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PubMed2006

Population genetic structure of Japanese wild soybean (Glycine soja) based on microsatellite variation.

The research objectives were to determine aspects of the population dynamics relevant to effective monitoring of gene flow in the soybean crop complex in Japan. Using 20 microsatellite primers, 616 individuals from 77 wild soybean (Glycine soja) populations were analysed. All samples were of small seed size (< 0.03 g), were directly collected in the field and came from all parts of Japan where wild soybeans grow, except Hokkaido. Japanese wild soybean showed significant reduction in observed heterozygosity, low outcrossing rate (mean 3.4%) and strong genetic differentiation among populations. However, the individual assignment test revealed evidence of rare long-distance seed dispersal (> 10 km) events among populations, and spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that populations within a radius of 100 km showed a close genetic relationship to one another. When analysis of graphical ordination was applied to compare the microsatellite variation of wild soybean with that of 53 widely grown Japanese varieties of cultivated soybean (Glycine max), the primary factor of genetic differentiation was based on differences between wild and cultivated soybeans and the secondary factor was geographical differentiation of wild soybean populations. Admixture analysis revealed that 6.8% of individuals appear to show introgression from cultivated soybeans. These results indicated that population genetic structure of Japanese wild soybean is (i) strongly affected by the founder effect due to seed dispersal and inbreeding strategy, (ii) generally well differentiated from cultivated soybean, but (iii) introgression from cultivated soybean occurs. The implications of the results for the release of transgenic soybeans where wild soybeans grow are discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

Resilience of southwestern Amazon forests to anthropogenic edge effects.

Anthropogenic edge effects can compromise the conservation value of mature tropical forests. To date most edge-effect research in Amazonia has concentrated on forests in relatively seasonal locations or with poor soils in the east of the basin. We present the first evaluation from the relatively richer soils of far western Amazonia on the extent to which mature forest biomass, diversity, and composition are affected by edges. In a southwestern Amazonian landscape we surveyed woody plant diversity, species composition, and biomass in 88x0.1 ha samples of unflooded forest that spanned a wide range in soil properties and included samples as close as 50 m and as distant as >10 km from anthropogenic edges. We applied Mantel tests, multiple regression on distance matrices, and other multivariate techniques to identify anthropogenic effects before and after accounting for soil factors and spatial autocorrelation. The distance to the nearest edge, access point, and the geographical center of the nearest community ("anthropogenic-distance effects") all had no detectable effect on tree biomass or species diversity. Anthropogenic-distance effects on tree species composition were also below the limits of detection and were negligible in comparison with natural environmental and spatial factors. Analysis of the data set's capacity to detect anthropogenic effects confirmed that the forests were not severely affected by edges, although because our study had few plots within 100 m of forest edges, our confidence in patterns in the immediate vicinity of edges is limited. It therefore appears that the conservation value of most "edge" forests in this region has not yet been compromised substantially. We caution that because this is one case study it should not be overinterpreted, but one explanation for our findings may be that western Amazonian tree species are naturally faster growing and more disturbance adapted than those farther east.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Measuring inequalities in the distribution of dental caries.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate different measurements of prevalence and inequality in the distribution of dental caries as to their partial collinearity, and ability in expressing associations with the supply of fluoridated tap water, indices of socioeconomic status and provision of dental services. METHODS: The DMFT, the Significant Caries (SiC) Index, the proportions of children with high- (DMFT > or = 4) and rampant- (DMFT > or = 7) caries experience, caries-free children (DMFT = 0), the Gini coefficient and the Dental Health Inequality Index (DHII) were the dental outcomes appraised in a sample comprising 18 718 oral examination records for 11- and 12-year-old schoolchildren in 131 towns of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Spatial data analysis assessed the association between aggregate figures of dental indices and several covariates. RESULTS: The DMFT, the SiC Index and the proportions of children with high- and rampant-caries experience presented strong linear associations (Pearson r near or higher than 0.95), and an analogous profile of correlation with indicators of socioeconomic status, dental services and access to fluoride tap water. The same was observed for the DHII, the Gini coefficient and the proportion of caries-free children. These observations involve the perception of variables in each set as interchangeable tools for ecological studies assessing factors influencing, respectively, prevalence levels and inequality in the distribution of dental disease. CONCLUSION: An improved characterization of the skewed distribution of caries experience demands the concurrent estimation of figures of prevalence and inequality in dental outcomes. This strategy may contribute to the design of socially appropriate programmes of oral health promotion.

Brazil↗
PubMed2003

Ethnic disparities in the prevalence of dental caries and restorative dental treatment in Brazilian children.

AIM: This study assesses disparities in the oral health status of Brazilian black and white children. PARTICIPANTS: 11- and 12-year-old schoolchildren living in 131 cities of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Spatial data analysis of city-level indexes of oral health, socio-economic status and provision of dental services. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ethnic ratios of the DMFT and the care index. RESULTS: White children had higher indexes of caries in permanent teeth than their black counterparts, concurrent with a higher utilisation of dental attendance. The gap of caries prevalence between black and white children was reduced in cities with a better profile of socio-economic status. Cities with higher per-capita yearly budget, expenditure in health, and provision of public dental services presented reduced indications of ethnic inequality in dental care. CONCLUSION: The knowledge of conditions associated with a lower ethnic discrepancy in the risk of caries and in the incorporation of dental services can be used to design socially appropriate dental services. An improved community dental service, higher public expenditure in health and per-capita municipal yearly budget contribute effectively to reducing inequities in oral health by allowing an incorporation of restorative dental treatment more equitably distributed between black and white children.

Black People↗
PubMed2025

Mechanistic roles of GmSWEET10a/b and GmSUT1 in the oil-protein balance in soybean mature seeds at transcriptional and metabolic levels.

Previous investigations indicated that the soybean (Glycine max) SUGARS WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTER10a/b (GmSWEET10a/b) genes promote oil accumulation, while inhibiting protein accumulation in seeds. To clarify the mechanisms modulated by GmSWEET10a/b in mediating the oil and protein accumulations in soybean seeds, an integrated comparative multiomics was conducted using the double gmsweet10a,b mutant and wild-type (WT) embryos. Spatial metabolomic analysis revealed that gmsweet10a,b embryos were surrounded by a sugar-reduced seed coat and experienced a sugar-starvation state in embryonic tissues in vivo. The decreased sugar content in the gmsweet10a,b embryos reduced the availability of carbon skeletons required for oil synthesis and was associated with decreased expression levels of genes involved in sucrose metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and triacylglycerol assembly. Meanwhile, the expression of genes encoding storage protein was induced in gmsweet10a,b embryos, when compared with WT. These changes resulted in decreased oil content and increased protein content in gmsweet10a,b embryos versus WT. In vitro sugar-starvation assay also supported the suppression of fatty acid biosynthesis and the enhanced storage protein accumulation in developmental embryo under sugar-starved conditions. Furthermore, the knockout of SUCROSE TRANSPORTER 1 (GmSUT1), which was upregulated in gmsweet10a,b embryos, significantly decreased the sugar level, resulting in lower oil content but higher protein content in gmsut1 embryos than WT ones. Our findings provided a mechanistic understanding of the modulation of sugar transport between seed coat to embryo by both GmSWEET10a/b and GmSUT1, which plays a pivotal role in balancing oil and protein accumulations in soybean mature seeds.

Seeds↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Absolute volumetric blood flow measurements using dual-energy digital subtraction angiography.

In recent years, as a solution to the well-documented problems associated with visual interpretation of coronary arteriograms, more physiologic means of assessing coronary artery stenosis are being investigated. Absolute arterial blood flow assessed as a function of time can be a valuable aid in the analysis of functional significance of arterial lesions and obstructions. An absolute volumetric blood flow measurement technique using a motion immune dual-energy subtraction technique is being investigated, where the kVp and filtration are switched at 30 Hz. The low- and high-energy images are corrected for scatter and veiling glare before subtraction. In this technique, the absolute arterial blood flow is calculated by combining the videodensitometric analysis of spatial and temporal aspects concerning the contrast propagation through the arterial bed using tissue suppressed energy subtracted images. The blood flow measurement technique was validated using a pulsatile pump and a flow chamber imaged over a Humanoid chest phantom. A 20-MHz Doppler flow probe was used to validate the measurement of phasic volumetric blood flow. The measured (M) and known (K) mean blood flow for the entrance vessel technique and the videodensitometric calibration technique were related by M = 1.14K - 0.12 ml/s (r2 = 0.98) and M = 1.12K - 0.23 ml/s (r2 = 0.90), respectively. The results indicate that phasic volumetric blood flow can be measured using a CCD camera in conjunction with real time dual-energy subtraction.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction↗
PubMed1997

Probability-based structural parameters from three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance images as predictors of trabecular bone strength.

The mechanical competence of trabecular bone is a function of its apparent density and three-dimensional (3D) distribution. Three-dimensional structure is typically inferred from histomorphometry and stereology on a limited number of two-dimensional anatomic sections. In this work 3D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) images of anisotropic trabecular bone from the distal radius were analyzed in terms of a series of new structural parameters which are obtainable at relatively crude resolution, i.e., in the presence of substantial partial volume blurring. Unlike typical feature extraction techniques requiring image segmentation, the method relies on spatial autocorrelation analysis, which is based on the probability of finding bone at specified locations. The structural parameters were measured from high-resolution images (78x78x78 microm3 voxels) of 23 trabecular bone specimens from the distal radius. Maximum-likelihood bone volume fractions (BVF) were calculated for each voxel and a resolution achievable in vivo (156x156x391 microm3 voxels) was simulated by averaging BVF's from neighboring voxels. The parameters derived from the low-resolution images were found to account for 91% of the variation in Young's modulus. The results suggest that noninvasive assessment of the mechanical competence of trabecular bone in osteoporotic patients may be feasible.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

Sinuous instability of a planar air jet: propagation parameters and acoustic excitation.

The sinuous instability wave of a planar air jet is excited by localized acoustic flow across the nozzle. Phase velocity and the growth exponent are found from synchronous hot-wire measurements made beyond the excited region, where the profile is approximately sech-squared. In the observed range of scaled radian frequency, 0.02-1.33 (the stability limit), results agree with real-frequency (spatially growing) analysis but not with complex-frequency (temporally growing) analysis. The latter predicts smaller phase velocity at low frequencies and has been questioned in edgetone analysis. In further tests, the acoustic driving signal is made independent of downstream distance, as in an organ pipe. The jet deflection is then the sum of acoustic convection and of the instability wave, summing to zero at the nozzle, as proposed by Fletcher, Elder, and others. The instability-wave theory applies to linear behavior in the inviscid limit and therefore to a hypothetical nonspreading jet. The local velocity profile width must be considered in relating to a physical jet. In a flue organ pipe oscillating at equilibrium amplitude the stability-wave theory is not applicable near the lip, where the laminar flow assumed in the theory disappears and the jet deflection exceeds the range of linear behavior. Direct sound generation by the jet is investigated briefly.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1993

Structure of the actin-myosin complex and its implications for muscle contraction.

Muscle contraction consists of a cyclical interaction between myosin and actin driven by the concomitant hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). A model for the rigor complex of F actin and the myosin head was obtained by combining the molecular structures of the individual proteins with the low-resolution electron density maps of the complex derived by cryo-electron microscopy and image analysis. The spatial relation between the ATP binding pocket on myosin and the major contact area on actin suggests a working hypothesis for the crossbridge cycle that is consistent with previous independent structural and biochemical studies.

Actins↗
PubMed1993

Optical time-of-flight and absorbance imaging of biologic media.

Imaging the interior of living bodies with light may assist in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of clinical problems, which include the early detection of tumors and hypoxic cerebral injury. An existing picosecond time-of-flight and absorbance (TOFA) optical system has been used to image a model biologic system and a rat. Model measurements confirmed TOFA principles in systems with a high degree of photon scattering; rat images, which were constructed from the variable time delays experienced by a fixed fraction of early-arriving transmitted photons, revealed identifiable internal structure. A combination of light-based quantitative measurement and TOFA localization may have applications in continuous, noninvasive monitoring for structural imaging and spatial chemometric analysis in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

In vivo MR spectroscopic imaging with P-31. Work in progress.

Magnetic resonance imaging techniques were applied to in vivo spectroscopic analysis of spatially resolved phosphorus spectra in the cat brain to determine whether changes associated with stroke could be detected. Two-dimensional images of separate phosphorus-containing compounds, as well as spectra arising from spatially localized points, demonstrated that metabolism within tissue could be monitored in this manner. Preliminary results of phosphorus imaging of the human body in vivo are reported.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Strain differences in murine ventilatory behavior persist after urethane anesthesia.

Differences in breathing pattern between awake C57BL/6J (B6) and A/J mice are such that A/J mice breathe slower, deeper, and with greater variability than B6. We theorized that urethane anesthesia, by affecting cortical and subcortical function, would test the hypothesis that strain differences require a fully functional neuroaxis. We anesthetized B6 and A/J mice with urethane, placed them in a whole-body plethysmograph, and measured the durations of inspiration and expiration, respiratory frequency (Fr), and peak amplitude during exposure to room air (21% O2), hyperoxia (5 min, 100% O2), hypoxia (5 min, 8% O2), and posthypoxic reoxygenation (5 min, 100% O2). Breathing variability was assessed by calculating the coefficient of variation (CV) and by applying spatial statistics to Poincaré plots constructed from the timing and amplitude data. Even though Fr in anesthetized B6 and A/J mice was greater than that for unanesthetized animals, anesthetized A/J mice still breathed slower, deeper, and with greater variability than B6 mice at rest and during hyperoxia. During the fourth minute of hypoxia, Fr and its CV were not significantly different between strains. Even though Fr was similar between strains immediately after hypoxia, its CV was significantly greater for B6 than A/J mice. Posthypoxic Fr was significantly less than baseline Fr in B6 but not A/J mice, and the CV for posthypoxic Fr was greater for B6 but less for AJ mice compared with baseline CV. This difference in patterning was confirmed by spatial statistical analysis. We conclude that strain-specific differences in respiratory pattern and its variability are robust genetic traits. The neural substrate for these differences, at least partially, exists within subcortical structures generating the breathing pattern.

Anesthetics, Intravenous↗
PubMed1995

Modification of mastication and respiration during swallowing in the adult human.

1. The normal interactions between respiration, mastication, and swallowing were studied in seated adult humans. Respiratory movements and movements of the larynx were recorded with mercury-elastic strain gauges placed around the rib cage and neck. A rigid body containing infrared-emitting diodes (IREDs) was attached to the forehead, and a single IRED was applied to the chin. Jaw and head movements were transduced using the OPTOTRAK spatial motion analysis system. Recordings were made before, during, and after the mastication of pieces of carrot. 2. Movements of the larynx were used as a marker for swallowing. Measurements were made of the duration of masticatory and respiratory cycles, and the phase relationship between the two rhythms was determined. Deviations in masticatory and respiratory movements during swallowing were detected; the phases of the masticatory and respiratory cycles in which the deviations occurred were determined, and the interval between each deviation and the swallowing marker was calculated. 3. Three characteristic swallowing patterns were observed: interposed, terminal, and spontaneous. Interposed swallows occurred within a masticatory sequence, terminal swallows ended the sequence, and spontaneous swallows occurred sporadically between masticatory sequences. 4. Results revealed that mastication could have a profound effect on the respiratory rhythm in some subjects. One subject, whose data were excluded from further analyses, became apneic for a long period, followed by short and shallow breaths near the end of the masticatory sequence. In most subjects, respiratory rate increased during mastication and then dropped below baseline as soon as mastication ended. The end-inspiration diameter of the rib cage tended to decrease in the preswallow period and increase postmastication relative to baseline. 5. There was a weak but significant tendency for inspiration to begin during the jaw opening phase of mastication, but phase coupling did not become stronger as swallowing was approached. 6. Deviations in respiration during swallowing occurred during the late expiratory phase of the breathing cycle. Swallows within a masticatory sequence occurred most frequently during the early opening phase of the masticatory cycle, and terminal swallows occurred after the end of the sequence with the mandible in the resting, postural position. Swallowing temporarily reset both the masticatory and respiratory rhythms. Most swallows prolonged the duration of one or two respiratory cycles, however; swallows were often repetitive, and in some subjects two or three swallows fell within a single respiratory cycle, prolonging it for several seconds. 7. A tight temporal relationship was observed between deviations in respiration and the swallowing marker: all deviations occurred before or coincident with the marker. The time of deviations in mastication relative to the swallowing marker depended on swallow type. There was no link between the start of pauses in the two rhythms, suggesting that the commands from the swallowing central pattern generator to the other two pattern generators are independent. 8. We suggest that disordered coordination of mastication and swallowing with respiration may cause prolonged apnea in susceptible individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Neural mechanisms of global and local processing. A combined PET and ERP study.

The neural mechanisms of hierarchical stimulus processing were investigated using a combined event-related potentials (ERPs) and positron emission tomography (PET) approach. Healthy subjects were tested under two conditions that involved selective or divided attention between local and global levels of hierarchical letter stimuli in order to determine whether and where hemispheric differences might exist in the processing of local versus global information. When attention was divided between global and local levels, the N2 component of the ERPs (260- to 360-msec latency) elicited by the target stimuli showed asymmetries in amplitude over the two hemispheres. The N2 to local targets was larger over the left hemisphere, but the N2 to global targets tended to be slightly larger over the right hemisphere. However, the shorter-latency, sensory-evoked P1 component (90- to 150-msec latency) was not different for global versus local targets under conditions of divided attention. In contrast, during selective attention to either global or local targets, asymmetries in the N2 component were not observed. But under selective attention conditions, the sensory-evoked P1 components in the extrastriate cortex were enlarged for global versus local attention. Increased regional cerebral blood flow in the posterior fusiform gyrus bilaterally was observed in the PET data during selective attention to either global or local targets, but neither these nor the P1 component showed any tendency toward hemispheric difference for global versus local attention. Neither were there any activations observed in the parietal lobe during selective attention to global versus local targets. Together these data indicate that early sensory inputs are not modulated to gate global versus local information differentially into the two hemispheres. Rather, later stages of processing that may be asymmetrically organized in the left and right hemispheres operate in parallel to process global and local aspects of complex stimuli (i.e., the N2 effect of the ERPs). This pattern of results supports models proposing that spatial frequency analysis is only asymmetric at higher stages of perceptual processing and not at the earliest stages of visual cortical analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Orientation tuning properties of simple cells in area V1 derived from an approximate analysis of nonlinear neural field models.

We present a general approximation method for the mathematical analysis of spatially localized steady-state solutions in nonlinear neural field models. These models comprise several layers of excitatory and inhibitory cells. Coupling kernels between and inside layers are assumed to be gaussian shaped. In response to spatially localized (i.e., tuned) inputs, such networks typically reveal stationary localized activity profiles in the different layers. Qualitative properties of these solutions, like response amplitudes and tuning widths, are approximated for a whole class of nonlinear rate functions that obey a power law above some threshold and that are zero below. A special case of these functions is the semilinear function, which is commonly used in neural field models. The method is then applied to models for orientation tuning in cortical simple cells: first, to the one-layer model with "difference of gaussians" connectivity kernel developed by Carandini and Ringach (1997) as an abstraction of the biologically detailed simulations of Somers, Nelson, and Sur (1995); second, to a two-field model comprising excitatory and inhibitory cells in two separate layers. Under certain conditions, both models have the same steady states. Comparing simulations of the field models and results derived from the approximation method, we find that the approximation well predicts the tuning behavior of the full model. Moreover, explicit formulas for approximate amplitudes and tuning widths in response to changing input strength are given and checked numerically. Comparing the network behavior for different nonlinearities, we find that the only rate function (from the class of functions under study) that leads to constant tuning widths and a linear increase of firing rates in response to increasing input is the semilinear function. For other nonlinearities, the qualitative network response depends on whether the model neurons operate in a convex (e.g., x(2)) or concave (e.g., sqrt(x)) regime of their rate function. In the first case, tuning gradually changes from input driven at low input strength (broad tuning strongly depending on the input and roughly linear amplitudes in response to input strength) to recurrently driven at moderate input strength (sharp tuning, supralinear increase of amplitudes in response to input strength). For concave rate functions, the network reveals stable hysteresis between a state at low firing rates and a tuned state at high rates. This means that the network can "memorize" tuning properties of a previously shown stimulus. Sigmoid rate functions can combine both effects. In contrast to the Carandini-Ringach model, the two-field model further reveals oscillations with typical frequencies in the beta and gamma range, when the excitatory and inhibitory connections are relatively strong. This suggests a rhythmic modulation of tuning properties during cortical oscillations.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed2003

Ideal observer analysis of the development of spatial contrast sensitivity in macaque monkeys.

To explore the factors limiting the development of visual sensitivity, we constructed an ideal observer model for the infant macaque visual system. We made measurements of retinal morphology in infant and adult macaque monkeys, and used the data in combination with published optical data to formulate the model. We compared the ideal observer's ability to detect low-contrast gratings presented either in isolation or in spatiotemporal noise with behavioral data obtained under matched conditions. The ideal observer showed some improvement in visual performance up to the age of 4 weeks, but little change thereafter. Behavioral data show extensive changes over the ages 5-50 wk, after the ideal observer's performance has become asymptotic. We conclude that the development of visual sensitivity in infant monkeys is not limited by changes in the front-end factors captured by the ideal observer model, at least after the age of 5 weeks. Using noise masking, we also estimated the variability of neural processing in comparison with the photon noise-limited ideal. We found that both additive and multiplicative components of this variability are elevated in infant monkeys, and improve (though not to ideal levels) during development. We believe that these changes all reflect maturation of visual processing in cortical circuits, and that no aspect of visual performance in the regime we studied is limited by the properties of the retina and photoreceptors, either in infant or in adult animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The relationship of suicide rates to sociodemographic factors in Canadian census divisions.

The correlates of suicide rates were determined by conducting a multivariate study of sociodemographic indicators and suicide rates of 261 Canadian census divisions. Twenty-one sociodemographic variables were entered into a stepwise multiple linear regression to develop a model for suicide rates. The important variables were mortality rate for all causes of death, the age of the population, average family income, population density, proportion with no religious affiliation, proportion of Francophones, unemployment, immigration, proportion of Native people, a regional effect for British Columbia and the north, and growth by mobility, explaining 62% of the observed variation. This spatial ecologic analysis highlights the importance of cultural differences in explaining the variation of suicide rates. The analysis supports the previously found negative relationship between income and suicide while contrasting from previous studies in determining a inverse relationship with unemployment and an inverse relationship with the age distribution.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

Online updating of space-time disease surveillance models via particle filters.

Online surveillance of disease has become an important issue in public health. In particular, the space-time monitoring of disease plays an important part in any syndromic system. However, methodology for these systems is generally lacking. One approach to space-time monitoring of health data is to consider the space-time model parameters as the focus and to monitor their changes as multivariate time series (Lawson AB. Some considerations in spatial-temporal analysis of public health surveillance data. In Brookmeyer R, Stroup DF eds. Monitoring the Health of Populations. Oxford University Press, 2004; Vidal Rodeiro CL, Lawson AB. Monitoring changes in spatio-temporal maps of disease. Biometrical Journal 2006; to appear). However with complex space-time models, this becomes very time consuming. Some simplifications may be necessary and these can be made in a number of ways. In this article, the focus is on particle filters that can be used to resample the history of the process and thereby reduce computation time. This article describes a particular case of particle filters, the resample-move algorithm, proposed by Gilks and Berzuini (Gilks WR, Berzuini C. Following a moving target--Monte Carlo inference for dynamic Bayesian models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 2001; 63: 127-46), in the context of disease map surveillance. This is followed by an application to a real data set in which a comparison between the use of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and the resample-move algorithm is carried out.

Algorithms↗