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PubMed1999

Memory for emotional material: a comparison of central versus peripheral beta blockade.

The connection between affect and memory is poorly understood. A possible psychopharmacological linking mechanism is the sympathetic arousal that occurs in response to threatening or emotive material. Cahill et al. (1994) reported that a single administration of 40 mg propranolol hydrochloride, a non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker, to healthy young adults significantly reduced delayed recall of emotive material, with recall of matched neutral material unaffected. This study differed importantly from the original Cahill et al. (1994) procedure in that only the emotionally arousing narrative was employed. Using the same slide presentation as Cahill et al. (1994), an experiment was carried out in order to determine whether beta-adrenergic blockade significantly reduces recall of emotive material via a central or peripheral mode of action. Thirty-six healthy young adults were recruited as subjects. Subjects were randomly allocated to three groups: (a) placebo (b) 40 mg propranolol hydrochloride (a beta blocker which readily crosses the blood brain barrier) and (c) 40 mg nadolol (a beta blocker which does not cross the blood-brain barrier). The three groups were matched for age, sex, intelligence, personality factors, and general memory functioning. Subjects viewed a series of 11 slides accompanied by a narrative, divisible into three phases. The emotionally arousing component of the narrative was introduced during phase II. Both central and peripheral beta blockade produced the expected effects on the sympathetic nervous system, as demonstrated by reliable reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In a surprise memory test 1 week later, subjects were asked to recall as much as possible of the story and slides, and also completed a forced choice recognition memory test. All three groups showed heightened recall and recognition for the central (emotive) section of the story. There was no differential effect of beta blockade (either central or peripheral) relative to placebo. Beta blockade markedly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but resulted in no significant effect on memory for both emotional and neutral material.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1982

Short-term memory performance in the absence of phonological coding.

These experiments examined the short-term memory performance of an aphasic patient with posterior damage who shows a selective deficit in phonological coding. In recognition memory tests, the patient relied on both visual and semantic coding, and often showed an essentially normal level of accuracy. However, for memory sets consisting of four function words, his performance was quite impaired. Also, his retention of order information was far below that of normal controls. The implications of these deficits in short-term memory for language comprehension and production are discussed.

Aphasia↗
PubMed2001

Episodic memory and common sense: how far apart?

Research has revealed facts about human memory in general and episodic memory in particular that deviate from both common sense and previously accepted ideas. This paper discusses some of these deviations in light of the proceedings of The Royal Society's Discussion Meeting on episodic memory. Retrieval processes play a more critical role in memory than commonly assumed; people can remember events that never happened; and conscious thoughts about one's personal past can take two distinct forms-'autonoetic' remembering and 'noetic' knowing. The serial-dependent-independent (SPI) model of the relations among episodic, semantic and perceptual memory systems accounts for a number of puzzling phenomena, such as some amnesic patients' preserved recognition memory and their ability to learn new semantic facts, and holds that episodic remembering of perceptual information can occur only by virtue of its mediation through semantic memory. Although common sense endows many animals with the ability to remember their past experiences, as yet there is no evidence that humanlike episodic memory-defined in terms of subjective time, self, and autonoetic awareness-is present in any other species.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Memory in children with temporal or extra-temporal excisions.

Memory was assessed before and after surgery in 44 children and adolescents with focal epilepsy who underwent either right temporal, left temporal or extra-temporal excisions. Measures included tests of verbal (story recall, and verbal list learning) and visually mediated (recall of a complex design, face recognition) memory. Changes in children's memory from pre- to post-operative assessment were examined and individual differences in outcome were evaluated. Although substantial variability existed in performance, no group differences or post-operative changes were found for measures of verbal memory or design recall. For face recognition, all groups improved after surgery, although children with right temporal resections performed more poorly than the other groups. Finally, with the exception of face recognition, no material-specific effects were observed before or after surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Visual paired comparison performance is impaired in a patient with selective hippocampal lesions and relatively intact item recognition.

In this study, we have examined visual recognition memory in a patient, YR, with discrete hippocampal damage who has shown normal or nearly normal item recognition over a large number of tests. We directly compared her performance as measured using a visual paired comparison task (VPC) with her performance on delayed matching to sample (DMS) tasks. We also investigated the effect of retention interval between familiarisation and test. YR shows good visual recognition with the DMS task up to 10 s after the familiarisation period, but only shows recognition with the VPC task for the shortest retention interval (0 s). Our results are consistent with the view that hippocampal damage disrupts recollection and recall, but not item familiarity memory.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1999

Parametric fMRI analysis of visual encoding in the human medial temporal lobe.

A number of functional brain imaging studies indicate that the medial temporal lobe system is crucially involved in encoding new information into memory. However, most studies were based on differences in brain activity between encoding of familiar vs. novel stimuli. To further study the underlying cognitive processes, we applied a parametric design of encoding. Seven healthy subjects were instructed to encode complex color pictures into memory. Stimuli were presented in a parametric fashion at different rates, thus representing different loads of encoding. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess changes in brain activation. To determine the number of pictures successfully stored into memory, recognition scores were determined afterwards. During encoding, brain activation occurred in the medial temporal lobe, comparable to the results obtained by others. Increasing the encoding load resulted in an increase in the number of successfully stored items. This was reflected in a significant increase in brain activation in the left lingual gyrus, in the left and right parahippocampal gyrus, and in the right inferior frontal gyrus. This study shows that fMRI can detect changes in brain activation during variation of one aspect of higher cognitive tasks. Further, it strongly supports the notion that the human medial temporal lobe is involved in encoding novel visual information into memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Familiarity effect on retrieval: a neuropsychological case study.

NM, who suffered traumatic brain injury (TBI) to the prefrontal cortex (PFC), was compared with a diffuse axonal injury (DAI) patient on tasks of free recall, cued recall and recognition memory. We manipulated the familiarity of items to explore the effects of item strength on retrieval. On free recall, NM performed best during the high-familiarity picture condition. On cued recall, he performed best during the high-familiarity word condition. Although high familiarity improved his accuracy on picture items in free recall, low familiarity improved his recognition of words. The patient with DAI did not show these patterns. The role of the PFC in memory is discussed in terms of plausible recognition processes.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Critical importance of exposure duration for affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized.

Previous research has found that repeated exposure to briefly presented visual stimuli can increase the positive affect for the stimuli without enhancing their recognition. Subjects could discriminate target and distractor shapes by affective preference in the absence of recognition memory. This study examined this phenomenon as a function of stimulus exposure duration. Over exposure durations of 0, 2, 8, 12, 24, and 48 ms, the functions for affect and recognition judgments exhibited different temporal dynamics. Target selection by affect was possible at very brief exposures and was influenced little by increasing durations; target selection by recognition required longer stimulus exposures and improved with increasing durations. Affective discrimination of stimuli that are not recognized is a reliable phenomenon, but it occurs only within a narrow band of time. This parametric study has specified the relationship between exposure duration and affect and recognition judgments and has located that temporal window.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Sex difference in temporal patterns of social interaction and its dependence upon neonatal novelty exposure.

Rodents have been an indispensable tool for the study of the neural mechanisms underlying a variety of emotional, social, and cognitive functions and dysfunctions. Surprisingly, little is known concerning sex difference in rodent social recognition memory and its sensitivity to neonatal stimulation. During the first 3 weeks of life, we exposed male and female neonates to a novel cage for 3-min per day while the matched littermate controls remained in the home cage. At 7 weeks and 7 months of age, we measured frequencies of social investigation over repeated social exposures and found that males showed greater habituation in social investigation than females during both juvenility and adulthood and that neonatal novelty exposure affected changes in the frequency of social investigation across multiple exposures in a sex-dependent manner. We speculate that these observed sex differences may reflect a sex difference in affinity for conspecific novelty rather than memory capability.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Verbal memory in non-demented patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease.

This study assessed the verbal memory functions of 20 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD) without any clinical evidence of dementia and 20 Medical Control (MC) patients with similar levels of physical disability. Performance was compared on tests of immediate recall, word list learning in intentional and incidental contexts, word completion priming, remote memory, metamemory and awareness of mnestic abilities. Significant differences were found in new learning of verbal material under incidental but not intentional learning conditions. Group differences were also observed on measures of remote memory and metamemory. The groups did not differ in word completion priming performance or recognition memory. These findings are consistent with other evidence suggesting that PD patients without dementia may have subtle cognitive deficits that affect memory performance. These may be attributable to impairments of attention allocation, formulation of retrieval strategies, and effortful learning associated with frontal lobe dysfunction. The group differences could not be attributed to impairments of intellectual functions, verbal fluency, level of physical disability, or mood disturbance.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory.

The authors examined the effects of divided attention (DA) at encoding and retrieval in free recall, cued recall, and recognition memory in 4 experiments. Lists of words or word pairs were presented auditorily and recalled orally; the secondary task was a visual continuous reaction-time (RT) task with manual responses. At encoding, DA was associated with large reductions in memory performance, but small increases in RT; trade-offs between memory and RT were under conscious control. In contrast, DA at retrieval resulted in small or no reductions in memory, but in comparatively larger increases in RT, especially in free recall. Memory performance was sensitive to changes in task emphasis at encoding but not at retrieval. The results are discussed in terms of controlled and automatic processes and speculatively linked to underlying neuropsychological mechanisms.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1992

Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with rhinal cortex ablations succeed in object discrimination learning despite 24-hr intertrial intervals and fail at matching to sample despite double sample presentations.

Six cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) learned preoperatively a set of 10 concurrent object discriminations with 24-hr intertrial intervals. Three then had the rhinal cortex removed bilaterally, whereas the other 3 remained as unoperated controls. The animals with ablations were impaired in reacquiring the preoperatively acquired set but subsequently learned without any impairment a new set of 10 discriminations that was presented in the same way. The monkeys with rhinal cortex ablations then failed to learn delayed matching to sample, with double sample presentations, in 510 trials, whereas the control animals learned this task in 270 trials on average. The results add to existing evidence that rhinal cortex ablation produces a severe impairment in visual short-term recognition memory and show for the first time that this impairment is accompanied by normal long-term discrimination learning ability.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

What can functional neuroimaging tell the experimental psychologist?

I argue here that functional neuroimaging data--which I restrict to the haemodynamic techniques of fMRI and PET--can inform psychological theorizing, provided one assumes a "systematic" function-structure mapping in the brain. In this case, imaging data simply comprise another dependent variable, along with behavioural data, that can be used to test competing theories. In particular, I distinguish two types of inference: function-to-structure deduction and structure-to-function induction. With the former inference, a qualitatively different pattern of activity over the brain under two experimental conditions implies at least one different function associated with changes in the independent variable. With the second type of inference, activity of the same brain region(s) under two conditions implies a common function, possibly not predicted a priori. I illustrate these inferences with imaging studies of recognition memory, short-term memory, and repetition priming. I then consider in greater detail what is meant by a "systematic" function-structure mapping and argue that, particularly for structure-to-function induction, this entails a one-to-one mapping between functional and structural units, although the structural unit may be a network of interacting regions and care must be taken over the appropriate level of functional/structural abstraction. Nonetheless, the assumption of a systematic function-structure mapping is a "working hypothesis" that, in common with other scientific fields, cannot be proved on independent grounds and is probably best evaluated by the success of the enterprise as a whole. I also consider statistical issues such as the definition of a qualitative difference and methodological issues such as the relationship between imaging and behavioural data. I finish by reviewing various objections to neuroimaging, including neophrenology, functionalism, and equipotentiality, and by observing some criticisms of current practice in the imaging literature.

Arousal↗
PubMed2002

Recollection-based memory in frontotemporal dementia: implications for theories of long-term memory.

It has been convincingly demonstrated that patients with semantic dementia (the temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia) can show intact recognition memory for pictorial stimuli. As yet, the contribution made by recollective processes to this ability and the status of associated neural regions have not been investigated in the disease. Here, we used both a source monitoring paradigm and an associative memory test to evaluate the ability of patients with semantic dementia to use recollection-based memory processes, and a volumetric MRI technique to assess the extent of atrophy in the hippocampus. Although some patients showed impaired source and associative memory, many performed as well as control participants. Importantly, status of semantic knowledge, as measured by tests of comprehension and production, did not predict recollection-based memory ability. There was no significant positive correlation between recollection and volume of the hippocampus; instead, both source discrimination and associative memory correlated highly with performance on a battery of frontal lobe tests. Consistent with the view that damage to the prefrontal cortex might influence recollection performance, patients with the frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia, with atrophy largely confined to the frontal lobes, all performed at floor level on source discrimination. These results provide further compelling evidence in favour of the multiple input model of long-term memory and highlight the role of frontal lobe systems in recollection-based memory.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Intracarotid amobarbital procedure and prediction of postoperative memory in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis.

PURPOSE: Although temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with dominant hemisphere hippocampal sclerosis generally have good cognitive outcome after anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL), a minority of patients experience at least mild post-ATL decline on one or more standardized measures of episodic and semantic memory. The goal of this investigation was to determine whether memory outcome in this group could be predicted from preoperative intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) recognition memory scores. METHODS: Data from 22 left TLE patients were studied retrospectively. All were left hemisphere language dominant and had IAP scores for each hemisphere, a significant degree of pathology-confirmed left hippocampal sclerosis (HS+), and no positive MRI findings other than atrophy. Cognitive outcome status was represented by the number of pre- to post-ATL declines across three tests, as defined by 90th percentile Reliable Change Index (RCI) criteria. RESULTS: Only 14% of the sample exhibited decline on more than one memory test. Low right IAP (left hemisphere injection) scores and relatively high preoperative cognitive ability and age at surgery predicted a greater risk of post-ATL memory decline. CONCLUSIONS: A minority of left TLE HS+ patients experience at least a mild degree of RCI-defined decline in episodic or semantic memory after ATL. The right hemisphere IAP memory score, which reflects the functional reserve of the contralateral hemisphere, can help predict the risk of postoperative memory decline for TLE patients in whom HS+ is likely based on the presence of hippocampal atrophy on MRI or early age of seizure onset.

Adult↗
PubMed1967

Effects of thiopental sedation on learning and memory.

Subjects who were administered thiopental showed a loss of memory for events discussed while they were under sedation. We tested the subjects for recognition memory of pictures and recall of associated pairs of letters and words, and found that the subsequent memory loss was correlated with the concentration of thiopental in the venous blood at the time the material was learned. Retention did not appear to be state-dependent because the subject, while under sedation, could recall material learned prior to sedation, and because recall was not facilitated by reinstatement of the sedation.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Postencephalitic focal retrograde amnesia after bilateral anterior temporal lobe damage.

BACKGROUND: Marked retrograde amnesia with no or almost no anterograde amnesia is rare. Recently, a combination of ventrolateral prefrontal and temporopolar cortical lesions has been suggested as the cause of such isolated or focal retrograde amnesia. It is also assumed that when the right-sided cortical structures are damaged, autobiographical episodic memories are affected. OBJECTIVE: To search for new anatomic substrates for focal retrograde amnesia. METHODS: We performed extensive neuropsychological tests and obtained detailed neuroimages on a 43-year-old woman who showed a severe, persistent retrograde amnesia but only a limited anterograde amnesia after probable herpes simplex encephalitis. RESULTS: Tests of autobiographical memory revealed that she had a memory loss extending back to her childhood for both semantics and incidents; however, the ability to recall specific episodes appeared much more severely impaired than the ability to recall factual information about her past. The patient also showed profound impairments in recalling public memories; however, her scores improved nearly to a control level on forced-choice recognition memory tasks, although the recall of memories for a decade just before her illness remained mildly impaired. MRI revealed focal pathologies in the temporal poles and the anterior parts of the inferotemporal lobes on both sides, predominantly on the left, with some extension to the anterior parts of the medial temporal lobes. There was additional damage to the left insular cortex and its surrounding structures but no evidence of frontal lobe damage on MRIs or cognitive tests. CONCLUSIONS: A profound retrograde amnesia may be produced by damage to the bilateral temporal poles and anterior inferotemporal lobes in the absence of frontal lobe pathologies, and a dense and persistent episodic old memory loss can arise even with a relatively small lesion in the right anterior temporal lobe if it is combined with extensive damage to the left.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A naturalistic study of the word frequency effect in episodic recognition.

In order to separate the effects of experience from other characteristics of word frequency (e.g., orthographic distinctiveness), computer science and psychology students rated their experience with computer science technical items and nontechnical items from a wide range of word frequencies prior to being tested for recognition memory of the rated items. For nontechnical items, there was a curvilinear relationship between recognition accuracy and word frequency for both groups of students. The usual superiority of low-frequency words was demonstrated and high-frequency words were recognized least well. For technical items, a similar curvilinear relationship was evident for the psychology students, but for the computer science students, recognition accuracy was inversely related to word frequency. The ratings data showed that subjective experience rather than background word frequency was the better predictor of recognition accuracy.

Adult↗