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PubMed1992

Integrating human factors with the Jackson System Development method: an illustrated overview.

The motivation for integrating human factors with structured systems analysis and design methods has been set out in earlier papers. In addition, a preliminary conception of such an integration has been proposed for the Jackson System Development method (referred to as JSD*), and a set of requirements, research and strategies suggested for further developing this conception. The present paper reports the progress of the research, and presents an overview of the stage-wise design process, scope and notation of the JSD* method. The method is discussed and illustrated using a simple case-study concerning a Recreation Booking System.

Cognition↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of spirituality content in nursing textbooks.

Although most nurses believe spiritual care is an integral component of quality, holistic nursing care, they rarely address spiritual issues and typically feel unprepared to do so. One reason for nurses' lack of preparedness to provide spiritual interventions is that their basic education only minimally discusses spirituality and related issues. This is compounded by the problem that only sporadic reference to spiritual care is found in most nursing textbooks. This study was conducted to analyze the content related to spirituality in nursing textbooks in order to determine where spiritual care is addressed and evaluate its adequacy. A total of 50 textbooks from a wide variety of nursing specialty areas were selected from the most recent Brandon Hill list. These books were examined to assess the percentage of pages discussing spiritual issues and analyze inclusion of core content essential for nursing practice. Although there was considerable variation among the books from all specialty areas, overall, hospice/terminal care, fundamentals of nursing, health assessment/health promotion, and transcultural nursing textbooks provided the most information about spirituality and spiritual care. Textbooks focusing on professional issues, medical-surgical nursing, maternal-child health nursing, critical care nursing, and community health nursing contained the least spiritual content. Suggestions are made regarding how to integrate spiritual issues and spiritual care in all nursing textbooks that pertain directly to patient care.

Authorship↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ECG boy: low-cost medical instrumentation using mass-produced, hand-held entertainment computers. A preliminary report.

A prototype low-cost, portable ECG monitor, the "ECG Boy," is described. A mass produced hand-held video game platform is the basis for a complete three-lead, driven right-leg electrocardiogram (ECG). The ECG circuitry is planned to fit in a standard modular cartridge that is inserted in a production Nintendo "Gameboy." The combination is slightly smaller than a paperback book and weighs less than 500 g. The unit contains essential safety features such as optical isolation and is powered by 9-V and AA batteries. Functionally, the ECG Boy permits viewing ECG recordings in real time on the integrated screen. The user can select both the lead displayed on the screen and the time scale used. A 1-mV reference allows for calibration. Other ECG enhancements such as data transmission via telephone can be easily and inexpensively added to this system. The ECG Boy is intended as a proof of concept for a new class of low-cost biomedical instruments. Rising health care costs coupled with tightened funding have created an acute demand for low-cost medical equipment that satisfies safety and quality standards. A mass-produced microprocessor-based platform designed for the entertainment market can keep costs low while providing a functional basis for a biomedical instrument.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMed1975

Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man.

Two distinct late-positive components of the scalp-recorded auditory evoked potential were identified which differed in their latency, scalp topography and psychological correlates. The earlier component, called "P3a" (latency about 240 msec), was elicited by infrequent, unpredictable shifts of either intensity or frequency in a train of tone pips whether the subject was ignoring (reading a book) or attending to the tones (counting). The later component, called "P3a" (mean latency about 350 msec), occurred only when the subject was actively attending to the tones; it was evoked by the infrequent, unpredictable stimulus shifts, regardless of whether the subject was counting that stimulus or the more frequently occurring stimulus. Both of these distinct psychophysiological entities have previously been refered to as the "P3" or "P300" in the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Contraindications for superficial heat and therapeutic ultrasound: do sources agree?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the amount of agreement among general rehabilitation sources for both superficial heating and therapeutic ultrasound contraindications. DATA SOURCES: English-language textbook and peer-reviewed journal sources, from January 1992 to July 2002. Searches of computerized databases (HealthSTAR, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase) as well as Library of Congress Online Catalogs, Books in Print, and AcqWeb's Directory of Publishers and Venders. DATA SELECTION: Sources were excluded if they (1) were published before 1992, (2) failed to address general rehabilitation audiences, or (3) were identified as a researcher's related publication with similar information on the topic. DATA EXTRACTION: Type and number of contraindications, type of audience, year of publication, number of references, rationales, and alternative treatment strategies. DATA SYNTHESIS: Eighteen superficial heat and 20 ultrasound sources identified anywhere from 5 to 22 and 9 to 36 contraindications/precautions, respectively. Agreement among sources was generally high but ranged from 11% to 95%, with lower agreement noted for pregnancy, metal implants, edema, skin integrity, and cognitive/communicative concerns. Seventy-two percent of superficial heat sources and 25% of ultrasound sources failed to reference at least 1 contraindication claim. CONCLUSIONS: Agreement among contraindication sources was generally good for both superficial heat and therapeutic ultrasound. Sources varied with regard to the number of contraindications, references, and rationales cited. Greater reliance on objective data and standardized classification systems may serve to develop more uniform guidelines for superficial heat and therapeutic ultrasound.

Contraindications↗
PubMed2005

Delayed treatment of flexor tendon injuries including grafting.

This article synthesizes an enormous amount of peer reviewed articles, book chapters, and anecdotal clinical information regarding the late management of flexor tendon injuries by free-tendon grafting, tenolysis, and staged reconstruction. Some of the most pertinent historical contributions to these subjects have been reviewed in concert with an update regarding the most widely used current clinical methods for performing these procedures. This article points out areas of controversy and references the dissenting opinions from those presented here. The delayed treatment of flexor tendon injuries has advanced considerably in the last half century. Although much of the sage advice of the historic masters of flexor tendon surgery remains clinically applicable today, newer techniques and much improved therapy protocols have improved appreciably the results of the procedures described in this treatise. It is realistic and exciting to anticipate that the future will continue to improve the results of these methods through biologic manipulation of tendon healing and adhesion formation.

Finger Injuries↗
PubMed2004

[Poor scientific behavior in communication of biomedical results].

INTRODUCTION: The generically known as poor scientific behavior exists in different degrees with regard to biomedical communications and publications. From authentic fraud in the data up to the called "tricks" for curriculum fattening. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The objective of this work is to review the works presented in the XVIII Congress of the Andalusian Society of Internal Medicine (Marbella, October 2001), comparing them with the abstracts books of six more scientific meetings and congresses both regional and national. RESULTS: Of the 183 works evaluated in this review, 22 (12.02%) were doubled and 13 (7.10%) fragmented, in other words, a total of 35 (19.33%). The groups that presented communications were 36, and 17 of them (47.22%) carried out one or both fraudulent tactics. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the little bibliographic reference, in our environment exists the duplication and the fragmentation of works presented, in general as a system for curriculum increase. We advocate a higher clarity and commitment in the relationship between editors and authors, and an upsurge of the aspects of punishable deontological regulation on the one hand and of the ethics or a priori commitment on the other one.

Behavior↗
PubMed2005

[Aretaeus of Cappadocia's reading of the Hippocratic Corpus].

Aretaeus' debt to Hippocrates, evident in his adoption of the Ionic dialect and of a syntax closely imitative of that of the Hippocratic treatises, goes deeper still. In the wake of the work of K. Deichgräber, this paper analyses echoes of Hippocrates in the eight books On Acute and Chronic Diseases in an attempt to show the frequency of the quotations and their argumentative function. The study shows clearly that Aretaeus gives special weight to those treatises of the Hippocratic Corpus which had been the subject of commentaries, and that he assumes that his readers are sufficiently familiar with those treatises to be able to identify references not explicitly indicated in the text. These Hippocratic treatises supply Aretaeus with his starting point for a definition of ethics and medical etiquette.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed2001

Effect of mirabilitum in formularization: change of prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory activity and of constituents using the preparation method of Tokaku-joki-to.

To clarify the effect of Mirabilitum in formularization, change of prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory activity and of constituents using the preparation method of a Kampo formula Tokaku-joki-to ([Japanese characters: see text], Persia and Rhubarb combination) was examined by the liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) method. Mirabilitum under boiling condition caused qualitative and quantitative change of the constituents through hydrolysis which caused a change of its activity. This was considered to be the main reason the classical Chinese medical book "Shang han lun ([Japanese characters: see text])" specified that Mirabilitum should be added at a later stage of decoction.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Manure sampling for nutrient analysis: variability and sampling efficacy.

Reliable estimation of nutrient concentrations is required to manage animal manure for protecting waters while sustaining crop production. This study was conducted to investigate sample variability and reliable nutrient analysis for several manure types and handling systems. Serial samples were collected from dairy, swine, and broiler poultry operations while manure was being loaded onto hauler tanks or spreaders for field application. Samples were analyzed for total solids (TS), total nitrogen (N), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4-N), total phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The least number of samples needed for reliable testing of total N and P, defined as +/- 10% of the experimental means with 99% probability, was obtained for each farm using a computer-intensive random resampling technique. Sample variability within farms, expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV), was mostly 6 to 8% for farms that used agitation of manure storages but several times higher (20-30%) on farms where no agitation was applied during the sampling period. Results from the random resampling procedure indicated that for farms that used agitation, three to five samples were adequate for a representative composite for reliable testing of total N and P; whereas for farms without agitation, at least 40 samples would be required. Data also suggest that using book values for manure nutrient estimations could be problematic because the discrepancies between book standards and measured farm data varied widely from a small amount to several fold.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

A visual study of surface potentials and Laplacians due to distributed neocortical sources: computer simulations and evoked potentials.

A "picture book" of surface potentials, Laplacians, and magnetic fields due to distributed, neocortical sources is presented. The mathematically simulated data is based on 4200 current sources at the macrocolumn scale. Estimated scalp surface maps are based on the three-concentic spheres model of the head. Emphasis is placed on the effects of sampling with a limited number of electrodes, the choice of reference electrode, and the use of the spline Laplacian to improve spatial resolution. The spline Laplacian is applied to median and ulnar nerve somatosensory evoked potentials and to auditory evoked potentials including P300. Substantial improvement in spatial resolution over conventional methods is obtained. The implementation of practical high resolution EEG systems based on the spline Laplacian is considered.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

Mismatch negativity to changes in a continuous tone with regularly varying frequencies.

By using the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the event-related potential, it was demonstrated that changes within a repetitively presented tone pattern can be automatically (i.e., involuntarily and attention-independently) detected by the human brain. Patterns consisting of 5 tones, immediately succeeding one another and differing in frequency, were delivered to subjects reading a self-selected book. There was a frequent, "standard" (P = 0.90) and an infrequent, "deviant" (P = 0.10) pattern presented in random order. The deviant pattern elicited the MMN even when the auditory stimulation was continuous, that is, no empty between-pattern interval indicated the beginning of a tone pattern. It may be concluded that the MMN mechanism is not necessarily timed by an "external" reference but is able to use "internal" units extracted from the repetitive structure inherent in the incessant flow of acoustic signals. The MMN paradigm seems to provide a tool to illuminate the organization of acoustic signals into auditory units.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

Threshold for diagnosing prostate cancer over time.

Paralleling the detection of earlier prostate cancer over the last several years, there have been numerous efforts to educate practicing pathologists on the diagnosis of limited prostate cancer on needle biopsy via journal articles, Web sites, books, and educational courses. The current study was undertaken to assess whether the threshold for the diagnosis of prostate cancer on needle biopsy has lowered over time. One thousand twelve prostate needle biopsy cases obtained in consultation by 1 of the authors because of diagnostic concerns over a period of 12 weeks (November 15, 2001 to February 15, 2002) were reviewed. Cases referred by either the patient or clinicians were excluded. The final diagnoses in this series were compared with a previously published series of needle biopsy cases of the prostate seen in consultation by the same author in 1993-1994. The percentage of cancer in the 2001-2002 series was 55.1%, compared with 69.6% for the 1993-1994 series. The mean and median numbers of malignant glands in the 2001-2002 series (mean, 21.9; median, 14; range, 2 to 296) were significantly smaller than in the 1993-1994 series (mean, 31.0; median, 20; range, 2 to 300; P<0.00001). The incidence of atypical glands that were suspicious for but not diagnostic of carcinoma was 23.9% in the 2001-2002 series and was 10.7% in the 1993-1994 series. The mean and median numbers of atypical glands in the 2001-2002 series were 9.4 and 6, respectively (range, 1 to 70); these parameters were not available for the previous series. The percentage of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia diagnoses was similar in the 2001-2002 and 1993-1994 series (5.1% and 4.6%, respectively), as was the overall frequency of benign cases (15.8% and 15.1%, respectively). The percentage of cases that were accompanied by immunohistochemical stains for 34betaE12 in the 2001-2002 series was 44.4%, which was much more than the 2.5% seen in the 1993-1994 series; if anything, this should have resulted in a lower atypical rate in the current series. In more recent years, cases sent for consultation have more limited cancer, with a correspondingly higher percentage of cases that are diagnosed as atypical, yet not diagnostic of cancer. The number of atypical glands in the recent series was very limited, such that a change over time in the threshold for diagnosing cancer by the consultant is an unlikely explanation. It appears that pathologists are becoming more skilled at diagnosing limited prostate cancer and are referring predominantly cases with fewer cancer glands and more difficult atypical cases with few glands.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1979

An annotated bibliography of the remarried, the living together, and their children.

This bibliography was developed by the Remarried Consultation Center of the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services of New York City for our own use. Because there is a growing interest in remarriage and the new types of families this social phenomenon creates, we became convinced that the meager number of articles and books in this area would be of interest to others. We have focused our attention on the now common phenomenon of the remarried and those living together in a committed relationship situation. Some articles that were not designed as studies of remarriage situations are included because their content is pertinent to our subject. The bibliography is divided into six sections to facilitated reference use. It should be noted, however, that these sections are not rigid and that some items could readily have been included under two or more sections. Articles included cover publication dates through April 1978. The six sections are: I. Demography; II. Remarried Couples; III. Stepparents and Stepchildren; IV. Divorce as a Precursor to Remarriage; V. Children of Divorce in Relation to Remarriage; VI. Remarriage-Prophylactic and Therapeutic Aspects. Unfortunately we did not find sufficient material to warrant a section on theoretical aspects. We have tried to make this bibliography as complete as possible using two computer retrieval systems as well as our own search of the literature. If you are familiar with references we have missed, we should appreciate hearing from you.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Sweet potato in pre-Columbian Polynesia--an overview].

An overview is presented on the reports available so far on sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, cultivated widely in Polynesia in the pre-Columbian era, with reference to possible ways and presumptive dates of transfer from the Americas to Polynesia, such as (1) Polynesian navigators' travel to Peru, (2) Peruvian fishermen's drift westward, (3) vessel drift, (4) seed drift, (5) root-tuber drift, and (6) transport by birds. The author supports the case (1) as most plausible. Ganshu or Ganchu described in the old Chinese herbal books is identified as Dioscorea esculenta. An introduction of the tuber to China and Japan is briefly mentioned.

Americas↗
PubMed2000

[Analysis and investigation on annotations on synopsis of Jade book of golden chamber (Jin gui yi han yao lue shu yi)].

It is claimed that this Annotations on Synopsis of Jade Book of Golden Chamber written by the Japanese Kitamura Tadahiro may possibly recover, to a great extent, the original face of Jingui (Synopsis of Golden Chamber) through textual research. This is supported by the author's own study. It is also held that Kitamura's expounding on Jingui's theory is unique, based on his rich medical practice. This is of significant reference value to both clinical practice and textual research.

China↗
PubMed1991

Understanding differential diagnostic disagreement in pathology.

The Diagnostic Encyclopedia Workstation (DEW) was developed to support pathologists in diagnosing ovarian tumors. In this evaluation study, we had pathologists at several levels of experience diagnose a number of cases using either books or the DEW. In the context of this study, we needed a standard by which to measure performance of these pathologists. We, therefore, had experts enumerate for each test case the diagnoses they considered morphologically similar. To our surprise, the resulting lists of the experts varied considerably. The differential diagnosis of a disease based on its morphological characteristics, however, constitutes important reference knowledge in solving diagnostic problems. The question rose why the experts differed so much in their differential diagnostic knowledge. The ontogeny of a pathologist's personal knowledge is discussed and used to derive a model that can explain the limited consensus in differential diagnosis. The model helps to identify factors that may cause pathologists to diverge and others that may cause them to converge with respect to their knowledge. Strategies are proposed that are useful in achieving a better (differential) diagnostic consensus.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed2007

HMDB: the Human Metabolome Database.

The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is currently the most complete and comprehensive curated collection of human metabolite and human metabolism data in the world. It contains records for more than 2180 endogenous metabolites with information gathered from thousands of books, journal articles and electronic databases. In addition to its comprehensive literature-derived data, the HMDB also contains an extensive collection of experimental metabolite concentration data compiled from hundreds of mass spectra (MS) and Nuclear Magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomic analyses performed on urine, blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples. This is further supplemented with thousands of NMR and MS spectra collected on purified, reference metabolites. Each metabolite entry in the HMDB contains an average of 90 separate data fields including a comprehensive compound description, names and synonyms, structural information, physico-chemical data, reference NMR and MS spectra, biofluid concentrations, disease associations, pathway information, enzyme data, gene sequence data, SNP and mutation data as well as extensive links to images, references and other public databases. Extensive searching, relational querying and data browsing tools are also provided. The HMDB is designed to address the broad needs of biochemists, clinical chemists, physicians, medical geneticists, nutritionists and members of the metabolomics community. The HMDB is available at: www.hmdb.ca.

Databases, Factual↗