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PubMed2005

Social and economic development and change in four Guatemalan villages: demographics, schooling, occupation, and assets.

This article uses census data and village histories to examine changes over the last 35 years in the four villages where the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) Longitudinal Study (1969-77) was conducted and offers a rare picture of development and change in rural localities over a long period of time. In addition, by characterizing the environment in which the subjects of this study were raised, we provide context for and inputs into quantitative analyses of data collected at various points in time on these subjects. The villages have undergone massive demographic, social, and economic change. Initial differences have conditioned many of these changes, especially differences associated with agricultural potential and location. Originally these villages were rather isolated, but road and transportation access has improved substantially. The populations in the villages have more than doubled and also have aged. While marriage patterns have held steady, religious practice has changed a great deal. After many years of steady out-migration, three of the four villages are more recently experiencing net in-migration, a pattern associated with ease of access. Schooling access and outcomes also have improved, with average grades of schooling nearly tripling and literacy doubling to levels currently above national averages. Although agriculture remains an important component of individual livelihood strategies, non-agricultural sources of employment have become more important. Much of this change is associated with declining agricultural markets and increased access to non-agricultural jobs near the villages and in the capital. Accompanying these changes has been an improvement in living standards as measured by a number of indicators of household living conditions and consumer durable goods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Are demographic developments influenced by social security?

"On the basis of the existing literature we examined the points at which social security and family demography meet. The main conclusions are: (1) child allowances will only affect fertility if the level of benefit is rather substantial; (2) unemployment provisions may affect fertility; (3) remarriage frequency is probably affected by public assistance benefits; (4) the same possibly holds for the divorce frequency. These conclusions are tentative: the results are contradictory from many viewpoints, some fields have hardly been investigated and it is unclear whether the effects are temporary or lasting." The geographical focus is on developed countries.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Adolescent's development and their participation in social projects].

There is an assumption, generally accepted but without enough supporting evidences, about the positive effects of adolescent participation within social projects in their integral development as social actors. The assumption is that their significant involvement in projects will be reflected later in healthy ways of living, in their empowerment and in their citizenship. This article is based on the Doctoral Thesis of the author, and the ulterior book, where she developed methods and tools which provide supporting evidences about the previous assumption concerning the health promotional character of the participative projects on adolescents. Also she has demonstrated that there are positive effects in their families, their organizations and their communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The clinical significance and assessment of poor peer relations: peer neglect versus peer rejection.

Positive peer relations play a fundamental role in fostering adaptive social-emotional development, and children who experience peer difficulties are at increased risk for poor social development and later maladjustment. Rejected children who are actively disliked by peers are particularly likely to show cross-situational conduct problems and to experience continued rejection over time. Neglected children, who have few friends but are not actively disliked, often evidence social withdrawal; the clinical and predictive significance of their peer problem is yet to be determined empirically. The advantages of including cross-situational ratings of children's behavioral problems along with ratings of their peer relations for clinical assessments are discussed. Specific assessment strategies are presented.

Child↗
PubMed1989

The limits and potential of community development for personal and social change.

Some health and welfare workers are making claims for community development which are both unrealistic and misleading. By tracing the history and public policy use of community development and by defining its characteristics, much of the mystique which surrounds this intervention is eliminated. Community development is revealed in this paper to have potential in the areas of personal and planned social change. However, community development's contribution to fundamental social change is circumscribed by the nature of government sponsorship and by its very process which emphasizes parochialism and the generation of self reliance.

Australia↗
PubMed1992

Changes in concentration of serum prolactin during social and reproductive development of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta).

A homologous radioimmunoassay system developed for humans was used to measure prolactin concentrations in spotted hyaenas. Concentrations of prolactin showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in lactating females, which is consistent with the infrequent suckling pattern of this species. This lack of hyperprolactinaemic conditions during lactation may explain the ability of females to resume reproductive activity soon after the loss of a litter, or even during lactation. Prolactin concentrations did not increase significantly during dispersion in male spotted hyaenas. This conforms to the pattern observed for cortisol, but differs from that for androgen, which fluctuates significantly with social suppression. Although comparative data from other species provide some circumstantial evidence for hyperprolactinaemic conditions during male dispersal, no obvious deductions regarding the recorded inverse relationship between prolactin and cortisol concentrations in mature males could be made.

Androstenedione↗
PubMed2005

Humor development: an important cognitive and social skill in the growing child.

The purpose of this article is to describe McGhee's (1979) stages of humor development from 18 months to 12 years as they relate to Piaget's cognitive stages (Papalia, Olds, & Feldman, 2001) and social development. Humor develops in stages just as other aspects of child development. It parallels and enhances physical, cognitive, language, and psychosocial skill attainment (Franzini, 2002; Robinson, 1991). Knowledge of humor development will provide therapists with an additional tool to facilitate communication with their pediatric clients by helping therapists consider children's developmental levels when using humor in therapeutic contexts.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Effects of social interaction on well-being: development aspects.

The scientific need for nonhuman primates that are born and raised in captivity seems certain to increase and with it, the concern for managing the social development of individual animals so as to maximize their utility throughout a potentially long career. This practical objective is not only compatible with a concern for psychological well-being, but presupposes similar aims and criteria. For both concerns the most reliable guidelines are derived from basic research. The data available indicate that primate social development is directional, proceeding from extreme dependence on care-givers initially (subserved by mother-directed behaviors) toward relative autonomy and adult competence (dominated by other-directed behaviors). Individuals are not passive recipients at any point in this process, rather they are active participants in their development, engaged with their surroundings and responding selectively to what the environment affords. From this standpoint, developmental effects are the outcome of transactions with the environment. They are emergent phenomena, neither wholly independent of environmental influences, nor completely determined by them. It follows that the long-range utility and well-being of captive animals will be served well if they are able to select those with whom they will interact and modes of interaction that are appropriate to their level of development and current motivational state. This can generally be accomplished by permitting individuals to develop, at least through weaning, in the company of their biologic mothers within an approximation of a species-normal social group. When such latitude is impossible, the social environment should be arranged with the individuals' developmental levels as a primary concern.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The effect of prepubertal immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone on the development of sexual and social behavior of bulls.

To determine the effect of prepubertal immunization against GnRH on the development of sexual and social behavior of Friesian bulls, 90 calves were randomly assigned to five treatments: 1) I2, immunized against GnRH at 2 and boosted at 2.5, 4, and 7.5 mo of age, n = 2 x 10; 2) I4, immunized against GnRH at 4 and boosted at 4.5 and 7.5 mo of age, n = 2 x 10; 3) I7.5, immunized against GnRH at 7.5 and boosted at 8 mo of age n = 2 x 10; 4) S, steers castrated at 2 mo of age, n = 10; and 5) B, intact bulls, n = 2 x 10. Blood samples were collected initially every 2, then every 3 wk. Plasma was analyzed for anti-GnRH titers and plasma testosterone concentration. Sexual and agonistic behavior, male-male mounting, and damage to paddocks was assessed throughout the experiment. All immunized calves developed antibodies against GnRH (32.3 +/- 2.0% bound at a 1:10 plasma:PBS-BSA dilution, 14 d after first boost). Plasma testosterone concentrations were < 1 ng/mL for all immunized animals until 11 mo of age, when they increased to levels found in intact bulls at 14 mo of age. At slaughter, testes and seminal vesicle weights were 38.3 and 31.6% lighter, respectively, for all immunized treatments compared to B. There were no significant differences between I2, I4, and I7.5 in any of the sexual or agonistic behavior tests. Bulls scored higher than steers in all sexual behavior tests. Immunized bulls scored lower than bulls in sexual behavior tests from 10 to 17 mo of age. The proportion of immunized animals that serviced an estrous cow was lower than the proportion of intact bulls at 10, 12.5, 14, and 17 mo of age. Immunized animals scored lower than bulls in bull challenge tests at 8.5, 11.5, 13, 14.5, and 17 mo of age. Paddock damage by animals on the three immunization treatments was lower than that by bulls from 7 to 14.5 mo of age, as were leg were scores (an indicator of male-male mounting behavior) from 9 to 14 mo of age. There was no difference in sexual behavior between immunized bulls (I2, I4, and I7.5) and bulls while held in lairage pens for 16 h before slaughter, but all treatment groups scored higher than steers. There was a similar trend for agonistic behavior, although I4 bulls were no different from steers. Prepubertal immunization against GnRH at 2, 4, and 7.5 mo of age impaired testes function and affected the development of social and sexual behavior of young bulls.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Occupational health research in developing countries: a partner for social justice.

Occupational health remains neglected in developing countries because of competing social, economic, and political challenges. Occupational health research in developing countries should recognize the social and political context of work relations, especially the fact that the majority of developing countries lack the political mechanisms to translate scientific findings into effective policies. Researchers in the developing world can achieve tangible progress in promoting occupational health only if they end their professional isolation and examine occupational health in the broader context of social justice and national development in alliance with researchers from other disciplines. An occupational health research paradigm in developing countries should focus less on the workplace and more on the worker in his or her social context.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2001

Review of papers presented at the Round Table session on social and emotional development in deaf children: services in four countries.

In the Round Table discussion after the keynote lecture given by anthropologist Laura Lakshmi Fjord, presentations were given by Anna-Lena Tvingstedt, psychologist, PhD and research fellow, Malmö University College, Sweden; by Brita Edlund, Sign Language teacher and chair of the Finnish/Swedish association for parents of deaf children, Finland; by Dusan Kuhar, psychologist and family therapist at the Education center for deaf and hard-of-hearing children in Ljubljana, Slovenia and by Felicity Gifford, teacher of the deaf, State Coordinator of Services to Deaf and Hearing Impaired students, Department of Education, Tasmania, Australia. The focus of the session was set on needs and processes in a family when the diagnosis of a deaf child has just been given. This paper is a summary of the four presentations.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Social preferences of developing guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) from the preweaning to the periadolescent periods.

Preference tests in a novel environment (Experiment 1) and unobtrusive observations in a specialized living environment (Experiment 2) examined the attractiveness of various classes of conspecifics for maturing guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). It was found that (a). the young continued to remain near the mother well beyond weaning; (b). there was increased time spent with unrelated adult females, but not males, after weaning; (c). male and female offspring behaved similarly; and (d). littermates spent considerable time with each other. These results provide no evidence that guinea pigs approaching sexual maturity begin to associate preferentially with novel animals or potential breeding partners. Choices were largely predictable from earlier findings of the ability of various classes of conspecifics to reduce hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity of the young.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Cognitive and social factors in the development of infants with Down syndrome.

Infants and young children with Down syndrome can be engaging and affectionate. It seems that in the early months of life their personal relations may be relatively 'spared' the effects of limitations in their capacities for information-processing. Yet how far is this the case as development proceeds? In this paper we discuss some ways in which social and cognitive development interact and mutually influence one another over the first year or so of life, and present preliminary findings from a longitudinal study of infants with and without Down syndrome. The evidence suggests that the development of 'triadic' (person-person-world) social interactions may be affected by limited information-processing capacities in infants with Down syndrome, through a complex socially-mediated developmental trajectory.

Attention↗