and ectoparasites: Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) (n = 32), Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) (n = 20), Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) (n = 9), Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) (n = 8), Black Kite (Milvus migrans) (n = 4), Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) (n = 3), Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) (n = 1), White-tailed-Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) (n = 1), Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) (n = 4), Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) (n = 1) and Barn Owl (Tyto alba) (n = 1). In 97.6% of the cases, ectoparasites (feather mites and hippoboscid flies) were found. Especially eyasses (93.3%) were positive for hippoboscid flies. Trichomonas was detected in 28.6% of all birds of prey and owls examined. A prevalence of 100% was established in the Sparrow Hawks as well as Peregrine Falcons. Leucozytozoon sp. and Hemoproteus sp. as blood parasites were found in 26.9% of the birds in total. Common Buzzards showed the highest prevalence (44.8%). 58.3% of birds examined were positive for endoparasites. Flukes were found in 16.7%, tapeworms in 14.3%, round-worms in 48.8% and acanthocephales in 2.4% of the cases. Interestingly, Tylodelphis clavata (in a Common Buzzard) and Hovorkonema variegatum (in a Goshawk) were found for the first time in raptors. The results of this study underline the importance of a parasitological examination in the process of raptor rehabilitation.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Axenic development of cysticercoids of Hymenolepis nana.

Cysticercoids of the tapeworm Hymenolepis nana were grown axenically in vitro, from oncospheres hatched in vitro to fully developed organisms infective to mice. A gas phase of 95 N2--5 CO2 was essential for normal development.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Bilateral ovarian hydatid disease--an unusual case.

Hydatid disease is caused by parasitic tapeworm Echinococcus. The larval stage of this parasite can thrive in many parts of the body, most frequently in the liver. Primary ovarian location is very rare. In our case the patient had bilateral ovarian cysts which on histopathological study was found to be hydatid cysts. Moreover one of the cysts was multilocular which is also unusual.

Adult↗