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PubMed2002

Category-specific naming and the 'visual' characteristics of line drawn stimuli.

It has been argued that greater intra-category structural similarity for living things may make them more difficult to recognize and name (e.g. Humphreys et al., 1988). Nevertheless, the precise meaning and quantification of 'structural similarity' remain unclear. We developed three new visual measures derived from the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) corpus and examined their relationship with picture naming in a speeded presentation paradigm. The three measures were: the proportion of black pixels (PB); the degree of pixel overlap within subcategories using Euclidean Overlap (EO); and the degree of consistency in inter-pixel distribution across each picture (IPC). Within-category EO was greater for nonliving than living things, indicating less within-category visual overlap for living things. Finally, EO correlated significantly with error rates (PB and IPC did not). These findings contradict existing notions that line drawings of living things have greater visual similarity than nonliving things.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

On the nature of naming difficulties in aphasia.

An extensive naming battery was administered to ten patients representing classical aphasia syndromes. The battery included traditional performance measures and error scoring, phonological cuing, multiple-choice tasks tapping semantic and phonological knowledge, and word repetition tests. Differences in the patients' performance profiles were interpreted as reflecting lexical-phonological, phoneme assembly or multiple deficits. The results suggest that the hypothesized naming deficits have complex relationships to classical aphasia syndromes.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Word specific impairments in naming and spelling but not reading.

A patient, who had suffered a left-hemisphere CVA, is described. He had a major aphasic syndrome which encompassed both his propositional speech and literacy skills. However, his comprehension of both spoken and written language was intact. His superior ability to retrieve nouns as opposed to other word classes was systematically investigated. This superiority of noun processing was restricted to concrete nouns. It was found that he had a significant deficit in the naming of action pictures as compared with object pictures, and a significant deficit in the written spelling of verbs as compared with nouns when matched for concreteness. His single-word reading, for all word classes, was virtually intact. The theoretical significance of these findings is discussed. It is concluded that current information processing models, that postulate a unitary phonological output store, will require elaboration in order to account for these data. We tentatively suggest that there may be exclusive output stores for naming, reading and spelling.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1982

Left visual field superiority in a letter-naming task for both left- and right-handers.

Subjects identified on the basis of sex, handedness, and handwriting posture performed a letter-naming task. Single letters were shown briefly in the left or right visual field and the subject was required to name the letter as quickly as possible. Both left- and right-handers had shorter response latencies when the stimulus was presented in the left visual field. Response latency decreased across trials, however, the decrement was largest to right visual field stimuli. In addition, males produced significantly faster reaction than did females.

Discrimination Learning↗
PubMed1982

Cerebral asymmetries in processing proper names: evidence of an efficiency difference.

An investigation of the capacities of the cerebral hemispheres to process proper names was conducted using a memory-scanning paradigm. The results indicated that rate at which the test name was compared against the memory set items varied with the visual half-field stimulated. This is interpreted as indicating that both hemispheres employed the same comparison process but that the left hemisphere was more efficient, reflecting a quantitative hemisphere asymmetry.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Exploring the aphasiac's naming disturbances; a new approach using the neighbourhood limited classification method.

The patterns of errors observed in eighteen patients with aphasia naming 42 different items presented 5 times in random succession were analyzed by the N.L.C. (Neighbourhood Limited Classification) method. The initial and last responses for each item were considered. The procedure allowed the computation of an improvement coefficient for each patient, illustrating the capacity to modify an initially erroneous response. For each type of response a cluster analysis was performed and a grouping of patients was obtained; in both cases some patients had close to normal scores. Clustering was chiefly a function of severity of word-finding disturbance. Phonemic paraphasias follow a more independent course, allowing additional clustering. In the future, more importance should be given to their discriminative value in the taxonomy of naming disturbances.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phonological assessment: a systematic comparison of conversation and picture naming.

The purpose of the present study was to systematically compare two methods of speech elicitation for phonological assessment: conversation and picture naming. Subjects were 13 male, phonologically impaired children (aged 4.2 to 5.11 years). All were English speaking and had received no prior speech-language therapy. The children's performance was assessed on a conversational speech task (CST) and a 162-item picture naming task (PNT) using three levels of phonological analysis. The CST and PNT generally yielded similar sound error patterns, and severity measures on the two tasks were highly correlated. However, the PNT yielded more phonological errors. It is suggested that both methods of speech elicitation are useful clinical tools for assessment. However, to obtain a thorough sample of a child's speech output, an extensive, well-designed PNT may tap the child's phonological system more deeply, may be more efficient in some cases, and may represent a good index of phonological ability.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

Effects of chronic L-NAME treatment on rat focal cerebral ischemia and cerebral vasoreactivity.

Nitric oxide has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow and the consequences of cerebral ischemia. Short-term inhibition of its synthesis induces hypertension and increases the cortical infarct volume in focal ischemia. Our purpose was to investigate the influence of the long-term inhibition of nitric oxide synthase on infarct volume due to middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and on the reactivity of cerebral arteries. Sprague Dawley rats were given N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) for 2 or 6 weeks and compared to untreated normotensive rats and untreated spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Brain nitric oxide synthase activity was measured by the 14C-L-arginine assay. Arterial blood pressure was measured in each group. Independently, the reactivity of MCA trees was studied in vitro by a perfusion technique. Cortical infarct volume was not significantly modified by either 2-week or 6-week L-NAME treatment, despite induced hypertension, whereas it was significantly higher in SHRs than in normotensive rats. The reactivity of the MCA tree was significantly affected by the treatment with a clearcut time-dependency. Compared to normotensive controls, contractility to noradrenaline and serotonin was reduced, more severely at 6 weeks, and while dilatation to acetylcholine and nitroprusside was moderately reduced at 6 weeks, dilatation to papaverine was then increased. A major difference of treated animals compared to SHRs was the decreased response to 5-hydroxytryptamine. We conclude that infarct expansion may be limited in treated animals by a progressive reduction in cerebral artery response to vasoconstrictory neurotransmitters, concomitant with augmented non-guanylate cyclase dilator responses (cf. papaverine) and some recovery of dilatation to acetylcholine.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Dissociable brain regions process object meaning and object structure during picture naming.

Although imaging studies have indicated that the fusiform gyrus is important in tasks of picture naming, whether this region encodes an object's structure or its meaning is not clear. We used positron emission tomography to examine cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in response to a picture naming task that varied on two dimensions: familiarity (or difficulty: hard vs easy) and category (tools vs animals). Results show that although familiarity effects are present in the frontal and left lateral posterior temporal cortex, they are absent from the fusiform gyrus. This provides strong evidence that the processing carried out in the fusiform gyrus relates to an object's structure, not to its meaning, and that the left posterior middle temporal gyrus instantiates in part the semantic network that represents the object's meaning.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

On the automaticity/cerebellar deficit hypothesis of dyslexia: balancing and continuous rapid naming in dyslexic and ADHD children.

The present study examined the relationship of reading disability (RD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to balancing problems. In the cerebellar deficit hypothesis of dyslexia of Nicolson et al. [Trends Neurosci. 24 (2001) 508], balancing problems are taken as sign of a cerebellar deficit and were found to be associated with dyslexia. Four groups of 10 children each, representing all combinations of RD (absent versus present) and ADHD (absent versus present), were included. However, poor balancing (assessed both singly and together with a secondary task) was not found to be associated with RD, but with ADHD. In contrast, poor performance on continuous rapid naming tasks (digit and color naming) was found to be associated with RD and not with ADHD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1997

Naming deficit for non-living items: neuropsychological and PET study.

We report a patient with progressive left hemisphere atrophy who presented a lexical retrieval deficit more pronounced in naming non-living items than in naming living items. Word frequency and familiarity strongly influenced the performance, but the dissociation persisted when the items were controlled for these factors. In addition, the prevalent deficit for non-living items in respect to living items could be confirmed in tasks where other patients presented the opposite pattern. A PET study showed a significant hypometabolism in the left hemisphere regions suggesting that, at variance with living deficit which is observed in patients with bilateral lesions, non-living deficit is produced by unilateral left hemispheric lesions. This patient confirms that living and non-living categories may dissociate and that distinct neural systems subsume their knowledge.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Action (verb naming) fluency as an executive function measure: convergent and divergent evidence of validity.

Numerous studies have demonstrated dissociable neuroanatomic underpinnings for the retrieval of grammatical classes of words such as nouns and verbs. Whereas retrieval of common and proper nouns is primarily mediated by posterior and anterior temporal regions, respectively, verb retrieval is primarily mediated by frontal regions. The majority of studies evaluating verb production have utilized tasks requiring subjects to name a graphically depicted action (i.e. action naming), leaving tests of verb generation in the absence of prompting stimuli (i.e. action fluency) largely unexamined. In a recent study, Piatt, Fields, Paolo, Koller and Tröster (in press) found that an action fluency task discriminated demented Parkinson's disease (PD) patients from non-demented PD patients and healthy control subjects, whereas lexical and categorical fluency tasks did not. These authors suggested that action fluency was sensitive to the fronto-striatal pathophysiology associated with PD dementia, and thus, that action fluency might serve as an indicator of executive functioning. This study was undertaken to evaluate the construct validity of action fluency as an executive function measure in a group of healthy elderly control subjects. Findings revealed modest to moderate relationships between action fluency and several putative executive measures. Action fluency was unrelated to indices of semantic and episodic memory. Results support the construct validity of action fluency as an executive function measure and suggest that this task may provide some unique information not tapped by traditional executive function tasks.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Salient features of Munsell colour space as a function of monolexemic naming and response latencies.

This study provides a replication of Boynton and Olson's (1990) work (Vision Research, 30, pp. 1311-1317), but using a more extensive model of colour space--Munsell as distinct from OSA-UCS. It involved 20 subjects in a total of 17,840 observations of 446 colours, in which monolexemic naming and response times were recorded. The results clearly differentiate between basic and non,basic colour categories using measures of consistency, consensus and response time. While the results are equivocal in distinguishing between the so-called "landmark" and "other basic colours", they are unequivocal in confirming the salience of the eleven basic colour categories initially proposed by Berlin and Kay [(1969) Basic colour terms: their universality and evolution, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press], and, in so doing, reinforce their perceptual significance and probable physiological basis. The results also reveal differences in non-basic colour naming that further confirm the special status of the basic colour categories and their role in categorical colour perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stress priming in picture naming: an SOA study.

This study investigates whether or not the representation of lexical stress information can be primed during speech production. In four experiments, we attempted to prime the stress position of bisyllabic target nouns (picture names) having initial and final stress with auditory prime words having either the same or different stress as the target (e.g., WORtel-MOtor vs. koSTUUM-MOtor; capital letters indicate stressed syllables in prime-target pairs). Furthermore, half of the prime words were semantically related, the other half unrelated. Overall, picture names were not produced faster when the prime word had the same stress as the target than when the prime had different stress, i.e., there was no stress-priming effect in any experiment. This result would not be expected if stress were stored in the lexicon. However, targets with initial stress were responded to faster than final-stress targets. The reason for this effect was neither the quality of the pictures nor frequency of occurrence or voice-key characteristics. We hypothesize here that this stress effect is a genuine encoding effect, i.e., words with stress on the second syllable take longer to be encoded because their stress pattern is irregular with respect to the lexical distribution of bisyllabic stress patterns, even though it can be regular with respect to metrical stress rules in Dutch. The results of the experiments are discussed in the framework of models of phonological encoding.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

"What's in a name?," "Moonlighting for fun and profit": reflections on the state of emergency medicine--a goal for 2000 and beyond.

We are perhaps America's greatest source of unquestioned and unquestioning care for the poor. The acutely ill and injured need us desperately, every hour of every day. No one who comes to the door of any ED needing our services fails to receive our best efforts. Emergency physicians freely place themselves at risk from violence and the deadliest of diseases. We should be at the pinnacle of public and professional admiration and respect. Yet parents are told their children are at risk, no one knows our names, and hospital administrators and medical staffs watch us come and go with equanimity. Our work is occasionally thrilling, often repetitive, quite frequently sad, sometimes dangerous, generally described as stressful, and on occasion incredibly rewarding. Both one's individual job satisfaction and the collective survival of our specialty depend on the mix of these factors being satisfying enough to justify going to work every day. Some of that job satisfaction must come from outside ourselves, the perception that what we do is valued by others. How much "burnout" derives from a growing awareness of how negatively we are viewed and how little that perception has changed. To the extent that organized emergency medicine wishes to keep the specialty alive and healthy, it must address this image crisis in emergency medicine. What is the purpose of looking past the year 2000 with lofty goals and aspirations if, through the eyes of our peers and patients, we have come such a little way? As much as I appreciate the opportunity to write this editorial, we in emergency medicine need to do more than preach to ourselves. A little at a time, in every way we can, in academic centers or 40-bed hospitals, as members of the medical staffs and hospital committees, and in our day-to-day interactions with our peers, students, and the public, we must demand our name and demand the recognition we have won for our (apparently) still fledgling specialty. Our organizations must represent us in these areas by forcefully directing their public relations efforts away from ourselves and toward the public and our colleagues.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Apraxia is not associated to a disproportionate naming impairment for manipulable objects.

The relevance of gesture knowledge for the semantic representation of manipulable objects was investigated in a series of 15 patients with a focal left-hemisphere lesion. The patients were classified according to the presence/absence of ideomotor and ideational apraxia. We investigated picture naming and word-picture matching (pointing to a picture on verbal command) with stimuli including items from three categories: manipulable objects, non-manipulable objects, and animals. The analysis was performed at group level and at single-patient level. Nine patients were affected by ideational apraxia and nine by ideomotor apraxia: two cases presented ideomotor but not ideational apraxia, and two cases presented the opposite dissociation. Patients affected by ideational apraxia were more severely impaired in all tasks, but did not show a disproportionate impairment with the category of manipulable objects in contrast to the other categories. The presence of ideomotor apraxia did not cause a greater impairment in any task or category. Finally, we observed a patient with ideational apraxia who performed flawlessly in naming and word-picture matching for all the stimuli, including manipulable objects. In conclusion, we did not find a relationship between ideational apraxia and a disproportionate impairment of the semantic knowledge of manipulable objects.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

The nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor L-NAME facilitates associative learning.

1. Nitric oxide has been suggested to play an important role in synaptic plasticity and in learning. 2. The authors examined the effects of NW-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a competitive and enantiomeric specific inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, on classical conditioning of the rabbit's nictitating membrane response. 3. It was found that L-NAME significantly enhanced the acquisition of conditioned responses. 4. The enhanced conditioned responses were not due to a sensitization of the conditioned and unconditioned reflexes or to changes in baseline levels of responding. 5. The dose and route of administration of L-NAME employed in this study had no effect on blood pressure. 6. These results suggest that nitric oxide normally functions as a tonic inhibitory modulator of associative learning and that procedures aimed at decreasing its production may provide a novel approach for improving learning.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME prevents amphetamine-induced prodynorphin gene expression in the rat.

1. The effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on amphetamine-induced behavioral changes and prodynorphin gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of the rat has been studied. 2. L-NAME attenuated behavioral stereotypic activity evoked by amphetamine administration. 3. Acute amphetamine administration (5mg/kg i.p.) increased the prodynorphin mRNA level in the nucleus accumbens and striatum after 3 hr. 4. A nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10, 50 mg/kg i.p.) had no effect on the level of prodynorphin mRNA, but prevented dose-dependently the amphetamine-induced increase in prodynorphin gene expression in both the nucleus accumbens and the striatum. 5. These data indicate that inhibition of the nitric oxide pathway attenuates biochemical and behavioral effects of amphetamine.

Amphetamine↗