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PubMed1995

African women carry the message. World Conference on Women.

The African Women's Network (AWN), organized by CEDPA alumnae at the Cairo population conference, has expanded its ranks and is bringing the Cairo consensus on women's empowerment to hundreds of NGOs throughout the continent. In November, AWN participants at the African NGO Regional Forum in Dakar helped to draft the Plan of Action for the World Conference on Women in Beijing, ensuring that key Cairo issues--including reproductive health care, sustainable development and poverty alleviation, the impact of AIDS on women, and gender equity--were addressed. With support from the UNFPA, the AWN and CEDPA organized a "Population Tent" at the forum, which highlighted family planning and reproductive health projects in Africa. AWN collaborated with the Senegal women's organization Yewwu Yewwi, the African Population Advisory Committee (APAC), and FEMNET, which is organizing African NGO participation for Beijing. Further expanding awareness of Cairo issues, CEDPA alumnae and staff members Khadijat L. Mojidi, Belkis Giorgis, and Andrea Okwesa conducted workshops on advocacy, gender and development, community-based family planning, and adolescent reproductive health programs.

Africa↗
PubMed2000

Advocacy for sexual and reproductive health: the challenge in India.

Six years after the Indian government affirmed its commitment to the principles of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, there is still a limited understanding of the concept of reproductive and sexual health among policymakers, programme managers and the public in India. Despite some progressive changes, there is a continuing focus on stabilising population growth rates and lack of unity of goals among women's rights advocates, service providers and policymakers. Advocacy efforts need to begin focusing on turning progressive reproductive health policies into concrete programmes on the ground, and continue to push for progressive policies in uncharted areas such as domestic violence. Those who implement programmes need to work with potential allies such as women's groups, development groups, health workers' associations and the media, who all need to be brought on board. What continues to be missing are policies and programmes that promote not only health but also rights and the empowerment of women. Without a strong focus on the links between these, India's reproductive health policies and programmes may become like 'grass without roots'.

Consumer Advocacy↗
PubMed2000

Regulating surrogacy--a contravention of human rights?

On the 2nd of October 2000, The Human Rights Act 1998 came into full force, signalling the incorporation of The European Convention on Human Rights into U.K. law. Areas of law believed to be inconsistent with the Convention may now be challenged in both The European Court of Human Rights and domestic courts. This article considers whether existing laws on the regulation of access to infertility services, in particular surrogacy, will be deemed incompatible with the ECHR. Human rights as enshrined within Articles 8 and 12 will be examined in light of recent suggestions that there may arise legal challenges by those who have had access to reproductive services restricted or denied. It will be shown that, although existing and potential future controls may arguably infringe these rights, it is nevertheless unlikely that they will be held to be in contravention of The Human Rights Act 1998.

Europe↗
PubMed2004

Legal harmonization and reproductive tourism in Europe.

Legislation of ethical issues illustrates the uneasy mix of ethics and politics. Although the majority has the political right to express its moral views in the law, a number of important ethical values like autonomy, tolerance and respect for other people's opinions urge the majority to take the minorities' position into account. Ignoring pluralism in society will inevitably lead to reproductive tourism. Although European legislation and harmonization in the domain of medically assisted reproduction is presented as a partial solution to this phenomenon, it is argued that European legislation should be avoided as much as possible. Regulation of these private ethical matters should be left to the national parliaments. A soft or compromise legislation will keep reproductive travelling to a minimum. Reproductive tourism is a safety valve that reduces moral conflict and expresses minimal recognition of the others' moral autonomy.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2005

Looking for the meaning of dignity in the Bioethics Convention and the Cloning Protocol.

This paper is focused on the analysis of two documents (the Council of Europe's Bioethics Convention and the Additional Cloning Protocol) inasmuch as they refer to the relationship between human dignity and human genetic engineering. After presenting the stipulations of the abovementioned documents, I will review various proposed meanings of human dignity and will try to identify which of these seem to be at the core of their underlying assumptions. Is the concept of dignity proposed in the two documents coherent? Is it morally legitimate? Is it, as some might assume, of Kantian origin? Does it have any philosophical roots?

Bioethics↗
PubMed1982

Social, spatial and political determinants of U.S. abortion rates.

Abortion rates in the United States have risen annually since the 1973 Supreme Court decision. The regions with the greatest rate increases are the Southern and Plains states; the lowest rate increases were in regions which had high abortion rates soon after abortion was legalized. While spatial contiguity appears to influence abortion rates, that is, states with high rates of abortion are clustered spatially, social and political influence are also evident. Ratification of the equal rights amendment, the seeking of abortion outside the state of residence, and the degree of urbanization within a state are variables which influenced U.S. abortion rates between 1973 and 1977.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1989

The documentation of Nazi medicine by German medical sociologists: a review article.

Research by medical sociologists, historians, and representatives of other disciplines in Hamburg, West Germany, is reviewed as an example of ongoing detailed exploration of health and social policies under the Nazis which resulted in devastating human consequences, and of a continuing impact on present official policies and actions. An almost total silence by organized West German medicine about its role during the national socialist regime, and the failure of many administrators, university researchers, and a large segment of the general public since then to deal with the past and its consequences conscientiously were turned into a focal charge during a congress on health held in Berlin in 1980 under the auspices of politically and socially concerned professional individuals. The resulting documentation of the facts and their publication in a series of books and articles is a part of the effort to allow Germans to face their past, and to relate it to the long shadows cast into the present. The Hamburg reports reveal details of specific past activities and illustrate the repeated failures to hold individuals accountable for their participation in irresponsible health administrative acts and medical practices as well as the denials of the persons concerned and their retention in public and professional roles. The ongoing general historical debates in West Germany concerned with the proper interpretation of Nazi history illustrate the significance of the specific research tasks adopted by these medical social scientists and historians. Though not further explored in this review, the theoretical implications of these reports for the systematic study of medical systems is illustrated by abstraction of basic issues addressed in these research efforts.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2004

The Nazi symbiosis: politics and human genetics at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute.

The case of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics (KWIA), from its inception in Weimar Republic Germany to its apogee under the rule of the Third Reich, is an example of how politics and human heredity can function as mutually beneficial resources. Whether it was a result of the Nazi bureaucrats' desire to legitimize their racial policy through science, or the KWIA personnel's desire to secure more funding for their research, the symbiotic relationship that developed between human genetics and Nazi politics could help explain why many scientists in the Third Reich undertook research projects that wholly transgressed the boundaries of morally acceptable science.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2000

Site of semen deposition in cattle: a review.

The breeding of cattle using conventional artificial insemination methods involves the deposition of semen in the uterine body. However, it has been recently proposed by several authors that the site of semen deposition be changed to the uterine horns. This suggestion is based on 2 facts: the acceptance that the major preovulatory sperm reservoir may be the uterotubal junction rather than the cervical canal, and the lack of accuracy by inseminators in depositing semen. In over 50% of cases, inseminators were not sufficiently trained to deposit semen into the uterine body, so that intracervical insemination was often performed resulting in reduced fertility. The advantage of deep uterine insemination, whether bicornual or unicornual, is that it favors the deposition of semen nearer to the uterotubal junction and thus reduces the incidence of cervical deposition. This review updates the literature on the ideal site of semen deposition, including cervical, uterine body, cornual and intraperitoneal. Also analyzed are the effects of right vs. left side activity of the female reproductive tract on the optimum site of semen deposition as it affects fertilization. Finally, the question of whether the clinical training of inseminators should be reevaluated is discussed.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2002

Sex selection: the systematic elimination of girls.

In strongly patriarchal societies, where the cultural and economic value of sons is at a premium, son preference manifests itself in many ways, ranging from differential allocation of household resources, medical care and neglect of girl children to female infanticide. With the increasing availability of ultrasound in the mid-1980s sex determination followed by sex-selective abortion began to become widespread as well. The following paper introduces this Roundtable and discusses the following questions: Is sex selection a part of women's right to free choice and control over their reproduction? What is the role of the medical profession? Are all manifestations of sex selection equally unethical? Are there solutions? Do the solutions themselves pose new ethical dilemmas? Following this paper, four respondents put different points of view on sex selection as a gender-based preference for a pregnancy; progress in getting the Supreme Court of India to implement a 1994 law regulating the use of antenatal diagnostic technology; why sex selection should be available as a form of reproductive choice; and why sex selection may be empowering for women and justify their actions in the short run, given the demands on them. All agree that only improved status for women and girls will reduce the demand for sex selection.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2005

Women in Arab countries: challenging the patriarchal system?

Progress in the empowerment of Arab women was found to be low in a 2002 report. Yet Arab women's status is not reflected in continuing high fertility, which in 2000 had dropped sharply in one generation to 3.4. This paper discusses why fertility decline could nevertheless have taken place in the Arab countries. Islam has not stood in the way of fertility decline, as Iran and Algeria show. From the mid- 1970s to 1980s, subsidised consumption through oil wealth redistribution reduced the cost of children, and social conservatism kept married women out of the labour force, both of which promoted higher fertility. The early stages of fertility decline were mainly due to longer length of education of girls, rising female age at first marriage, e.g. 28 in urban Morocco and 29 in Libya, and entry into the labour force of young, single women. There is also a growing population sub-group of never-married young women. Collapsing oil prices and structural adjustment reduced household resources and became an effective fertility regulation factor. Girls born since the 1950s have not only been educated longer than their mothers, but also their fathers, which increases their authority. These factors, and women's activism and civil and political lobbying for the reform of personal status now underway in a number of Arab countries, could all challenge the patriarchal system.

Adult↗