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Isolation of 203mercury-induced metallothionein in rat kidney by direct connection of HPLC to a beta radioactivity detector.

Rat kidney 203Hg-induced metallothionein (HgMT) was separated on a high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a gel permeation column and an on-line beta radioactivity detector, in order to obtain the simultaneous measurements of renal MT by UV detection and MT-associated 203Hg by a beta radioactivity detector. Metallothionein was separated in three major species by both UV detection at 254 nm and 203Hg detection, probably due to the presence of mercury and copper. A standard curve was prepared which demonstrated excellent linear correlation between the integrated HgMT peaks area and the quantity of HgMT injected into the column. In contrast to the results with the gel permeation column above mentioned, rat kidney HgMT was separated in four peaks by reversed-phase height performance liquid chromatography.

Animals↗

Liposomes from soya phospholipids as percutaneous drug carriers. 2nd communication: quantitative in vivo investigations with radioactively labelled liposomes.

The percutaneous absorption of liposomes (prepared from NAT 106) was investigated with radioactively labelled substances in comparison with percutaneous absorption without liposomes (controls) in vivo on the skin of young pigs. Radioactivity was monitored as a function of time in skin tissue, plasma or blood and in urine. Elevated tissue levels, increased absorption and renal elimination of the various liposomal preparations in comparison to the controls were measured.

Administration, Topical↗

Systemic leakage of 15 micron radioactive microspheres over a period of 24 hours, in awake late-pregnant guinea pigs.

The present study was designed to determine the reliability of regional blood flow measurements with 15 microns radioactive microspheres, when 24 h have elapsed between reference sampling and sacrifice. The study was performed in 12 chronically-instrumented late-pregnant guinea pigs. The fraction of microspheres recovered from the lungs was consistently higher, by about 2% of the cardiac output after such a 24-h period, as compared to microsphere experiments performed immediately prior to sacrifice. This finding suggests dislodgement of radioactive particles from the systemic circulation between the time of completion of reference sampling and the subsequent 24 h. No correlation could be demonstrated between the change in lung fraction and the change in any organ fraction in particular. Therefore, it is highly unlikely that the microspheres accumulated in the lungs over this period originate from the placenta or any other specific organ. It is concluded that in the awake late-pregnant guinea pig, the 2% loss of microspheres from the systemic circulation during the 24 h following reference sampling, does not invalidate the cardiac output distribution derived.

Animals↗

[Evaluation of the exposure levels to radioactivity in the hot-spring environment of the Island of Ischia during a year].

It is known that the decay products of the U-238 are findable in nature in certain materials (such as tufa, limestone, etc.), therefore some populations are naturally exposed to radiations originated by building materials, houses and isotopes present in drinking-waters. It is evident that, for example, the residents of Campania or Lazio will be involved, on such conditions and during their whole life, in the action of natural radiations of decay products of Uranium and consequently of Radon, which is originated and, as gas, also findable in the air of those indoor areas, at a concentration inversely proportional to the relevant ventilation factors. Furthermore, it is known that this isotope is always found in thermal waters too and sometimes at levels which make them classify as radioactive and with therapeutic properties still subjects of studies and researches. Actually, presence of Radon in warm waters is particularly evident in some basins (the Baths of Badgastein in Austria) and is also findable in some italian thermal towns such as Merano Laurisia, Abano, Baths of Lucca or the island of Ischia itself. All underground waters and especially the warm ones, including, those of Ischia basins, hold radioactive isotopes, since their composition is related to the nature of the underground, which they come from, and is strongly influenced by the kind of rocks present in that area, by the granulometry of the geological strata or by existent fractures, by flow speed and finally by solubilization capacity. On such conditions it is evident that all waters, during their scouring, will be enriched by Radon 222 (a gaseous, therefore more soluble, element); just because of its physical state, it will be more present in external environment in case of warm waters such as those ones now examined. Consequently the environmental state from a radioecological point of view of the utilized waters has to be considered, as well as any other thermal resort, fundamentally due to Radon (Rn) and to the relevant decay products. As a matter of fact, whereas from the family of Uranium come Radon (Rn 222), Lead (Pb 210) and Polonium (Po 210), these last two, respectively with halving-times of 22.3 years and 138.4 days, from the family of Thorium (Th 232) originates Radon (Rn 220 in past times defined "Toron" according to its "forebear") and Lead (Pb 212 with a halving-time of 10.6 hours).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Background Radiation↗

[In vivo flow of autologous radioactively labeled low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in human blood vessels].

Following 123I-labelling and reinjection of autologous low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to patients with clinically manifest atherosclerosis and/or hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP), an investigation was carried out of whole body kinetics and local kinetics over atherosclerotic lesions and areas of increased LDL entry identified by "hot spots" in the 123I-LDL scintigram. In patients with HLP the number and frequency of "hot spots" was higher than in normolipaemics. The time course of 123I-LDL influx into atherosclerotic lesion sites until scintigraphic visualization of "hot spots" exhibited three different types of LDL uptake among the patients. In the majority of patients LDL kinetics was characterized by entry into the vessels with the maximal radioactivity measured as early as within 60 minutes after reinjection. In some patients maximal radioactivity over lesion sites was discovered after 20 hours or even later. Morphological evaluation revealed that in comparison to control tissue, fatty streaks and lipid lesions show by far the highest 123I-LDL accumulation. Ex vivo measurement of the deposition of 125I-LDL in de- and re-endothelialized rabbit aortic segments exhibited a significantly (p less than 0.01 - p less than 0.001) higher 125I-LDL retention as compared with endothelialized segments (after i.v.-injection).

Adult↗

Intracavitary therapy with radioactive yttrium: results of animal experiments.

The distribution of radioactive yttrium was studied in guinea-pigs. The injection of 1,5 mci of radioactive yttrium leads to a mean surface dose of 20 Gy which can be obtained within 5 days. An extrapolation of these findings to the peritoneal surface of human beings should lead to a corresponding dose of 64 mci.

Animals↗

[The effect of age and sex on bone retention of radioactive strontium 85Sr in rats].

Retention of radioactive strontium 85Sr (18,5 kBq i.e. 0.5 microCi i.p.)--concerning the whole body and in distal epiphysis, distal metaphysis and in the thigh bone diaphysis--was followed up in two similar experiments for the period of 5-6 weeks in rats of both sexes and different age (younger category 40-45 days, older category 120-140 days). In both experiments bone retention 85Sr in older female rats is lower than in younger female rats. In male rats similar difference has not been constantly proved. Retention seems to be higher in female rats in comparison with males in the category of young rats. On the contrary in the category of older rats the retention is lower in female rats. In epiphysis and diaphysis of the thigh bone the differences are analogous to whole body differences; 85Sr reacts in the opposite way in distal metaphysis--retention is here extensively higher in older rats than in younger ones. The results obtained confirm the conclusion interesting from the point of view of clinical problem: avidity of the skelet to administered radioactive strontium is in younger female rats higher than in young male rats. However it is severely declining especially in female rats--in the second experiment as far as the level significantly lower than in male rats of the same older age category.

Aging↗

[Theoretical and practical problems posed by the measurement of capillary filtration by radioactive tracers].

Screening for abnormal capillary filtration in the limbs with radioactive tracers requires the use of molecules of a known hydrodynamic radius. The molecule labeling should be obtained with a pure gamma-emitting radioactive atom, presenting a steady bond with the molecule, in vivo. Indium-111-labeled albumin appears to be the best tracer, and should be injected concurrently with the technetium 99m-labeled erythrocytes. The latter tracer permits assessing volume variations induced by the venous blood return block needed to obtain a capillary pressure increase. A qualitative estimation of lymphatic flow, and screening for abnormal permeability of the lymphatic vessels must be carried out as part of any capillary filtration study protocol.

Capillary Permeability↗

[Photoactivated radioactive analogs of calcium antagonists of 1,4-dihydropyridine series: synthesis and covalent labeling of the receptor in rabbit skeletal muscle].

Two novel radioactive 1.4-dihydropyridine derivatives were synthesized and their properties were shown to be characteristic for calcium antagonists of nifedipine series. Photoactivable o- and p-azidobenzoyl groups as well as one or two tritium atoms were introduced into the reactive site of these compounds. The binding of molecular probes obtained with rabbit skeletal muscle membranes was characterized by a high level of specificity, the affinity constant being about 10(-9) M. Upon UV-light photoactivation, the radioactive probes selectively incorporated into skeletal muscle membrane protein (Mr approximately 136 kD).

Affinity Labels↗

[Treatment of hyperthyroidism by radioactive iodine. Development of methods and difficulties in the surveillance].

The experience of treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine in the Nuclear Medicine department of the J. Godinot Institute, Rheims, from 1967 till 1987, is described. One thousand one hundred and fifty patients (723 with diffuse and 427 with nodular hyperthyroidism) received a total of 1,565 doses. The dosage calculation method was considerably simplified, enabling a patient to be treated in 24 hours. Thyroid gland mass evaluation, initially based on the scintigraphic projection area, is now performed by ultrasonography. The mean total radioactivity administered is 370 +/- 320 MBq per patient. All patients are seen on the 8th post-treatment week for clinical examination and hormone control. Seven out of 10 patients are cured with a single dose. Long-term follow-up, based on a computer file, is effected by means of an annual letter sent to the patient and to his family doctor, but in spite of sustained efforts 36 per cent of the patients are lost sight of. The diagnosis of iodine 131-induced hypothyroidism is based on plasma levels of TSH which, since 1984, are measured by the ultrasensitive method. The overall incidence of hypothyroidism is 6.6 per cent in the first year and 3 per cent thereafter. Despite a simplified procedure, the results obtained by the authors are similar to those found in the literature, and the cost-efficiency ratio is excellent.

Aged↗

Use of non-radioactive DNA probes for the characterization of adult T-cell leukemia cells.

DNA fragments were labeled with dinitrophenyl (DNP) residues by the reaction with 2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde in alkaline condition and the labeled DNA was used as a probe for non-radioactive in situ hybridization. DNP-labeled DNA probes for T cell receptor beta chain, c-myc and HTLV-1 were hybridized in situ to mRNA on cell specimens fixed with Carnoy's fixative. DNA-mRNA hybrids were detected immunohistochemically using anti-DNP antibodies. Cytoplasms of adult T cell leukemia cells were stained with varied intensity when these probes were used. More than 70% of cells were positively stained with T cell receptor probe. However, less than 30% of cells were stained with c-myc and HTLV-1 probes. The present study indicates that non-radioactive in situ hybridization can be used for the characterization and classification of leukemia.

Animals↗

Dynamic hepatobiliary SPECT: a method for tomography of a changing radioactivity distribution.

Dynamic single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of a changing radioactivity distribution can be performed with a rotating scintillation camera by acquiring several 360 degree studies and generating a new 360 degree study for which the acquisition time for every image is shifted to a single selected time. Following suppression of gallbladder filling with a fatty meal, dynamic SPECT of the hepatobiliary system was carried out by acquiring two successive studies with each head of a dual-headed camera within a 35-min period following injection of technetium-99m DISIDA. Each of the four acquired studies consisted of 60 images acquired at 6 degree intervals, spanning 360 degrees. Time-shifted studies, each consisting of 60 images over 360 degrees, were generated for times 9, 17, and 26 min postinjection. Transverse, sagittal, and coronal images were generated for each study. These images were artifact-free and demonstrated physiologic shifting of the radioactivity distribution over time. When gallbladder filling was not suppressed gross artifacts were obtained. This procedure permits examination of regional liver function and provides improved visualization of the biliary tree.

Biliary Tract↗

[One year after Chernobyl--radioactive cesium in breast milk].

Radioactivity in human breast milk was determined in 32 women in February and March 1987 by means of a Germanium detector. At this time radioactivity increased again by feeding the hay to the cattle harvested in the weeks following the disaster of Chernobyl. 8 (25%) of the values were above 0.3 nCi/l for babies milk recommended by the local authorities.

Accidents↗

A comparison of the effects of some phenethylamines on the release of radioactivity from isolated rat caudate nucleus prelabelled with 3H-dopamine.

In order to evaluate a series of phenethylamines with regard to their capacity to induce release from presynaptic catecholamine stores, their effect on the efflux of radioactivity from 3H-dopamine-prelabelled rat caudate nucleus tissue was determined. All of the phenethylamines studied were found to enhance the release of radioactivity from this preparation. However, marked differences were observed between the individual compounds with regard to potency and dose dependence of the effect.

Animals↗

[Radiobiological effect of alpha-emitting nuclides incorporated in the lungs. Microdistribution of radioactive material and the problem of radiation protection].

A mathematical model has been developed for the microdistribution of the inhaled radioactive aerosol which is retained within the alveolar-pulmonary region. It is shown that the biological effect of the inhaled alpha-emitting aerosols on the lung tissue is not a uniquely defined function of a mean absorbed dose: its value depends on a number of factors responsible for the microdistribution of the radioactive substance within the alveolar region.

Administration, Inhalation↗

[Rapid analysis of transferrin-iron complexes by isoelectric focusing and radioactive densitometry on gel].

The analysis of the molecular forms of transferrin-iron complexes with 59Fe, was carried out using an isoelectric focusing method on commercially available polyacrylamide plates (PAG plates pH = 4-6,5, LKB). Depending upon the saturation degree of proteins with iron, apotransferrin (pI = 6,1), transferrin-Fe3+ (pI = 5,8), transferrin-2 Fe3+ (a) (pI = 5,5) and transferrin-2 Fe3+ (b) (pI = 5,3) were put forward. When the protein was saturated with iron, a double band was observed which was assigned to the microheterogeneity of the protein and depends upon the sialic content. The quantitative analysis was carried out by studying 59Fe radioactivity distribution directly on the plate. As a control, a specific staining of proteins was achieved. The interpretation of the results is difficult if such a method is used, as some bands are not attributed. Through an unspecific staining, the UV-visible densitometry is not satisfactory enough. The proposed method allows a fast analysis of transferrin-metal complexes labeled with radioactive metals. Such a method would be adaptable to the study of other complexes as transferrin-67Ga, transferrin 111In in order to determine the binding site of metal on the protein and its metal content.

Densitometry↗

Pre-packed reverse phase columns for isolation of complex lipids synthesized from radioactive precursors.

Pre-packed reverse phase columns (Bond Elut) were used for the separation of complex lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, cerebrosides, sulfatides, and gangliosides, from their respective water-soluble radioactive precursors after their in vitro biosynthesis. After an incubation in vitro, the entire reaction mixture is passed through the column, where complex lipids are retained and the hydrophilic radioactive precursors are washed away from the column. The retained lipids are then eluted with a more nonpolar organic solvent. The procedure is shown to be simpler and more efficient than the normally used Folch partitioning method or other procedures.

Animals↗

Mechanism and metabolic disposition of verapamil-evoked overflow of radioactivity from isolated atria preloaded with [3H]norepinephrine.

In this study the mechanism and metabolic profile of verapamil-evoked release of radioactivity was investigated in the rat isolated atria preloaded with [3H]norepinephrine [( 3H]NE). Verapamil (10(-7) to 10(-3) M) caused a dose-related increase in the outflow (or the fractional release) of 3H. The fractional 3H-release produced by verapamil was reduced markedly in tissues which had been preloaded with [3H]NE in the presence of cocaine (10 microM) or after pretreatment of animals with reserpine (5 mg/kg i.p., 24 hr before sacrifice). Verapamil-evoked fractional 3H-release was unchanged in the presence of tetrodotoxin (5 X 10(-6) M) or in Ca++-free Krebs' medium containing 2 mM ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid. Whereas greater than 90% of tissue 3H-content consisted of unchanged [3H]NE, 60 to 75% of the spontaneous outflow and the verapamil-evoked overflow consisted of [3H]-3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol and 2 to 10% was unchanged [3H]NE. When both cocaine (10 microM) and hydrocortisone (28 microM) (uptake-1 and uptake-2 blockers, respectively) were present, although the spontaneous outflow, as well as verapamil-evoked overflow, of radioactivity was increased, the metabolic profiles remained essentially unchanged. The addition of pargyline (10 microM), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, in addition to the uptake-1 and uptake-2 blockers to the Krebs' solution significantly depressed both the spontaneous outflow and verapamil-evoked overflow of 3H; the verapamil-evoked overflow under this condition, however, consisted of unchanged [3H]NE (greater than 90%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗